Word study

I. GIVE RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS FOR THE FOLLOW­ ING ENGLISH WORDS:

To perpetuate; to seek to do something; to amount to; to advance; to be engaged in; to narrow; to conceal; to abuse; to argue; to abolish; to be rooted; to exploit; to trace back; to treat; to hold public office; to bring to light; to give rise to; to bring to an end.

II. ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING WORDS INTO PAIRS OF SYNONYMS:

to try

description

disclosure

sphere

a benefit

distribution

to produce

besides

influence

allocation

impact

advantage

to seek

an account

exposure

realm

to give rise to

by the same token

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III. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN. SEE HOW YOU TRANSLATE THE WORDS «ADVANTAGE» AND «DISADVANTAGE». CONSULT YOUR DICTIONARY.

1. Take advantage of the sun before the rain comes back.

2. I found myself at a disadvantage in the argument.

3. And suddenly he saw how he could use this to his advantage.

4. The younger brother has an advantage over the old­ er: he's more intelligent.

5. He took advantage of every opportunity to practice the piano.

5. He had the advantage of first-rate education.

6. He was determined to take full advantage of the offer.

7. Many of the disadvantages of the scheme were quite

clear.

9) Their team is going to lose. They're clearly at a dis­ advantage.

IV. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. PAY ATTENTION TO DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF THE WORD «VIEW». CONSULT YOUR DICTIONARY.

1. In my view, the problem doesn't exist at all.

2. The speaker stood in full view of the crowd.

3. He stated his views on the matter.

4. What had you in views when you said that?

5. He is a man of strong political views.

6. I have a different point of view.

1. The latest summer fashions are now on view in the big shops.

7. His views on war and peace have changed after the

elections.

V. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. PAY ATTENTION TO THE MEANINGS OF THE WORDS «AU­THORITY» AND «POWER», GIVEN BELOW.

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Part II

Political science

Power: 1. могущество, власть, влияние;

2. полномочие

3. держава Authority: 1. власть

2. власти (мн. число)

3. полномочие

4. авторитет, крупный специалист 1.I have no authority to take a decision.

2. Не has an authority in this field.

3. State nursery schools come under Local Education Authorities.

4. Stability in the world greatly depends on the goodwill of the Great Powers.

5. According to the principles of democracy all legisla­ tive power must belong to Parliament.

6. Congress makes all laws and Congress has the power to introduce legislation.

7. The Monarch continued to be at the center of execu­ tive power.

8. As head of state the Monarch has the power to sign international agreements.

9. The Queen in Parliament represents the supreme au­ thority within the United Kingdom.

10. Later many powers were transferred to the Cabinet.

VII. DISCUSSION

Look through the texts and answer the following ques­tions:

Aristotle (384-22BC)

Greek philosopher. Aristotle was a student of Plato and tutor of the young Alexander the Great. He established his own school of philosophy in Athens in 335 ВС; this was called the 'peripatetic school' after his tendency to walk up and down as he talked. His 22 surviving treatises, compiled as lecture notes, range over logic, physics, metaphysics, astronomy, meteorology, biology, ethnic and politics. In

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the Middle Ages, Aristotle's work became the foundation of Islamic philosophy, and it was later incorporated into Christian theology. His best known political work is Politics, a study of the ideal constitution.

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

Italian politician and author. The son of a civil lawyer. Machiavelli's knowledge of public life was gained from a sometimes precarious existence in politically unstable Florence. He served as Second Chancellor (1498-1512), and was dispatched on missions to France, Germany and through­out Italy. After a brief period of imprisonment and the restoration of Medici rule, Machiavelli embarked on a literary career. His major work, The Prince, published in 1531, drew heavily upon his first-hand observations of the state­craft of Cesare Borgia and the power politics that dominat­ed his period. It was written as a guide for the future prince of a united Italy. The adjective 'Machiavellian' subsequent­ly came to mean 'cunning and duplicitous'.

Notes:

treatise — трактат

duplicitous — двуличный

precarious — Опасный

1. What contribution did Aristotle make to philosophy?

2. What writings are mentioned here? 3)What is Machiavelli's contribution?

4. What problems did Machiavelli and Aristotle discuss that unite them?

5. What influenced the difference in treating the same problems by Machiavelli and Aristotle?

6. Where can we trace the influence of Aristotle's work?

7. What idea do you have when using the adjective 'Mach­ iavellian'?

VIII. LOOK THROUGH THE FOLLOWING DEFINI­TIONS OF THREE WORDS AND MAKE UP A PLAN FOR DISCUSSION.

Part II

Political science

Power

Power, in its broadest sense, is the ability to achieve a desired outcome, and it is sometimes referred to in terms of the 'power' to do something. This includes everything from the ability to keep oneself alive to the ability of government to promote economic growth. In politics, however, power is usually thought of as a relationship, that is, as the ability to influence the behaviour of others in a manner not of their choosing. It is referred to in terms of having 'power' over people. More narrowly, power may be associated with the ability to punish or reward, bringing it close to force or manipulation, in contrast to 'influence', which also encom­passes rational persuasion.