Postmodern tv (by Steven Connor)

The sheer bulk of representations, in film, TV and adver­tising, and the exponential expansion of information not only threaten the integrity of the private world, they actually abolish the very distinction between the private and the pub­lic. Just as the private worlds of actual individuals are re­lentlessly pillaged by TV, with the multiplication of inti­mate explorations of private lives and fly-on-the-wall docu­mentaries, so the private world comes to enfold or be inhabited

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by the public world of historical events, which are made available instantly in every living-room by the agency of TV. The public possesses the private, the private encompasses the public. What typifies this situation above all is an explo­sion of visibility to a point that may be called «obscenity». Obscenity begins precisely when there is no more spec­tacle, no more scene, when all becomes transparence and immediate visibility, when everything is exposed to the harsh and inexorable light of information and communication. In this situation, it hardly even seems possible to speak of being alienated by or from the mass media — for this would require the reinstatement of a whole structure of thought, including the clear distinction between authentic individu­al existence and inauthentic false consciousness, which this explosion of visibility makes impossible. You cannot be misrepresented, or misconceive yourself, in a situation in which there are no longer any positives or negatives, but only ever the feverish production of more signs, more mean­ings, «ecstasy of communication».

This world of communicational saturation is, in fact, emotionally empty, or «cool», and its representative psy­chic state is not hysteria, a condition in which the body and its symptoms are made of internal feelings and desires, but schizophrenia.

On the one hand, TV is dismissed in toto as an instru­ment of oppression and intellectual deprivation; it trans­forms actual individuals into passive, though perfectly func­tioning, media machines, by «implanting a simulated, elec­tronically monitored, and technocratically controlled identity in the flesh»; it degrades socially cohesive groups into the amorphousness of audiences held hostage to the big trend line of crisis moods induced by media elites for an audience which does not exist in any social form, but only in the form of digital blips on overnight rating simulations.

Postmodern TV represents neither the subversive disso­lution of cultural and aesthetic norms, nor the progressive

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rewriting of the classic-realist Hollywood text, but rather the last moment before our culture vanishes into the abso­lute and total dominion of the image. This moment is si­multaneously one of «ecstasy» and «decay», because it in­volves a feverish intensification of differences and intensi­ties, in an attempt to compensate for the slipping away of the real, which nevertheless always ends up consolidating the power of the spectacle.

VII. TRANSLATE THE TEXT IN WRITING:THE MASS PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM

The most characteristic feature of terrorists is that they act with a collective spirit. Within this spirit, individual ideas and personal choice are disregarded as everyone is di­rected toward one single goal. Those who act within this collective spirit may do things they would never do in their right mind and commit acts without using their own will and consciousness. In many countries of the world, terror groups composed of a few unintelligent and uneducated people get caught up in the emotional hysteria of mass meetings, slogans, and without even knowing what they are doing and why, they get involved in committing mass atrocities.

In one moment, such people can turn into killers with blood on their hands, and even terrorists who are able to commit inhumane acts. A person may seem quiet and calm when he is alone, but when he becomes a part of a terrorist group, he may become capable of committing acts of arson and assault for no apparent reason.

Such spells are cast over individuals that they are even willing to be killed for their cause. The majority of those who take part in acts of terror often have weak wills and consciences, and they become like a flock of sheep under the influence of mass psychology. Good sense and judgment are substituted by excessive and extravagant emotionalism and a tendency toward violence and aggression. Such people are easily provoked, into­lerant and know no limitation set by any law.

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One of the most important characteristics of terrorism is that it selects its targets indiscriminately. The fact that it determines these targets without discrimination is one of the most important reasons for the spread of fear, because no one can feel secure. If people know that they are possible targets for no reasons, no one will feel safe from the terrorists.

There is nothing a potential target can do to protect themselves, since terrorists act according to their own rules, in a time and place of their own choosing. Thus acts of terror in society are arbitrary and unpredictable.

Terrorist organizations attack their targets indiscrimi­nately which means that innocent and defenseless individu­als are killed or wounded.

Terrorists regard acts of violence as propaganda for their organizations. For them, killing innocent people, robbing banks, assassinating people, kidnapping and planting bombs all act as propaganda for their struggle. To the terrorist who is bent on wreaking chaos, what publicity a single act of violence can generate in one day is much more publicity than what millions of brochures could do.

This idea is totally foreign to every kind of human feeling of compassion, mercy, concord and tolerance; it is alien to the moral teaching and can gain only in societies with no moral at all. For this reason, the only possible solution that can save humanity from this danger is the joint actions of those who are striving for the happiness and peace of their children.

VIII. TRANSLATE THE TEXT IN WRITING: RELIGION

The large majority of those practicing a religion in America are Christians. And, although the government does not officially lend its power and authority to the Christian viewpoint, the fact is that Christian traditions and holi­days enjoy special standing in the society. Non-Christians sometimes complain that their traditions and viewpoints get inadequate recognition and respect.

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Many Americans are not affiliated with any religion and do not attend any church. Such people may be atheists, that is, people who have decided they do not believe any supreme being exists. They may be people who consider themselves Christians but who do not subscribe to any of the denomina­tions that comprise what is called «organized religion». Or they may be people who are not interested in religious matters and do not consider religion important to them.

Adherents of the various religions practiced in the UnitedStates are not distributed randomly in the population. There are groupings by geographic area, ethnic heritage, and so­cial class. For example, Lutherans dominate in much of the state of Minnesota, where most early white settlers were from the Lutheran countries of Scandinavia. Eastern urban areas have concentrations of Catholics and Jews. The south­ern and south-western parts of the United States are some­times called the «Bible belt» in recognition of the fact that fundamentalist Protestants are especially prominent there, and the state of Utah is largely Mormon.

Americans of Irish, Italian, and Latin American descent are likely to be Catholics, if they subscribe to any religion. Most lower and lower-middle class black people who are affiliated with a church are Baptists. Episcopalians are usu­ally from the wealthiest stratum of the society, and highly-educated people predominate among Unitarians.

Relationships among various religious groups in the United States are normally peaceful and are sometimes even quite harmonious.

A religious or quasi-religious phenomenon that has re­cently gained public notice in the United States is that of «cults». Cults are defined or described in various ways. In general they seek the total involvement and commitment of their members, who are expected to give up most of their material possessions and join with fellow believers in a life devoted to worship, contemplation, and the search for additional adherents. Some cults have a fundamentalist

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Christian outlook, others are based on Indian or Oriental religions or philosophies. Many Americans consider cults dangerous because they appear to rob members of their indi­viduality and freedom of choice. Branches of cults may be found in large cities, on large university campuses, and in rural areas.

While it may be instructive for foreigners to know some­thing about the doctrine of separation of church and state, the number and variety of religions practiced in the United States, the numbers of people who subscribe to each denomi­nation, and the nature of the relationships among various religious groups, it is probably more helpful to understand the role religion plays in the daily lives of individual Ameri­cans. After all, it is individual Americans that foreigners encounter, not doctrines or religions or churches.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. NARRATIVE TENSES

Read the following short paragraph, and work out the order in which the guests arrived at the party.

By the time I got to Paula and Bob's party, Rob had left ages ago. Pat and Peter were late, as usual. Barbara and Tim had just arrived, and Simon, who'd been there for ages, was serving them with some things to nibble. Tony was already a bit tipsy, and was picking quarrels with anyone who'd listen. Apparently that's why Rob had left. He's hard­ly taken his coat off when Tony started going on at him, so he just upped and left. When Angela had seen Tony arriv­ing, she told Simon to keep an eye on how much he had to drink. Angela had got there early to help Paula, and was busy in the kitchen. When I asked Jim and Chris what Tony had said to Rob, they couldn't tell me because they hadn't heard anything. They didn't even know that Rob had been there. They'd arrived soon after Simon, and had

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been stuck in conversation with Bob ever since. I openedthe door to let in Alice, so she and I settled down for a good chat and a gossip about Pat and Peter before they arrived. All in all, it was quite a good party. Bob

Pat and	Peter
Barbara	and Tim
Me
Simon
Tony
Angela
Jim and	Chris
Alice

II. TENSE REVIEW

Put the verbs in brackets in an appropriate tense.

1) A man whose cat (a) ( bite) by a dog (b)

(look) for a box in which to take the cat to

the vet. The only box he could find was one which (c) (use) to store a frozen turkey. At the sur­ gery, the vet (d) (peer) closely at the large

label on the box: «DEEP FROZEN TURKEY'.

'To be honest,' he remarked, shaking his head, 'I don't think there's much I can do about this.'

2) A man who (e) (know) for his mean

habits (f) , (go) shopping with his wife. As his

birthday (g) (come) soon, she

(h)__ (try) to buy him a card. She

(i) just __(select) one when her

husband (j) (take) the card from her hands

and (k) (read) the inscription inside. 'Thank

you, dear,' he said, putting the card back on the shelves.

3) An interesting thing happened when I was touring the

United States recently. I (1) just

(read) a spy novel, where the hero (m)

(hide) a letter in a particular statue in Washing-

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ton. Since I was in that city at the time, on a whim I decided to see if the statue really contained the small niche the author

(n) ' (describe). To my great surprise it did — and

a letter was inside. After a moment's hesitation, I pulled out

the letter and opened it. When I (o) (read) it, I

burst out laughing. An unidentified reader (p)

(write): 'Good book, wasn't it ?'

III. TENSE REVIEW

Put the verbs in brackets in an appropriate tense.

JUNK STORY THAT BEAT THE EXPERTS

The strangest story I (a) ever (report)

began one spring morning in Hong Kong. I was born and

brought up in Hong Kong and I (b) just _(start)

working as a radio reporter there.

In March 1981, ninety-five fishing junks (c) (spot)

sailing over the horizon. Immediately they (d) (surround)

by police launches who thought they were trying (e) (sneak) into Hong Kong against the law.

One of Hong Kong' greatest problems is trying to keep

out thousands of people who think life there (f) (be)

better than in China, and try to smuggle themselves in. Hong Kong is already the most crowded place in the world, and there's no room for more people.

But when the police asked the junk people why they

(g) (come) they (h) _(get) a shock. They said

(i) (stay) for a few days (j) (escape) the

terrible calamity that was about (k) (strike) their

villages in China.

They said there was complete panic at home because everyone (1) (believe) an earthquake (m)_ (come).

(destroy) and

Throughout its history China (n) (suffer)

terrible earthquakes, cities (o)_

thousands killed. Nowadays, all over the country there are seismographic centers where earthquakes can easily (p) (predict).

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The Hong Kong authorities phoned One of these centers

in China to find out whether they (q)_ (warn) about a

forthcoming earthquake, but the answer was no. Experts in Hong Kong agreed that there was no reason for the junk people's fears.

Consequently the junk people ( r) (send) home.

On their way back an earthquake did indeed (s) (strike)

their village. No-one was hurt but the mystery

(t) (remain). How did the junk people know, when

the scientists and experts with all their sophisticated ma­chines didn't?

IV. CLOCKWORK HISTORY EXERCISE. MATCH THE NAMES TO THE FACTS.

a. Queen Victoria b. Charles Chaplin c. Frankenstein's monster

d. Leonardo da Vinci e. Tutankhamun f. Robin Hood

g. The three musketeers h. Sherlock Holmes i. Tarzan

j. Charles Dickens k. Davy Crockett 1. Henry VIII

m. Saint Christopher n. V. I. Lenin o. Abraham Lincoln

p. Napoleon Bonaparte q. Guy Fawkes r. Florence Night­ingale

s. John F. Kennedy t. Van Gogh u. William Shakespeare

A. used to make people laugh.

B. used to draw with his left hand.

C. used to help travelers.

D. _____ used to rob the rich to give to the poor.

E. used to live in the jungle.

F. used to write plays.

G. used to solve crimes.

H. was a nineteenth century American president.

I. used to get tired of his wives. He had six of

them.

J. used to work as a nurse in the Crimean War

in the 1850s.

K. used to paint lots of pictures of himself.

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L._____

battles. М._--____

was a famous French emperor. He won many was the Queen of England; she ruled for sixty-five years.

N. was a famous Roman Catholic. He tried to

blow up the Houses of Parliament,

0. was a famous American. He died at the Alamo.

p. used to fight «all for one and one for all".

Q. was an American president. Lee Harvey Os­ wald shot him.

R. used to kill people.

S. was an Egyptian king.

T. was an English novelist. He wrote Oliver Twist

and David Copperfield.

U. used to be one of Russia's most famous leaders.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES FOR DEVELOPING TRANSLATION SKILLS

I. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH PASSIVE VOICE:

1. In ancient times science was treated simply as a sys­ tem of statements.

2. This simple rule is followed by the majority of au­ thors.

3. This problem has been approached by many scholars on various grounds in different countries.

4. The method I have been describing in the text is, of course, one that is followed by all of us.

5. Men are distinguished from other forms of life on earth by their social production of the material means of life.

6. Sensations are not merely passively received, but are obtained in the course of human activity.

7. Two answers have been given to this question, nei­ ther of them satisfactory.

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8. The investigations of living organisms showed how all forms of life are developed from cells.

9. Most of the studies have been based primarily onsubjective opinion regarding the relationship of attitudes to the job.

10. Special attention is being given to this phenome­ non.

11. Careful consideration has been given to this area of research communications.

12. The problem cannot be finally solved.

13. Hypotheses have to be tested by all means.

14. All knowledge must be based on sense-impressions, on the evidence of the senses, on observation.

15. A person's roles are to be understood in the light of his own pattern of hereditary and environmental influences.

16. There are circumstances which cannot be avoided.

17. Certain acts are labeled criminal and are punished; certain others though not punished by law are labeled wicked.

18. The individual has to be identified in the situation, before any situation can be referred — as in psychology — . to the individual.

19. Nearly all people in the world are being used, with or without their knowledge, in the struggle between ideologies.

20. There are books which are still being reprinted, read and enjoyed, but it may be doubted that many of them will survive the century.

21. It is never known whether the subject is being given the control or experimental conditions.

22. Specialized clinics for the children suffering from mental disorders were being founded in this country.

23. Ideas from medical sciences, especially from physi­ ology and neuroanatomy, are continually being used by psy­ chologists.

24. The subjects were told to write as many answers as possible.

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25. Individual case histories of children and grown­ups who are being medically treated by psychiatrists show that environment affects the development of personality characteristics.

II. ANALYZE AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES WITH PARTICIPLES:

1. The public opinion poll conducted on the basis of the latest methods gave positive results.

2. The discovery made and the data obtained were pub­ lished in «SCIENCE NEWS».

3. The new achievement made in this field of science is of certain value.

4. The statement made concerned a new way of investi­ gating.

5. The given interaction is a result of close communica­ tion.

6. He spoke of the results obtained, conclusions made and future plans taken.

7. The realized plans were connected with the experi­ ments carried out in the experimental laboratory.

8. The analysis of the poll conducted at the plant seemed rather fruitful.

9. His conclusion founded on the latest statistical data was quite right.

10. They couldn't agree with his point of view expressed so illogically.

11. The developing science raises more and more impor­ tant questions for the further discussion.

12. To watch the changing world is rather interesting.

13. Polls being defined as the basic tool of social scienc­ es help scholars in their research.

14. Observations being made with the help of special techniques gave different results.

15. When being studied from all the aspects, the event becomes understandable.

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16. While criticizing the previous theories, he tries to understand their relationships.

17. Conducting this research he came across someinteresting phenomenon.

18. The recent poll held in the given region revealed a lot of problematic questions.

19. The data being discussed at the seminar are of par­ ticular importance.

20. The political scientists dealing with the problem of migration made up a number of special questionnaires.

21. Any problem can be attacked in a scientific way leading either to a right answer or to an explanation of why an answer cannot be found.

.22. Being thoroughly studied the phenomenon was re­solved at last.

23. Leaving the experimental laboratory he felt rather tired.

24. Following up this line of speculation Berkeley was led to postulate another mode of cognition, additional to that derived from the senses.

III. TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN, FIND PARTICIPLES AND ANALYZE THEIR FORMS:

1. Having achieved certain success in his life he decided to get married.

2. Having been recognized as the leading principle the statement was included into his theory.

3. Having finished one experiment he started another with the children as the subjects.

4. Having analyzed all in detail she understood the real picture of the phenomenon.

5. Having made observations on the subject of his in­ vestigation her summarized the new data.

6. Having been published the new data produced much polemic and a great number of discussions.

7. Having been conducted in the southern regions the poll was transferred to the north regions.

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Part II

8. Having discussed the statistical data they came to the conclusion of their importance.

9. Having taken at last a decision she left for the rail­ way station.

10. Having been dismissed from his work he couldn't find himself for a long time.

11. Having been asked the respondents expressed their viewpoints quite frankly.

12. Having come to the city late at night she decided to wait for the sunrise at the airport.

13. Having been invited to the scientific conference he bought a ticket for the plane at once.

14. Having looked through all the necessary material he started writing a report on the given problem.

15. Having seen him unexpectedly she crossed the street to be lost in the crowd.

IV. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION:

1. He having felt lonely, feelings of depression and anxiety overcame him.

2. They suffering from fatigue and depression, the doc­ tor advised to take cognitive-behaviour therapy.

3. The art of talking being a universal means of conver­ sation, it is necessary to learn it.

4. There are many people throughout the country expe­ riencing loneliness, teenagers and young adults comprising a larger group among them.

5. This problem should be solved immediately, specific techniques being applied.

6. To cope with loneliness you should contact different people, a circle of friends being of particular importance.

7. There are many ways of expressing our emotions, the body language being one of them.

8. The definite decision having been taken, they started discussing the details.

462

9. They discussed a lot of interesting issues, the prob­ lem of nonverbal communication being one of them.

10. People's characteristics differ greatly, with posi­ tive ones prevailing over negative traits.

11. He told a lot of interesting stories, some of them being rather shocking.

12. All the items having been discussed, they sighed with relief.

13. She is considered to be rather friendly, with many people surrounding her almost all the time.

14. He is fond of making new friends and acquaintanc­ es, all these people representing different circles of society.

15. He being very sociable, it is easy for him to get along with different people.

16. She having got used to the new conditions of life, nothing could knock her down.

17. He experienced a lot of troubles in his life, all these . sorrows having made him only stronger.

18. They quarreled very often, with the topics of their disputes being senseless.

19. The question of his departure having been solved, he ordered a ticket by telephone.

20. She would like to be invited to the party, she rely­ ing great hopes on this invitation.

21. They having consulted a specialist on their marital relations, new hopes awaited them.

22. The scientist listened to them very attentively, they answering his questions rather frankly.

V. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH GERUND:

1. Without knowing these facts it is impossible to build up a true picture of the world.

2. She answered without hesitating.

3. Without his participating in the concert the pro­ gramme will be, I'm afraid, dull.

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Part II

4. Не couldn't leave without receiving necessary infor­ mation.

5. Without practicing English every day it is impossible to have a good knowledge of the language.

6. They couldn't come to an agreement without hearing his opinion.

7. Don't go away without letting us know.

8. Without doubting he took a decision.

9. She had to leave for home immediately without visit­ ing her friend.

10. Without consulting her parents she refused from his proposal.

11. They separated forever without telling each other some warm words.

10. Without thinking he accepted their offer.

11. He decided to leave without paying his monthly rent.

10. Without investigating this case it was difficult to find the guilty.

11. Without solving this problem he couldn't leave the laboratory.

16. They found out the reason rather easily without making any efforts.

VI. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES WITH GERUND:

1. I can't help sympathizing him, he lost his father.

2. She can't help admiring his starring career.

3. They couldn't help hurrying with this project.

4. He can't help thinking of their nearest meeting.

5. We can't help advising him to take part in the con­ ference.

6. I can't help expressing my regret on your leaving so soon.

7. They couldn't help inviting us to their evening party.

8. She couldn't help promising to write letters regularly.

9. He couldn't help telling her all the truth.

10. They can't help punishing their children for such behaviour.

11. He couldn't help criticizing her for such strange ideas.

12. I can't help understanding their act of charity.

13. She couldn't help assisting them in moving to a new flat.

14. I couldn't help praising her for assistance in this affair.

15. She can't help bringing me up all the time. It's so boring.

16. He couldn't help boasting of his new car of a foreign mark.

17. They can't help using this favourable situation.

18. I can't help discussing the terms of the agreement with them.

VII, READ, ANALYZE AND TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Children typically are very angry at their parents for having divorced and can't work it out emotionally.

2. A stepparent is often at a disadvantage in disciplin­ ing a child. He may have grown tired of being the enforcer.

3. Keeping silence has its own price: frustration, anger, even madness.

4. Some taboos cannot be transgressed without paying an awful price.

5. Their having violated this taboo may lead to tense relationships.

6. His having misinterpreted their nonverbal behaviour led to complete misunderstanding and to a quarrel.

7. He heard of her having been given a theme of free­ dom for writing an essay.

8. The subjects will be tested individually by being given simple problems to solve.

9. Knowing and understanding may play an important role in survival.

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10. Without trying to determine the direction of the discussion we shall mention the problems touched upon in the papers presented.

11. He did not approve of their having been involved in this business.

12. His having been invited to participate in the inter­ national conference on the problems of violating human rights is an evident fact.

13. It's no use talking with him about it after his hav­ ing been dismissed from his office.

14. Do you mind my having taken a decision of organiz­ ing a new firm?

15. She couldn't help discussing with him the terms of the agreement.

16. I don't remember having met him anywhere be­ fore.

17. They are surprised at their having obtained such unexpected results after having tried a great number of different methods.

18. There is no special need in using a trial-and-error method.

- 19. They succeeded in having achieved the desired con­clusions.

20. His being an expert in this particular field of science is known to everybody.

21. She insisted on his having been included into the working group.

22. He is not a person who can be relied upon in holding such meetings.

20. I dislike being spoken with in such a manner.

20. He is looking forward to being introduced to her as soon as possible.

21. She is sure in his having been involved in drug busi­ ness.

26. They would like being told all the details of his having received these data.

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27. She suspected him of having stolen the documents. 28.I dislike being asked the questions of this or that type.

29. By making experiments in compliance with new de­mands you will obtain what you wish.

30. Their having been awarded a special prize for the research has quickly become known to everybody.

31. We cannot arrive at any conclusion by not analyz­ ing such sense-data.

32. This phenomenon is to be studied by comparing it with other like phenomena.

33. By integrating together separate impulses the brain represents surrounding objects.

34. Science has advanced by rejecting unsatisfactory theories.

29. We know about the world by living in it.

29. We shall try to avoid such errors by refusing to make a-priori speculations.

30. We gain our knowledge by doing things, acting on things, changing things, producing them.

VIII. READ, ANALYZE AND TRANSLATE IN WRIT­ING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. Investigating the given problem he came to rather interesting conclusions.

2. He is informed of their having taken the first prize.

3. The weather being fine, they decided to go into the country.

4. Having discussed the matter the sociologists took a definite decision.

5. He couldn't help talking about the experiment at the symposium.

6. Without contemplating he agreed with the offer.

7. His having come back from the expedition is already known to everybody.

8. He is greatly interested in collecting and analyzing the data.

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9. It was a great forum, scientists of many countries participating in its work.

10. They would like being warned in time.

11» This achievement founded on empirical principles was the elaboration of a new kind.

12. Having established interaction between these phe­ nomena they started to describe it.

13. He received interesting results, his speculation be­ ing based on logical analysis.

14. They knew of his having received a good knowledge of social sciences,

15. They couldn't help verifying his theory of theoreti­ cal paradigms.

12. Understanding his starting point is quite necessary.

12. Religion based on ignorance is an unscientific world outlook.

13. Recognizing his position true he used his method of analysis in his work.

14. His representation was true, the main idea being connected with consciousness.

15. He having referred this event to the law of cause, the method seemed to be true.

16. Having received the necessary data he published the results of his work.

17. He took the course of doubting everything except that which was clearly undoubted.

18. In accordance with the old positivist philosophy of science, social science is limited to stating particular facts and formulating statistical correlations.

24. Having rejected metaphysics we still require a theory of man, according to and connecting up different aspects of social life and experience.

25. Having recognized the futility of philosophical systems, the linguistic philosophy found in the uses of language the exclusive sphere of philosophical investiga­ tion.

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IX. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES WITH INFINITIVE:

1. To use language is a human activity.

1. To do something, and to know just what you are doing, are not the same things.

2. To answer these questions requires a general theory of human life.

2. To think at all it is necessary to abstract.

3. In order to explain this we have to study the facts of the case.

4. So as to understand development we must understand the distinction between quantitative change and qualita­ tive change.

5. To discover the truth, we must start from personal experience.

6. The use of language owes its origin to social produc­ tion, since to carry on social production people must speak to one another.

7. In order to understand things so as to change them we must study them.

10. To know everything is to know nothing.

11. To think dialectically is to think concretely.

12. It is often difficult to avoid a metaphysical way of thinking.

13. The purpose of this book is to provide a clear under­ standing of his theory.

14. Many scholars agree nowadays that metaphysics is something to be avoided.

15. The only evidence to be accepted is that to be tested by experience.

16. That is the true conclusion to be made.

17. Research to be carried out now is of great impor­ tance.

18. The problem to be solved is under discussion now.

19. The position to be taken by this scientist is rather strange.

20. The discovery to be made will be of certain value.

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Учебное пособие для философов и политологов

21. Psychologists begin to view a man as an active crea­ ture.

22. To predict a person's behaviour one must take into consideration social factors as well.

23. The aim of this lecture is to determine the ties of philosophy with other disciplines.

24. We have some right to suppose that in this case we are dealing with a specific aspect of transformation of cog­ nitive abilities.

25. The scholars try to find stable principles of man's behaviour.

26. To understand this method one must know some­ thing about its specific principles.

27. He proceeded to carry out careful experiments.

28. To have a good memory is a great advantage.

29. He continued to be influenced by his past experi­ ences.

30. To know what a person thinks about himself is of great importance.

31. The function of scientific theories is to explain em­ pirical laws and to predict new ones.

32. The aim of the research was to study the relation­ ships of the responses of the subjects.

33. The work has not progressed far enough to give a complete survey of the poll.

34. It should be noted that his first research was on a more scientific basis.

35. For science to move forward there must be a con­ stant interchange between observation and theory.

36. The investigation to be carried out is of great sig­ nificance to the development of the hypothesis.

37. A quality to be expressed can be expressed in terms of a relation.

38. For Hegel dialectics was not the method to be adopt­ ed by scientific thought.

39. The future has to be fought for.

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40. Some statements require to be corrected, improved upon, restated in the light of new experience.

41. The method of doing anything follows from the na­ture of the thing to be done.

X. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX OBJECT:

1. He believes his subjects to have been trained under other conditions.

2. They consider psychoanalysis to be very effective in its versatility.

3. Continuous talking causes the body to release certain hormones raising blood pressure.

4. Doctors identified escapism to be a disease called as sociophobia.

5. He maintains this constant fear of social contact to be often accompanied by many other negative experiences.

6. Most men recognize the need for improved communi­ cation to be the woman's responsibility.

7. He insists on things to be changed for the better for the relationship to work.

8. Many couples have found active listening to spark spontaneity and increase the satisfaction of a conversation.

9. She states career burnout to occur over a period of time with everybody.

10. He suggests a social support system to be cultivated in due time including close friends.

11. They consider brain drain to be a social phenomenon as well as a psychological one.

12. They say the term diaspora to have been historically used for characterizing people who are drawn to one another across a distance.

13. Scientists say the failings of memory to run much deeper than an inability to recall your neighbor's name.

14. Some people suggest their personal recollections to be confused with outside sources of information.

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15. Graphologists are sure the hidden traits of friendsand business associates to be discovered by means of care­ ful examination of their handwriting.

16. Analysts of the Russian Research Center maintain the proportion of the middle class to have reached 10 percent.

17. It is known the first hospice to have been organized with the assistance of philanthropists.

18. They expect medical and social assistance to be pro­ vided for those who are in need.

19. They know stepfamilies to deal with anger and dis­ appointment.

20. They should appraise social disorders to be connect­ ed with emotional wounds.

21. I don't bear the children to be treated badly.

22. They would like the public opinion poll to be carried out as soon as possible.

23. He insisted the subjects to give answers distinctly and in writing.

24. They want the problems of juvenile delinquency to be discussed at the coming session.

25. I should like you to participate in the research in the near future.

26. In Britain, J. S. Mill elaborated what was called «inductive» logic and formulated what he considered to be the reliable scientific methods.

27. Man can visualize alternatives and animals probably cannot, but in both, action means choice, whether we suppose the choice to be free or circumscribed.

28. While the view that pure geometry is concerned with physical space was plausible enough in Kant's day, when geometry of Euclid was the only geometry known, the subsequent investigation of non-Euclidean geometries has shown it to be mistaken.

29. One will naturally think that such course of events to be disastrous not only for science but for the future of mankind.

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XI. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCESWITH COMPLEX OBJECT:

1. They felt the atmosphere in the room grow tense and left.

2. She felt his words sound insincere as he avoided eye contact.

3. I have heard the professor mention about this unex­ plained phenomenon several times.

4. He has never made his subjects participate in the experimental procedures without their wish.

5. The unexpected circumstances made them refuse from the business trip and send a message with apologies.

6. They saw her prepare for the experiment under new conditions.

7. The scholar noticed his coworkers look exhausted and fatigued after this complicated experiment.

8. The scholars made the polled respond to the ques­ tions spontaneously.

9. She noticed somebody attentively examine her face and looks.

10. He observed her change the subject of the conversa­ tion from time to time avoiding unpleasant topics.

11. She heard somebody call her name several times, in surprise she turned back but saw nobody familiar to her.

12. The situation made them change their plans imme­ diately lest they should fail in the given affair.

13. They saw a shabby person come up to them with a smile on his face as if he were their old friend.

14. She has heard him occupy a leading position in the research center.

15. Nobody saw him come back after his hasty decision to migrate abroad.

16. His managerial position made him change his out­ look of a number of things and values.

17. They noticed him overcome his troubles and restore his moral forces.

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18. Не watched at a distance her climb a career ladder and was proud of her in his heart.

18. The scholar felt his disciple get nervous and tense.

19. He noticed a strange look appear in her half-closed eyes.

21. The critic made us share his attitude towards the work as a whole.

XII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX SUBJECT:

1. His theory is said to have been developed for half a century.

2. He is likely to have made a full review of the article.

3. He proves to be a leading scientist in this field of political science.

4. The experiments are reported to have been over suc­ cessfully.

5. The conference is supposed to be held at the end of June.

6. The translation of the article is certain to be pub­ lished next month.

7. Many foreign delegates appeared to know Russian.

8. All the groups happen to be divided into primary and secondary.

9. His interest is believed to have increased in this joint venture.

10. Everybody is sure to know at least one foreign lan­ guage.

11. His poll proved to be conducted on the basis of the latest questionnaire.

12. Less attractive personalities are likely to experience less rewards in the social situations.

13. She is said to be impressed by his manner of speaking.

14. Discovering the cause of social phenomena is said to be the task of social scientists.

15. The present is known to be involved in the past and the future to be involved in the present.

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16. Our knowledge of the world is believed to be limited in time and space.

17. The problem of science and religion is known tohave been the subject of long discussions.

18. His ideas are considered to be truthful as they give a right explanation of the world.

19. A master status is regarded to have great impor­ tance for shaping a person's entire life.

20. A social group is said to have been defined as a group of people with common interests and duties.

21. The groups are believed to be divided into primary and secondary ones dependent of the roles they play within the society.

22. This science is known to be concerned with social groups and institutions.

23. Auguste Comte is considered to be the father of the social studies.

XIII. READ AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX SUBJECT:

1. The effects of family structure and break-up are said to be indirect and may be influenced by the quality of parent­ ing a child.

2. A heavy diet of violent images in the media is sup­ posed to do nothing positive for child development.

3. By taking care of the pets children are likely to grow not only into non- violent adults, but also into positive parents in their turn.

4. Inequality in the given context is held to mean in­ justice.

5. He is unlikely to break with the family tradition.

6. I am in a consistent state of frustration, and those things which once gave me such pleasure no longer seem to matter.

7. All of these statistics are widely believed to underes­ timate the true situation by 10 percent.

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8. Politicians are sure to be the greatest liars in the world.

9. The problem itself appears to be primarily a physical disorder in that certain people are predisposed to stutter.

10. Most of lies told by the average person are known to be harmless and they are called white lies.

11. Speech therapy seems to be very effective in helping people overcome the problem of stuttering.

12. Water and air pollution is recognized to have caused dramatic changes in the environment.

13. The climate is certain to be changing with each year as a result of atmospheric pollution.

14. Human activity turned out to destroy a great number of exotic animals and plants.

15. Environmentalists are likely to do their best so that to restore the ecological balance on the planet.

16. Single motherhood is known to have produced some negative effects on the formation of a personality.

17. Such children are sure to experience hardships in their childhood by being teased by their classmates.

18. Drug and alcohol abuse happened to lead to unem­ ployment and isolation.

19. Npbody is certain to like being called a liar.

20. Emotional losses are believed to be shared by spous­ es in the marital situations.

21. Middle age is considered to present a watershed: the first half of one's life is spent in moving into life, the second half — in preparing for death.

22. Semantics is conceived to have the most important application in the sphere of logic.

23. Thales is said to have brought the science of geo­ metry to Greeks.

24. The results seem to correspond to the aim.

25. Metaphysics is supposed to be above and apart from the problems of special sciences.

26. The method may be said to be based on two postulates.

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Political science

27. Theory is seen to arise out of practice.

27. Anaximander is reported to have maintained that the primary substance was not water.

28. Many explanatory theories appear to have no direct practical application at all.

29. These entities are known to exist and their exist­ ence is verified.

27. The problem is shown to take two different forms.

XIV. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN. PAY ATTENTION TO DIFFERENT FUNC­TIONS OF THE VERBALS.

1. According to Locke, government originates from pro­ perty, and its function is to preserve and protect property.

2. They ask me some very simple questions that are much more difficult to answer.

3. Natural laws commonly represent for H. Spencer not only facts to be recognized, but ideals which have a moral claim upon it.

4. Pythagoras was one of the first great philosophers to support dualism.

5. To discover the truth, by which we live, we must start from personal experience and base our ideas on it, and vice versa.

6. This difficulty is as concrete and real as that result­ ing from different genetic constitutions in different indi­ viduals.

7. The two statements do not contradict each other when seen in this light.

8. Each new statement is compared with the totality of existing statements previously co-ordinated.

9. Thinking about man and thinking about nature have always gone together.

10. This means understanding things always in their action and change, and in their complex interconnection.

11. He could see no reason for accepting this verdict.

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12. It is not philosophy as such that is here objected to but any philosophy other than the one that is supposed to be good for us to believe.

13. In advancing scientific knowledge of the various objects which enter into the objective processes of nature, we advance from knowledge of those which are known to knowledge of others previously unknown, by the help of hypotheses which suggest just as much as is necessary for explaining observed facts.

14. Pure empiricists regard sensations as being the ulti­ mate given data of knowledge, then knowledge is derived through the mental activity of analyzing, comparing, com­ bining, ordering, etc., our sensations; so that whatever re­ sults can be so obtained by contemplating sensations, con­ stitute knowledge.

XV. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN PAYING ATTENTION TO THE VERBALS:

1. The problem is not to oppose decisions after they have been taken, but to ensure in decision that the right decision is taken and if there are problems to ensure they are solved.

2. It is usual to say that the Greeks were saved from a religion of the Oriental type by their having no priesthood; but this is to mistake the effects for the cause.

3. Having now examined in some detail what I take to be the principal teaching of the contemporary linguistic philosophy, I shall try to reach as balanced an estimate as my preoccupations allow of this philosophy as a whole.

4. Having now secured a firm foundation, Descartes sets to work to rebuild the edifice of knowledge.

5. Locke did not accept Hobbes' idea of man in a state of nature being a kind of wild beast. He considered that men were naturally industrious — and had to be so, in order to live.

6. Parliament has been elected. But in deciding how to vote the electors had only promises of the parties to go on.

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7. The influence of geometry upon philosophy and scien­tific method has been profound. Geometry, as established by the Greeks, starts with axioms which are (or are deemed to be) self-evident, and proceeds, by deductive reasoning, to arrive at theorems that are very far from self-evident. The axioms and theorems are held to be true of actual space which is something given in experience. It thus appeared to be possible to discover things about the actual world by first noticing what is self-evident and then by using deduc­tion. This view influenced Plato and Kant, and most of the intermediate philosophers.

XVI. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING RUSSIAN SEN­ TENCES INTO ENGLISH USING COMPLEX SUBJECT:

1. Известно, что логический позитивизм является лишь повторением чистого эмпиризма Беркли.

2. Оказывается, что логический позитивизм отвер­ гает исторический спор между материализмом и идеа­ лизмом.

3. Как видно, Рассел считает, что философия не от­ крывает новых фактов.

4. Полагают, что логика есть основа философии.

5. Утверждают, что наука является основополагающей для любой отрасли знаний.

6. Известно, что философия считает своей основной проблемой отношение бытия и сознания.

7. Вероятно, его анализ основывался на глубоком зна­ нии прошлого и представляет большой вклад в полити­ ческую философию.

XVII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:

1. The problem would be very simple if that solution were possible.

2. If we had analyzed the results of the experiment in time we should have taken another course in pur studies.

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3. Provided we had at least two experimental groups we should start the investigation at once.

4. If the subjects were given all the necessary instruc­ tions they would respond in a right way.

5. If he had chosen a definite aim he would have suc­ ceeded in research.

6. Unless the poll were carried out on a national level

the data would not be true.

7. If he had been more careful he would have received

more concrete results.

8. If I were you I should never accept his offer.

9. I could have agreed with you if you had been right.

10. But for the circumstances they would not have taken

such a decision.

11. They would be only glad if you participated in the

work at this project.

12. In case of his success he would be invited to take

that office.

13. If he had more time at his disposal he would do this

job with pleasure.

14. If the ecological problems had been solved in due time we should not have spoken too much of the pollution.

15. If his story had been told about beforehand some urgent measures would have been taken.

15. If you came in time I should be much obliged to you.

XVIII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING CONDITION­AL SENTENCES:

1. If your ideas did not contradict the facts, the result

would be correct.

2. If these interests were protected the independence of every individual and every nation would be guaranteed.

3. If the inflation were on the same scale the economic situation would be a bit stabilized.

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4. If the workers won in their fight against employers, the strike might be supported by other trade-unions.

5. If they succeeded in their joint venture affairs, they would overcome the crisis situation.

6. If he spoke in favour of market economy, they would get majority at the elections.

7. If his business were under progress, they would not

become debtors.

8. Provided they received a necessary credit, their

matters would be regulated.

9. If this conference had been successful, the Prime Minister would have pursued the other policy.

10. If they had applied modern technology in due time, their industry would have progressed.

11. If the circumstances had been different, the other forms of policy would have been developed.

12. They would have arrived at the knowledge of the idea, had they examined all the data about it.

13. Were their theory consistent, nobody would doubt

its value.

14. Had the author concentrated upon a single aspect of his subject, his study would have been proved easier to

read.

15. Were I you, I should never accept their proposal.

16. Had it been so urgent, they would have taken all the opportunities to react accordingly.

17. If he had been to the Stock Exchange on that particu­ lar day, he would not have missed his chance to earn money.

18. If he had bought the enterprise shares at that time, he would not have been ruined.

19. Had you known about it before, he would have taken appropriate measures.

20. Were you one hundred percent right, I should agree with you without hesitation.

21. Provided they were wrong, nobody would support

their ideas.

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22. If we observed this event we should discover in­ teresting phenomena in it.

Учебное пособие для философов и политологов

23. If your references did not contradict the facts the demonstration would be correct.

24. If in this case the testimony of our senses were true we should know the cause of this effect.

25. If we always reasoned a-priori we should never find results of operations of causes.

26. If one imagined some event ascribed to the object as its effect this invention would be entirely arbitrary.

27. If every effect were not distinct from its cause it would be easy to discover the cause.

28. If it were not observation and experience we should not infer any cause of effect.

XIX. READ, ANALYZE AND TRANSLATE:

1. She speaks as if she were an expert in this particular field of psychology.

2. They look as if they were working at this problem all night long.

3. His survey was so accurate and detailed as if he had been investigating this subject all his life.

4. They are discussing this matter as if they were en­ gaged in this project for a long time.

5. The effect of this enterprise was so successful as if it had been calculated up to the slightest details.

6. His business turned out to be a success as if he had had a great experience in such affairs before.

7. She knows a lot of tricks in economic policy as if she were a graduate of the Economics Academy.

8. Their life goes on rather well as if they were pro­ gressing in their own business.

9. She loves her work so much as though she were an inborn specialist in fiscal policy.

10. He speaks English so fluently as though he had lived in England since his childhood.

11. He spoke in favour of bankers as though he had always defended their interests.

Part !l

Political science

12. He was reasonable in his offer as though he had been taught to communicate effectively.

13. The situation at the labour market is so drastic asthough nothing could be done to relieve it.

14. He was so pleased with his mission as though he had fulfilled the conditions of their trade treaty.

15. He hesitated a little before taking a decision as though he did not know what I was speaking about.

16. His arguments seem rather surprising as though he were not sure in the outcome of their joint venture.

17. I want to conclude an agreement just now lest I should lose direct contacts.

18. They hurried with taking urgent measures lest they should miss this chance.

19. He decided to insert all the agreed appointments into his diary lest he should forget about the necessary meetings and invitations.

20. He decided to check up once more all the aspects of this important order lest it should happen to be a failure.

21. They left the town in a hurry lest they should be caught by police for this dishonest deal.

22. He tried to avoid his former friends lest he should be involved in the drug business.

XX. READ AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SEN­TENCES:

1. It should have been noted that the emotional reac­ tions had varied in intensity and duration.

2. One may have guessed that his experiment was not close to the task.

3. Practically any non-language task could be adapted to the scientific study of motor learning, provided the perform­ ance of the subject could be accurately measured and recorded.

4. None of these problems could have been investigated unless the investigators had had at their disposal adequate apparatus.

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5. If there were improved performance, then clearly learning would be taking place.

6. Had we analyzed this phenomenon ahead of time, the misfortune would have been prevented.

7. The Congress recommended that the research in this field should be expanded.

8. It is necessary that the instrumental responses be received in the process of experimentation.

9. The problem would be very simple if that solution were possible.

10. I am sure that the problem would have been solved, had not only philosophers but political scientists as well investigated it.

11. One should suggest his conclusion be a subject of prolonged debates.

12. Were his presence necessary, he would be called out immediately.

13. The scholar proposed his hypothesis should be treat­ ed with care.

14. Nobody demands that this survey should be carried out on the national level.

15. The conditions would have been changed if the ex­ perimenter had insisted on it.

16. Should you ask me, I would never refuse.

17. The situation required the couple should consult a highly qualified family therapist.

18. But for his behaviour under the given circumstanc­ es the issue would not have arisen.

19. Had you wished you would have participated in the round- table discussion.

20. If that were the case, the whole point of the exercise would be lost, for it is memory that makes us human.

21. It's in our nature to try to prolong life, but we should also face up to the distinct difficulties that we'd encounter if we succeeded.

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22. It could happen only if we would find the ways of preventing incurable diseases.

XXI. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH SUBORDINATE CLAUSES:

1. What the Greeks achieved in art and literature is familiar to everybody, but what they did in the purely in­ tellectual realm is even more exceptional.

2. This is what science in its latest development teaches us.

3. One of the most fundamental questions in philosophy is what we understand by knowledge and how valid is our knowledge of reality.

4. An interesting feature of this conclusion is that it accords with what many theists are accustomed to say to themselves.

5. Moral obligations are then what persons owe to each other on account of their social association.

6. What is distinctive about linguistic philosophy is not what it asserts but what it denies.

7. The point is that with respect to facts there exists another alternative that does not belong to the same propo­ sitions.

8. He describes the perplexing crises modern society faces as a result of the loss of the meaning of the tradition­ al key words of politics: justice, reason, responsibility, vir­ tue, glory.

XXII. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES PAYING AT­ TENTION TO THE FOLLOWING EMPHATIC CONSTRUC­ TION:

1. It is to this conclusion that every argument leads.

2. It is from this position that linguistic philosophy now operates.

3. It was at Miletus that the earliest school of scientific cosmology had its home.

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4. It is to the consideration of the ideas of sensation that the inquiry is devoted.

5. It was not until the later half of the nineteenth cen­ tury that the attempt was made to define the idea of progress with some precision and to link it with scientific and philo­ sophical theories of development.

6. It was John Locke who placed particular emphasis upon God-given rights of liberty and property.

7. It was Locke whose views had a considerable impact upon the American Revolution.

8. It was John Stuart, philosopher and politician, who developed a human philosophy influenced by the German idealists.

9. It was Edmund Burke who was seen as the father of the Anglo-American conservative tradition.

10. It is according to human nature that people try to prolong life in spite of distinct difficulties to achieve it.

11. It is a desire to escape death which is considered as a sign of health.

12. It is a collective struggle which may make life easier for ourselves.

13. It was the struggle for existence that helped people survive.

14. It was due to the joint efforts that the difficulties were overcome.

15. It was his merit that helped to cope with the situation.

16. It is to this position and its significance for the political realm that we must now turn our attention.

XXIII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE UNDERLINED WORDS AND WORD-COMBINATIONS:

1. Is it of the very essence of truth to be impotent and of the very essence of power to be deceitful?

2. The only great thinker who dared to go against the grain of the question was Immanuel Kant.

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3. Human right must be held sacred, regardless of how much sacrifice is required.

4. If we understand political action interms of the means- end category, we may even come to the only paradoxical conclusion that lying can serve to establish the conditions for the search after truth.

5. The modern age believes that truth is neither given to nor disclosed to but produced by the human mind.

6. This distinction is used for the sake of convenience without discussing its intrinsic legitimacy.

7. Facts and events constitute the very texture of the political realm.

8. The conflict between truth and politics was first dis­ covered and articulated with respect to rational truth.

9. The opposite of a rationally true statement is either error and ignorance or illusion and opinion.

10. It is the sophist rather than the liar who occupied Plato's thought.

11. The philosopher opposed the truth about those things which in their very nature were everlasting.

12. Every claim in the sphere of human affairs to an absolute truth strikes at the very roots of all politics and all governments.

13. Traces of this original conflict can be still found in the earlier stages of the modern age, though hardly in the world we live in.

14. In terms of pre-modern philosophy, Man is not ca­ pable of truth.

15. The argument that human reason needs communica­ tion with others and therefore publicity for its own sake is conspicuous.

16. The only guarantee for the correctness of our think­ ing lies in that we think in the community with others.

17. Neither the truth of revealed religion nor the truth of the philosopher interferes any longer with the affairs of the world.

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18. In respect to the former and as to the latter the

truth ceased long ago to claim dominion.

19. Thinking in terms of the tradition, one may con­ clude that the old conflict had been settled.

20. To be sure, state secrets have always existed.

21. The clash of factual truth and politics has — in some respects, at least — very similar traits.

22. Factual truth, on the contrary, is always related to other people.

23. It exists only to the extent that it is spoken about.

24. The views of the former are immovable, while the latter can always be persuaded to change their minds.

25. This is a question neither of empathy, nor of join­ ing a majority.

26. The more people's standpoints I have in my mind and the better I can imagine my feelings, the stronger will be my thinking and the more valid my opinion.

27. The very process of opinion formation is determined by those who think and use their own minds.

28. On the contrary, under certain circumstances the feeling of belonging to a majority may encourage false tes­ timony.

29. Factual truth is at least as vulnerable as rational philosophical truth.

30. This is the only chance for an ethical principle to be verified as well as validated.

31. Today hardly any philosophical statement will be taken seriously enough to endanger the philosopher's life.

32. Error, of course, is possible, and even common, with respect to factual truth.

_OCABULARY

abandon	отказываться
ability	способность
abolish	упразднять
abuse	злоупотребление
accomplish	совершать
achieve	достигнуть
achievement	достижение
acknowledge	признавать
adhere	оставаться верным
adherence	приверженность
administer	управлять
admit	допускать
adopt	принимать
advancement	прогресс
advertise	рекламировать
advertisement	реклама
advocate	защищать
aesthetics	эстетика
affair	дело
agenda	повестка дня
agree	соглашаться
agreement	согласие
alienate	отчуждать
alienation	отчуждение
alliance	союз
allocate	распределять
allocation	распределение

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Vocabulary

ambassador

ambiguity

ambiguous

amend

amendment

ancestor

ancient

announce

announcement

anticipate

appeal

applied

appoint

appointment

appreciate

appreciation

apprehend

approach

approval

approve

argue

argument

aspiration

aspire

assembly

assert

assertion

assess

assessment

attitude

authority

avoid

awareness

посол

двусмысленность

двусмысленный

исправлять

поправка

предок

древний, античный

объявлять

объявление

предвидеть

призыв

прикладной

назначать

назначение

оценивать

оценка

понимать

подход

одобрение

одобрять

спорить

аргумент

стремление

стремиться

собрание

утверждать

утверждение

оценить

оценка

отношение

власть, авторитет

избегать

сознание

490

behaviour

belief

bias

bourgeoisie

brain drain

branch

capacity

capture

catharsis

causality

cause

chamber

charity

citizen

citizenship

civil

civilization

coercion

coexistence

cognition

cognitive

cohesion

coincide

coincidence

commitment

communication

compete

competition

comprehend

comprehensive

concept

conception

concession

поведение

вера

предубеждение

буржуазия

утечка мозгов

ветвь

способность

захват

очищение, катарсис

причинность

причина

палата

благотворительность

гражданин

гражданство

гражданский

цивилизация

принуждение

сосуществование

познание

познавательный

сплочение

совпадать

совпадение

обязательство

общение

конкурировать

конкуренция

понимать

исчерпывающий

понятие

концепция

уступка

491

Учебное пособие для философов и политологов

conciliation	примирение
condition	условие
conduct	поведение
confidence	доверие
confident	уверенный
confront	сталкиваться
conscious	сознательный
consciousness	сознание
consensus	согласие
consequence	последствие
consider	считать
constituency	округ
constraint	принуждение
contemporary	современник,
	современный
content	содержание
contradiction	противоречие
contradictory	противоречивый
contribution	вклад
controversial	противоречивый
controversy	противоречие
conventional	традиционный,
	общепринятый
convey	сообщать, выражать
conviction	убеждение
cooperation	сотрудничество
council	совет
court	суд
create	создавать
creator	создатель
creature	создание
critique	критика
deception	обман

decline

deduce

defence

defend

define

definition

deity

department

deprive

derive

destiny

determine

develop

development

dimension

disagreement

dispersal

distinction

divine

domain

domestic

domination

doubt

elect

election

electorate

eliminate

embody

emerge

emergence

emphasize

empiricism

employee

Vocabulary

снижение, упадок

делать вывод

защита

защищать

определять

определение

божество

отдел

лишать

происходить, извлекать

судьба

определять

развивать

развитие

измерение

несогласие

распространение

отличие

божественный

область

домашний, внутренний

гоподство

сомнение

выбирать

выборы

электорат

устранять

воплощать

возникать, появляться

возникновение

делать акцент

эмпиризм

служащий

492

493

Учебное пособие	для философов и политологов
enforcement	принуждение
enigma	тайна, загадка
enlightenment	просвещение
enquiry	исследование
ensure	обеспечить
entertainment	развлечение
entity	сущность
environment	среда
error	ошибка
escape	избегать
escapism	эскепизм
essence	сущность
establish	устанавливать
establishment	учреждение
estimate	оценивать
eternal	вечный
eternity	вечность
ethics	этика
evidence	данные, доказательство
executive	исполнительный
exercise	осуществлять, применять
exist	существовать
existence	существование
expand	расширять
expansion	экспансия
experience	жизненный опыт
exponent	выразитель,
	представитель
expose	разоблачать
exposure	подверженность
fail	терпеть неудачу
failure	провал, неудача
faith	вера

494

falsehood

feminism

feminist

fight

flourish

forecast

freedom

gender

generation

globalization

govern

government

governor

guideline

hostility

human

human being

humanism

humanity

hypothesis

identity

image

imagination

imagine

impact

impasse

impediment

impetus

implementation

impose

imprisonment

inclination

independence

Vocabulary

ложь

феминизм

феминистка

борьба

расцветать

предсказывать

свобода

вид, род, гендер

поколение

глобализация

управлять

правительство

правитель, губернатор

директива

враждебность

человеческий

человек

гуманизм

человечество

гипотеза

идентичность

образ

воображение

воображать

воздействие

тупик

препятствие, помеха

толчок

воплощение

налагать, навязывать

заключение

склонность

независимость

495

independent

inevitable

influence

infringe

injustice

institution

insult

intelligence

intelligent

intention

interaction

intercourse

interference

internet

intimidation

invade

issue

judgment

judiciary

justice

justification

justify

leader

leadership

legal

legislation

legislative

legislator

legislature

legitimate

legitimacy

liberal

liberation

Учебное пособие для философов и политологов

независимый

неизбежный

влияние

нарушать

несправедливость

институт, учреждение

оскорблять

ум, интеллект

интеллектуальный

намерение

взаимодействие

общение

вмешательство

интернет

запугивание

вторгаться, завоевывать

проблема

суждение

судебный

справедливость

оправдание

оправдывать

лидер

руководство

правовой

законодательство

законодательный

законодатель

законодательный орган

законный, легитимный

легитимность

либерал

освобождение

	Vocabulary
liberty	свобода
logic	логика
loser	проигравший.
loyalty	верность
machinery	аппарат, механизм
maintain	утверждать
majority	большинство
manifest	проявлять,
	демонстрировать
manifestation	проявление
mankind	человечество
market	рынок
mass media	средства массовой
	информации
matter	материя
means	средство, средства
media	средства
medieval	средневековый
membership	членство
milestone	веха
minority	меньшинство
mislead	вводить в заблуждение
modify	изменять
movement	движение
myth	миф
necessity	необходимость
negotiation	переговоры
nominate	выставлять кандидатуру '
notion	понятие
obedience	повиновение
obligation	обязательство
observation	наблюдение
opinion	мнение

496

497

oppress

oppression

orthodox

outlook

overestimate

ownership

paganism

paradigm

participate

participation

pejorative

penetrate

perception

perpetual

person

personality

persuade

phenomenon

philanthropy

policy

politician

politics

pollution

power

preconception

predestination

predict

prediction

prefer

preference

prejudice

preserve

Учебное пособие для философов и политологов

угнетать

угнетение

православный,

ортодоксальный

взгляд

переоценить

собственность

язычество

парадигма

участвовать

участие

уничижительный

проникать

восприятие

вечный

человек, персона

личность

убеждать

явление

филантропия

политика

политик

политика

загрязнение

власть, сила

предубеждение

предопределение

предсказывать

предсказание

предпочитать

предпочтение

предрассудок

сохранять

498

	Vocabulary
pretension	притязание
primary	первичный
priority	приоритет
private	частный
proclaim	провозглашать
prohibit	запрещать
prohibition	запрещение
proliferation	распространение
promise	обещать
promote	способствовать
proof	доказательство
property	собственность
proposal	предложение
propose	предлагать
proposition	положение
proprietor	собственник
prosperity	процветание
protect	защищать
prove	доказывать
public	общественный
public opinion poll	опрос общественного
	мнения
punish	наказывать
punishment	наказание
pursuit	поиск, занятие
quality	качество
questionnaire	опросник, анкета
rally	собрание
realm	область
reasoning	рассуждение
recognition	признание
recognize	признавать
reconcile	примирять

499

Учебное пособие для философов и политологов

Vocabulary

reconciliation

refer

reflect

reflection

regard

relationship

renaissance

represent

representation

representative

require

requirement

resolution

resolve

response

responsibility

restrict

resurrection

reveal

revelation

revival

revolt

reward

rival

rule

run

sacrifice

safeguard

scholar

search

secondary

security

sensation

примирение

ссылаться, относиться

отражать

отражение, размышление

рассматривать, считать

отношение

возрождение, ренессанс

представлять

представление

представитель

требовать

требование

решение

решать, разрешать

ответ

ответственность

ограничивать

воскрешение

раскрывать

откровение

возрождение

восстание

награда

соперник

править

управлять

жертва

сохранять

ученый

поиск

вторичный

безопасность

ощущение

sense

separation

settlement

slogan

society

sovereign

space

spectacle

speculate

speculation

spirit

spiritual

statement

status

strike

struggle

substance

successor

suffrage

supernatural

superstition

superstructure

support

suppress

suppression

supreme

survey

survival

tabloid

tame

taming

tax

taxation

чувство

отделение, сепарация

урегулирование

лозунг

общество

суверен

пространство

зрелище

размышлять

размышление

дух

духовный

утверждение

статус

забастовка, стачка

борьба

субстанция

последователь

избирательное право

сверхъестественный

суеверие

надстройка

поддержка

подавлять

подавление

верховный

обзор, исследование

выживание

бульварная пресса

приручать, обуздать

обуздание

налог,

налогообложение

500

501

Учебное пособие для философов и политологов		■	Vocabulary
taxpayer	налогоплательщик	welfare	благосостояние
teaching	учение	well-being	благополучие
tension	напряжение	will	воля
testimony	свидетельство	winner	победитель
theology	богословие, теология	wisdom	мудрость
thinking	мышление	world outlook	мировоззрение
thought	мысль	worship	поклоняться
threat	угроза	worship	поклонение
transgression	правонарушение, грех
treat	трактовать
treatise	трактат
treaty	договор
tribute	дань
true	верный
trust	доверие
truth	истина
tyranny	тирания
ultimate	предельный
unity	единство	i
universal	универсальный
universe	вселенная, универсум
value	ценность
verify	проверять
view	взгляд
viewpoint	точка зрения
violate	нарушать
violation	нарушение
violence	насилие
virtue	добродетель	1
vote	голосовать
voter	избиратель
vulnerability	уязвимость
warmonger	поджигатель войны

502