Word study

I. GIVE RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS FOR:

The source of frustration; public attitudes and opinions; hardly correlated; liking; a wide variety of conditions; a set of beliefs; to evaluate events; a specific issue; an issue-by-issue basis; amateur philosophers; matters of great urgency; to be better suited for; to run the country.

II. GIVE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS FOR: Преимущество; слишком часто; обзор; наоборот; чело­ век; прославленный антрополог; в данный момент; миро­ воззрение; любитель-философ; основная часть населения; противоречивый; процент; остальная часть; взрослое на­ селение; проследить неформальные каналы; преданность.

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III. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES, PAY ATTENTION TO THE ITALICIZED WORDS:

1. Religious affiliation or church attendance did not in­fluence willingness to support a female political candidate.

2. The questionnaire included scores of items on politi­ cal philosophy, positions on current national issues - the whole range of political concerns of the time. „_

3. For years scholars had not the slightest doubt that only a few people of deficient intellect lacked world views.

4. Hardly being aware of the consequences he took a thoughtless decision.

1. His latest survey was a matter of great urgency.

5. These conditions were better suited for developing countries.

6. A lot of problems dealt with the ecological consequenc­ es, the rest were connected with social aspects of our life.

7. He has been avoided too often because of his specific inclinations.

UNIT XI

I. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT: THE MILITARY AND POLITICS

The development of modern armed forces can be traced back to the period following the Middle Ages when European powers started to develop a standardized form of military organization, usually based on a standing army. During the nineteenth century, the military became a specialized insti­tution with a professional leadership separate from the rest of society. European colonialism, in turn, insured that this military model was adopted all over the world, turning the military into a near-universal component of state organiza­tion. Puerto Rico is sometimes identified as the classic ex­ception to this rule, but its lack of armed forces is only possible because of the security provided by the US military.

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The military is a political institution of a very particu­lar kind. Four factors distinguish the military from other institutions and give it a distinct, and at times overwhelm­ing, advantage over civilian organizations.

First, as an instrument of war, the military enjoys a vir­tual monopoly of weaponry and substantial coercive power. As the military has the capacity to prop up or topple a regime, its loyalty is essential to state survival. Secondly, armed forces are tightly organized and highly disciplined bodies, characte­rized by a hierarchy of ranks and a culture of strict obedience. They are thus an extreme example of bureaucracy in the Weberian sense. This gives the military an unusual degree of organizational effectiveness, although it can also breed inflexibility and discourage initiative and innovation.

Thirdly, the military is invariably characterized by a dis­tinctive culture and set of values that prepare its personnel to fight, kill and possibly die. Sometimes portrayed as implicitly right-wing and deeply authoritarian (by virtue of its tradi­tional emphasis on leadership, duty and honour), military culture can also be grounded in creeds such as revolutionary socialism (as in China) or Islamic fundamentalism (as in Iran). Fourthly, the armed forces are often seen, and generally regard themselves, as being «above» politics, in the sense that, because they guarantee the security and integrity of the state, they are the repository of the national interest. This secures for most militaries a special status and respect, but it may also incline the military to intervene in politics, particularly when, in its view, vital national interests are under threat.

On the other hand, it is a mistake to view the military as a single, cohesive institution with common political fea­tures in all societies. Divisions within the military may stem from various sources. For example, conflicts may de­velop between broadly conservative senior officers, often recruited from elite backgrounds, and more junior officers, who may be either impatient for promotion or more open to progressive or radical ideas.

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Similarly there is likely to be tension between an officer core that is privileged both socially and professionally, and conscripts or enlisted personnel, who are usually drawn from the working class or peasantry. Rivalry and competition for prestige and scarce resources may also divide the vari­ous services and units within the military, while regional or ethnic divisions can also be significant.

The character of particular armed forces is shaped byinternal and external factors. These include the history and traditions of the military and specific regiments or units, and the nature of the broader political system, the political culture and the values of the regime itself. For example, the political orientation of the People's Liberation Army in China is deeply influenced by the decisive role it played in establishing the communist regime in 1949 and by strict party control at every level of the Chinese military.

In West Germany, the armed forces were subjected to a systematic process of political indoctrination to root out Nazi sympathies and values and to build support for the principles of political democracy. Finally, it is difficult to generalize about the nature and significance of the military because of the very different roles that the military can play in political life. The most important of these are the following:

• an instrument of war

• a guarantee of political order and stability

• an interest group

• an alternative to civilian rule.

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. How far can we trace the development of armed forces?

2. When did the military become a specialized institution?

3. What factors distinguish the military from other in­ stitutions?

4. Why do we say it is an instrument of war?

5. What is the second characteristic of the military?

6. What is its specific culture like?

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7. Are the armed forces out of politics? What do you think?

8. What kind of conflicts may arise within the military itself?

9. What is the character of particular armed forces shaped by?

10. What roles does the military play in political life?

III. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. The military turned into a near-universal component of ... .

1. The military enjoys a virtual monopoly of ... .

2. The armed forces are characterized by a hierarchy of ... .

2. The military is sometimes portrayed as ....

3. The armed forces guarantee ....

4. It is a mistake to view the military as ... .

3. The character of armed forces is shaped by internal and external factors such as ... .

4. The military plays many roles in political life such as ....

IV. ENUMERATE ALL EXAMPLES OF THE MILITARY REGIMES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT.

ADDITIONAL READING

TEXT I

I. READ THE TEXT AND DO THE TASKS THAT FOL­LOW:

A SHARED VISION OF A BETTER WORLD

(by Kofi A. Annan)

Ours is a world in which no individual, and no country, exists in isolation. All of us live simultaneously in our own communities and in the world at large. The same icons,

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whether on a movie screen or a computer screen, are recog­nizable from Berlin to Bangalore. We are all influenced by the same tides of political, social and technological change. Pollution, organized crime and the proliferation of deadly weapons are «problems without passports.» We are con­nected and interdependent.

Much of this is nothing new; human beings have inter­acted across the planet for centuries. But today's «globali­zation» is different. It is happening more rapidly. And it is governed by different rules or, in some cases, by no rules at all. Globalization is bringing us new choices and opportuni­ties. It is making us more familiar with global diversity. Yet, millions of people experience it not as an agent of progress, but as a disruptive force that can destroy lives, jobs and traditions.

Faced with the potential good of globalization as well as its risks, faced with deadly conflicts in which civilians are the primary targets, faced with poverty and injustice, we must be able to identify the areas where collective action is needed to safeguard global interests. Local communities have their town councils. Nations have their courts and legisla­tures. But in today's globalized world, it is high time for us to give more concrete meaning to the idea of the «inter­national community.»

What makes a community? What binds it together? For some it is faith. For others-it is the defense of an idea, such as democracy. Some communities are homogeneous, others multi-cultural. Some are small as schools and villages; others as large as continents. What binds us into an international community?

In the broadest sense there is a shared vision of a better world for all people. There is our sense of common vulnerability in the face of global warming and the spread of weapons of mass destruction. There is the framework of international law, treaties and human- rights conventions. There is equally our sense of shared opportunity, that is

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why we build common markets and joint institutions such as the United Nations. Together, we are stronger.

Some people say the international community is only a fiction. Others say it is a too elastic concept to have any real meaning. Some say there are no internationally recog­nized norms, goals or fears on which to base such a commu­nity. I believe these skeptics are wrong. The international community does exist.

When governments, urged along by civil society, come together to adopt a statute for the creation of an Interna­tional Criminal Court, that is the international community at work for the rule of law. When we see an international aid to the victims of earthquakes in Turkey and Greece, that is the international community following its humani­tarian impulse. When people come together to press govern­ments to relieve the world's poorest countries from crush­ing debt burdens, that is the international community throw­ing its weight behind the cause of development.

There are many more examples of the international com­munity at work. But too often the international communi­ty fails to do what is needed. It failed to prevent the geno­cide in Rwanda. For too long it reacted with weakness and hesitation to the horror of «ethic cleansing» in the former Yugoslavia.

The international system for much of our century has been based on division and hard calculations of real poli­tics. In the new century, we can and must do better. I do not mean to suggest that an era of complete harmony is within our reach. Or course, interests and ideas will al­ways clash. But we can improve on this century's dismal record. The international community is a «work in progress.» Many strands of cooperation have asserted them­selves over the years. We must stitch them into a strong fabric of community — of international community for an

international era.

(from «NEWSWEEK», 2001)

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II. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING WORD-COMBINA­ TIONS:

Ashared vision; organized crime; proliferation of deadlyweapons; to bring choices and opportunities; to be faced pith; to safeguard global interests; in the broadest sense; sense of common vulnerability; in the face of; spread of weapons of mass destruction; to adopt a statute; a humani-

arian impulse; to relieve from debts; weakness and hesi-tation; complete harmony.

III. MAKE UP YOUR OWN SENTENCES WITH THE ABOVE WORD-COMBINATIONS OR REPRODUCE SITU­ ATIONS FROM THE TEXT.

IV. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. USE ГНЕ WORD-COMBINATIONS OF EXERCISE II.

1. Human beings are faced with ....

2. People are influenced by ... .

3. They experience ... in the face of ... .

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. No country exists in isolation, does it?

2. How would you prove that?

3. What problems are considered to be «problems with­ out passports»?

4. What is the globalization process like today?

5. What positive aspects of globalization are we faced with now?

6. Are we faced with any risks at the same time?

7. What is meant by international community?

8. What makes a community?

9. What makes people unite?

10. What do skeptics say concerning international com­ munity?

11. Whose viewpoint do you share? _

12. Could you give examples of international communities?

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13. Are the activities of these communities always suc­ cessful?

13. Is the importance of such cooperation increasing or

decreasing?

VI. THERE ARE SOME GLOBAL PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD. THEY ARE:

1. pollution;

2. organized crime;

3. proliferation of deadly weapons;

4. military conflicts;

5. poverty and injustice;

6. global warming;

7. genocide;

8. terrorism.

Say which of these problems you think to be of primary importance, of secondary importance and so on. Rearrange the order of problems mentioned in accordance with your point of view.

VII. COULD YOU EXPLAIN THE ESSENCE OF:

1. the term globalization;

2. community;

3. genocide;

4. international community?

VIII. AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:

1. We are influenced by the same tides of political, so­ cial and technological change.

1. Globalization is governed by rules.

2. Globalization is governed by no rules.

3. Human beings are faced with disruptive problems.

4. It is possible to safeguard our global needs.

5. It is high time to bind together.

6. There is a sense of common vulnerability in the world

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8. International laws and treaties are necessary for peace­ ful life.

9. International communities follow humanitarian im­pulses.

10. Interests and ideas will always clash. Nothing could be done.

11. By joint efforts we can improve the situation and enter the era of complete harmony.

IX. REVIEW THE ARTICLE.

X. CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW WITH THE AUTHOR OF THE ARTICLE.

XL ORGANIZE A ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION DE­VOTED TO THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS:

1. Globalization and its development.

2. Organized crime and its consequences.

3. Pollution and environmental protection.

XII. READ THE ARTICLE AND ANSWER THE FOL­LOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What does Human Rights Day signify?

2. How is this holiday celebrated in the USA?

3. When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

4. What is the significance of accepting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

HUMAN RIGHTS DAY

December 10 is observed as Human Rights Day by most member countries of the United Nations. The celebrations mark the anniversary of the unanimous adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

In the United States, the observance is known as Hu­man Rights Week and extends from December 10 through

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17 in order to include another important rights anniversa­ry — December 15, the date on which the Bill of Rights became part of the US Constitution in 1791. Widely ob­served, Human Rights Week is customarily bracketed by presidential proclamations designating December 10 as Human Rights Day and December 15 as Bill of Rights Day. The purpose of all the observances is to foster understand­ing of the meaning of these landmark documents of human dignity in specific terms. Rights and freedoms are stressed in press and broadcasting media during Human Rights Week, and pertinent displays are seen in schools, libraries, and else­where. Often the exhibits are highlighted by full-text displays of the Universal Declaration and the Bill of Rights.

The story of how the United Nations' Universal Declara­tion of Human Rights came into being is not generally known. When the charter for establishment of the United Na­tions was drawn up at San Francisco in 1945, it contained repeated references to the «human rights and fundamental freedoms» that it sought to support, and it called upon member nations to promote and encourage such rights in cooperation with the world body. However, since the docu­ment nowhere spelled out exactly what these rights and freedoms were, it became necessary to frame such a defini­tion before nations could be expected to promote and en­courage them in any very specific way.

The UN Commission on Human Rights was therefore called upon to prepare a statement of principles that could serve as a universal standard. As set forth in 30 articles, the enunciated principles became known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Two of the document's chief authors were Charles Malik, Lebanon's representative to the UN; and Eleanor Roosevelt, US delegate to the UN, who was the first to chair the Commission on Human Rights. Only Saudi Arabia, the Union of South Africa, and six So­viet bloc nations abstained from the vote that resulted in unanimous adoption of the Universal Declaration of Hu-

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man Rights by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948.

In addition to drafting the declaration, the Commissionon Human Rights was charged with the task of preparing treaties — the Covenants on Human Rights, as they are known — by which member nations could undertake as a binding legal obligation the enforcement of the provisions of the Universal Declaration.

Ratification of the two implementing covenants — one [ on the economic, social, and cultural rights — by the whole, huge roster of UN member nations has been slow; even today, the process is far from being complete. That fact notwithstanding, the unanimously accepted Universal Decla­ration of Human Rights remains a towering achievement as a statement of ideals and declaration of purpose — one that not only recognizes civil and political rights that had been set forth earlier in democratic constitutions, but also sets forth and defines as rights a number of economic, so­cial, and cultural requirements. As such, it is one of the landmark documents of human dignity, and of the worth, equality, and rights of individuals.

XIII. REVIEW THE ARTICLE. USE THE FOLLOWING WORD-COMBINATIONS:

Unanimous adoption; documents of human dignity; human rights and fundamental freedoms; to promote and encourage rights; to be charged with the task; as a legal obligation; to remain a towering achievement; a statement of ideals; to recognize civil and political rights.

XIV. READ THE TEXT AND CHARACTERIZE ELEANOR ROOSEVELT AS A POLITICAL ACTIVIST:

ELEANOR ROOSEVELT: «Her Glow Warmed the World»

Eleanor Roosevelt was America's First Lady during the long presidency of her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-

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1945. Like no other President's wife before or since, she main­tained an active career in public life; and she inspired both praise and criticism for her role championing social and poli­tical reform. Working within her role as wife, Eleanor Roosevelt carried her belief in personal service to the front­line of American government and the world at large. Upon her death Adlai Stevenson said of her, «Her glow warmed the world.»

Though Eleanor Roosevelt distinguished herself nation­ally and internationally in the years that followed her hus­band's death, she is remembered primarily as an active, effective team member of the Roosevelt administration. Describing her political relationship with her husband, she once said that he had been «the politician,» but she had been «the agitator,» the activist behind the scenes, urging him to take positions on controversial matters.

The eyes and ears for a husband confined to wheelchair because of polio, Eleanor traveled widely, meeting people from all walks of life, learning of the problems of the underprivileged, and working to see that something would be done for them. She changed the White House from being merely the president's mansion into a rallying place for young people, women, farmers, laborers, and blacks.

Born in New York City, October 11,1884, Eleanor Roosevelt had a lonely and unhappy childhood. Though her family was socially prominent — her uncle Theodore Roosevelt became the 26^th president of the United States (1901-1909) — she perso­nally felt unacceptable and inadequate as a young child. An awkward and plain-looking girl, Eleanor once said that she was the «ugly duckling» in a family of beautiful people.

Eleanor's mother died when Eleanor was eight years old, and she was sent to live with her maternal grandmother. Her father died at the sanitarium just a year later, leaving Eleanor alone and feeling entirely unloved.

Her grandmother's home was a place of rules and regu­lations. She was cared for by nurses and received private

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tutoring. Then at the age of 15, she was sent to England for further education.

When Eleanor returned to New York three years later,she taught for a short time in a settlement house. She also joined the Consumers League, a voluntary association dedi­cated to improving the working conditions of women and children employed in factories.

In 1903 Eleanor met Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a dis­tant cousin, who was then studying at Harvard University. He was able to see beneath Eleanor's awkwardness and em­barrassment and to recognize a sincerity and strength of character which most young women of her class lacked. Eleanor and Franklin married in 1905.

After receiving his law degree, Franklin chose to enter politics. In 1910 he was elected as a state senator for New York, and Eleanor and the family traveled with him to Al­bany where she became active in consumer affairs and various welfare and charitable programs. As life-mate, Eleanor supported Franklin as he rose within the Democratic Party, moving the family to Washington when Franklin was appointed assistant secretary to the navy on the eve of World War I.

When World War ended, Eleanor was active in relief service and became an outspoken critic of social wrongs she observed. When she traveled with Franklin to Europe for the Paris Peace talks in 1919, she was inspired by the hopes which many had for a lasting peace through the establish­ment of a world organization dedicated to improving the conditions of life everywhere.

In 1921, while vacationing at Campobello, Franklin was stricken with polio. Eleanor provided the help and inspira­tion which he needed to return to public life despite a pa­ralysis which totally immobilized his legs.

When Franklin was elected president in 1932, Eleanor became a personal link between the Roosevelt administra­tion and the people. Traveling more than 40,000 miles

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around the country in 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt had direct contact with people whose lives had been torn by the Great Depression. She provided a channel for the complaints which these people expressed; and she was able to see something would be done about correcting the situation.

Feeling less bound by political considerations than the President, and driven by her personal concept of duty, Eleanor became a symbol of reform. She worked to improve the status of the American black in cooperation with the Na­tional Association for the Advancement of Colored People. When her activities brought forth criticism from some segments of society, Eleanor began writing a syndicated news­paper column, «My Day,» in which she discussed what she had seen and heard in the course of her active day's program. In an effort to get the newspapers and wire services to employ more women, she instituted press conferences open to women reporters only. Though thoroughly aligned with the Demo­cratic Party, Eleanor saw herself primarily as a private citi­zen working toward educating the public for social reform.

Following Franklin's death in 1945, Eleanor was ap­pointed as US delegate to the United Nations. She chaired the Commission of Human Rights and helped to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Her effectiveness was in her ability to deal with people. She was able to re­duce quarrels of doctrine to human differences which could be discussed on a personal level. She wrote:

«We must be able to disagree with people and to consider new ideas and not to be afraid. We must preserve our right to think and to differ.»

Eleanor clearly exercised her right to think and to differ when administration changed in 1952 and the Republican Party took over the leadership of the national government. As a member of the loyal opposition, she continued to speak out on issues that concerned her.

Eleanor Roosevelt remained active until her death on November 7, 1962. Her years alone were active productive

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pears. Not only in the United States, but in the countries round the world, she was a symbol for hope, compassion, and courage. Wife, mother, world figure, Eleanor Roosevelt was motivated by a trust in humanity and a faith in the value of one's own contributions. Her life embodied her words: «You have to accept whatever comes, and the only im­artant thing is that you meet it with courage and with the best that you have to give.»

XV. FIND IN THE TEXT THE FACTS TO PROVE THAT:

1. Eleanor Roosevelt distinguished herself nationally and internationally.

2. She is an active member of the president's adminis­ tration.

3. Eleanor was an outspoken critic of social wrongs.

4. She was a symbol of reform.

5. She took part in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

6. Eleanor Roosevelt remained active until her death.

XVI. SPEAK ON ELEANOR ROOSEVELT'S LIFE-STORY.

XVII. ASK YOUR FRIEND:

• if he has read anything about E. Roosevelt before;

• why she is respected and honoured throughout the world;

• what features of character permitted Eleanor to become a political activist;

• if she was happy in her personal life;

• if it is difficult to be a president's wife;

• what especially astonishes him in her biography;

• what were the basic motives for her ardent activity;

• if she lived a difficult or happy life;

— what he thinks why she had no enemies in her life;

• whether Eleanor's life is a model for copying;

• if she led her life in the way anybody could envy.

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TEXT II

I. READ AND TRANSLATE THE ARTICLE: FROM DIATRIBE TO DIALOGUE (by Claude Smadja)

Is globalization irreversible? Yes, it is. No one, of course, would deny that it has touched off a backlash — huge and sometimes violent protests at international economic meet­ings, stalling of the talks on a new trade round. Some pes­simists look at these events and draw a parallel to the his­tory of the world between the two world wars. In the 1920s, as today, progress in communications and transport led many to believe that an irreversible process of international co­operation had begun. Then those hopes were dashed by a surge of protectionism and an explosion of nationalism and hatred.

This kind of comparison overlooks one crucial point. The process of globalization has gone much farther today than it had 75 years ago. The breadth of the revolution in informa­tion technology and communications, the scope of economic and business integration, and the phenomenal volume and extreme mobility of international financial flows are creat­ing conditions that make this process truly irreversible.

So the real question is not whether globalization will proceed, but how smoothly. The lesson of the backlash is that globalization cannot remain a process driven mostly by business. The assumption that the public will happily applaud as globalization demonstrates its enormous bene­fits has proved quite wrong. The public has very real anxi­eties. The rosy expectation that «a rising tide lifts all boats» was at best naive. The tide of globalization is raising only some boats, and to different levels and in different ways. The challenge of inequalities — in health, education, Inter­net access and fundamental prosperity — remains as press­ing as ever, both within individual nations and between the nations of the world.

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Even as we have learned that a market economy can do wonders, we also have learned that the market does not have all the answers. The reaction against globalization springs, in large measure, from a fear that globalization means the return to some new version of the law of the jungle. To prevent this, we must put in place new regulato­ry measures adapted to the new economic balance of power Private companies must assert a much wider and stronger sense of corporate social responsibility. And we must listen to the responsible voices of a new «civil society,» which are forcing a debate on which type we want.

People's sense of alienation and malaise is aggravatedby the feeling that the future is coming at us too fast and too brutally. We don't know who is governing whom, and the traditional system of representative democracy no longer responds to the new social, psychological and economic re­alities produced by globalization.

What should be our response to this malaise and to the backlash it is generating? We must not ignore the wide array of different interests, motivations and philosophies that global organizations embody. Though many of them express widely shared anxieties, others are just groups look­ing for trouble. And then there are the self-appointed de­fenders of the developing countries whose lofty zeal does not always hide the fact that they are actually defending their own interests.

The challenge for those who would address the backlash against globalization is to open the right dialogue with the right interlocutors. This means drawing a clear line between those voices expressing legitimate concerns and others bent on using any high-profile international event as a platform to get their 30 seconds in the spotlight. Kowtow­ing to the latter will just make matters worse by providing an appearance of legitimacy to extremists. This will have the almost automatic effect of hardening positions on the part of the businesses and governments they are attacking.

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The challenge is to go from diatribe to dialogue. A dia­logue will mean a lot of give and take, and it has to be based on a shared will by all parties involved, to search for constructive approaches to the challenges of globalization and the technology revolution. Globalization is irreversible. But it depends on partnerships between governments, busi­ness and civil society to reduce its costs and enhance its potential in the best way.

(from «NEWSWEEK», 2002)

Notes:

Diatribe - обличительная речь

Malaise - недомогание, нездоровье

Backlash - ответный удар

Kowtowing - раболепствование, поклонение

II. GIVE RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS FOR: Irreversible; a surge of protectionism; an explosion of

hatred; a crucial point; enormous benefits; Internet access; prosperity; to place regulatory measures; corporate social responsibility; alienation; a wide array of different interests; on the part of; to reduce costs; to enhance a potential.

III. FIND IN THE ARTICLE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS FOR:

Переговоры; создавать условия; в лучшем случае; процветание; рыночная экономика; закон джунглей; со­беседник; отрицать; воплощать.

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN IN THE BRACKETS AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. The revolution in information technology, business inte­ gration create conditions for making globalization process ....

2. There is certain evidence of enormous ... of globali­ zation.

3 created conditions for global cooperation.

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4. Civil societies should strive for fundamental ....

5. But sense of ... is still acute because of fear in theface of future.

6. Different philosophies ... different interests, motiva­ tions and views.

7. A dialogue between nations should be based on

of the world.

(benefits; prosperity; to embody; a shared vision; irre­versible; Internet access; alienation)

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Is globalization a psychological, social or economical process?

2. Is globalization irreversible? What do you think? Give your arguments.

3. What factors create conditions to make globalization irreversible?

4. Is it possible to create the world society of peace and harmony?

5. Is Cold War a reality or myth nowadays?

6. What are the advantages of globalization? Are there any disadvantages?

7. Is it necessary to eliminate borders between countries on the way of globalization?

8. Does globalization mean an opportunity for complete security and equality?

9. Do you believe in globalization without visible psy­ chological scars?

VI. MAKE UP DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS AND ASK YOUR FRIEND TO ANSWER THEM:

1. The emergence of world politics promotes the develop­ ment of cooperation across the globe.

2. Globalization has an important ideological dimension.

3. Globalization is connected with successful solution of pollution problems.

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4. Global economy is based on international trade and business activities.

5. Globalization becomes possible thanks to technologi­ cal innovation.

6. The world government is a chance to survive on the principle of peaceful coexistence.

VII. SPEAK ON THE MAJOR POINTS OF THE AR­ TICLE.

VIII. ARRANGE A DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEM OF GLOBALIZATION. GIVE CONS AND PROS OF THIS PROCESS.

IX. READ THE FOLLOWING EXTRACTS FROM IN­ TERNATIONAL NEWS AND ENUMERATE THE URGENT GLOBAL PROBLEMS:

1. A scarcity of computers and Internet service have severely hindered continental industrialization programs and have contributed to social problems such as HIV/AIDS to create more than $360 billion in debt, says a United Na­ tions report.

2. A global chocolate industry four-year plan to elimi­ nate child slavery in the cocoa-producing nations of West Africa annually may effect an estimated 200,000 children who are smuggled across the borders of Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin Cote d'Ivoire and Togo, according to a UN Children's Fund report.

3. Women trade unionists meeting in Bucharest argued that most resources and technical aid are still channeled toward men producing crops for export.

4. The UN Conference on Trade and Development offi­ cials say that nothing short of a major orientation of inter­ national and domestic policies will improve the annual eco­ nomic growth rate of three percent, scarcely half the amount required for it to begin reducing poverty.

Part II

Political science

5. The new World Bank-funded Africa Trade Insurance Agency will try to stimulate foreign investment by provid­ ing coverage for non-commercial hazards for exports to, from and within Africa.

6. The UN Fund for Women says aid workers often turna blind eye to violations against women in refugee camps. The displaced women have to live with constant sexual abuse in camps designed to protect them.

7. Finance and planning ministers from Algeria, Benin, Bostwana, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Mozambique, Ni­ geria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Senegal, South Africa, Tan­ zania and Uganda pledged to establish a peer review system to monitor one another's budgets and social policies.

8. During the UN World Conference Against Racism, AID victims and their advocates detailed violence that people with the disease face in Africa.

9. The World Health Organization said cigarette smok­ ing is spreading fastest among women because intense to­ bacco industry advertising targets them.

10. Governments pledged to intensify opposition to traf­ ficking in women and children but human rights advocates say the efforts are doomed unless national laws are inte­ grated so that, for example, trafficked women would be regarded everywhere as victims and not criminals.

11. Poverty, hunger and ill-health will increase through­ out the region because of the global economic slowdown. The effects of global recession would be made worse by the financial and social costs of suppressing anti-war and reli­ gious protests.

12. Governments in the region are cooperating with the Central Intelligence Agency and Interpol, the international police network, to determine whether local pro-Libyan groups had any role in the September 11 terrorist attacks against the United States.

13. The head of the Trinidad-based Caribbean Epidemi­ ology Center called for calm in the region after tests con-

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firming the presence of anthrax in mail handled by US postal workers, sparked numerous reports of «white powder» by postal workers.

14. Degradation of the environment is occurring at a rate that exceeds the creation of workable solutions despite government efforts over the last decade, according to the environment ministers.

15. Although women in Central America earn up to 40 percent less than men for the same work, none of the coun­ tries have strategies to correct this imbalance, according to a study by the non-governmental Forum of Women for Cen­ tral American Integration. The study noted that women tend to work in poorly paid, low-quality jobs, and there are no official efforts to redress the situation.

X. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. Какая бы модель мировой интеграции не превали­ ровала, она должна учитывать интересы большинства.

2. Несмотря на определённые трудности, существу­ ют объективные условия для создания международных организаций, необходимых для решения глобальных проблем.

3. Степень глобализации во многом зависит от техно­ логической оснащённости государств.

4. С появлением феномена глобализации наше пони­ мание политики и взаимодействия государств совершен­ но изменилось.

5. Глобализация способствует возникновению миро­ вых сообществ.

6. Глобализация характеризуется важными полити­ ко-идеологическими параметрами.

7. Возникновение глобальной взаимозависимости яви­ лось следствием разнообразных процессов и развития.

8. Распространение международной торговли и транс­ национальный характер современного бизнеса способство­ вали появлению мировой экономики.

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Part II

Political science