Index

Page numbers followed by b, f, or t indicate entries in boxes, figures, or tables, respectively.

Index

303

Index

304

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), 221–222

diagnostic testing for, 222 electromyography of, 222

nerve conduction studies of, 222 prognosis of, 222

serology in, 222 symptoms of, 222

Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 221–223 diagnostic testing for, 223

electromyography of, 223

nerve conduction studies of, 223 prognosis of, 223

symptoms of, 222

Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAM), 221, 223 diagnostic testing for, 223

electromyography of, 223

nerve conduction studies of, 223 prognosis of, 223

symptoms of, 223

Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis, 112 diagnostic testing for, 112

histology of, 112 pathophysiology of, 112 prognosis of, 112 symptoms of, 112 treatment of, 112

Acute panautonomic neuropathy, 223 Acyclovir

for Bell’s palsy, 34

for herpes simplex virus, 256 for herpes zoster virus, 257

Adamkiewicz, artery of, 31f Adductor muscles, 229t Adductor pollicis, 213, 213f, 229t Adenoma(s), 132–133

epidemiology of, 133 genetics of, 133 GnRH-secreting, 133 histology of, 132 pathophysiology of, 132 prolactin-secreting, 133 symptoms of, 133 treatment of, 133

Adenoma sebaceum, in tuberous sclerosis, 277, 277f Adenosyl-methionine, for fibromyalgia, 151

Adie’s tonic pupil, 224 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 for infantile spasms, 93

Adrenoleukodystrophy, 116–117, 290 adult-onset, 117

childhood, 116–117 diagnostic testing for, 117 pathophysiology of, 116 symptoms of, 116–117 treatment of, 117

Adrenomyeloneuropathy, 117 Advanced sleep phase syndrome, 169 Affective prosody, 6

Afferent(s) cerebellar, 18–19 cortical, 1 hypothalamic, 18f

reticular formation, 29 subcortical, 4

Age

and Alzheimer’s disease, 157 and electromyography, 233–234 and ischemic stroke, 55

and multiple sclerosis, 104

and nerve conduction studies, 206 Age-related memory loss, 154

Aggrenox (dipyridamole aspirin), for stroke prevention, 60 Aggression

in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 lesions causing, 8

Agitation

in Alzheimer’s disease, 157–158 treatment of, 158

Agnosia(s). See also specific types in Alzheimer’s disease, 157b auditory, 51

Agoraphobia, 175 Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, 116

diagnostic testing for, 116 histology of, 116 pathophysiology of, 116 symptoms of, 116

Aicardi’s syndrome, 92b, 271b

AIDS. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS dementia complex, 260–261

Akinesia, global, 3 Akinetopsia, 42 Akisthesia, 169

Albendazole, for cysticercosis, 264 Albumin, in multiple sclerosis, 108

Albuterol, for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 241 Alcohol, 178–179

abuse and dependence, 178–179 neurological complications of, 178 treatment of, 178–179

acute intoxication, 178 biochemical effects of, 178

and central pontine myelinosis, 112, 178 chronic use, 178

and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 and ischemic stroke, 56

and Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 113, 178 in schizophrenia, 171

Alcoholic neuropathy, 178, 178b Alcohol withdrawal, 179

and REM sleep behavior disorder, 170 seizures with, 179, 179b

Alexander’s disease, 114–115, 290 adult form of, 114–115 diagnostic testing for, 115 histology of, 114

infantile form of, 114 juvenile form of, 115 pathophysiology of, 114 prognosis of, 115 symptoms of, 114–115, 114b treatment of, 115

Alexia, lesions causing, 5 Alien hand syndrome, 10, 188 Allocortex, 2

Almotriptan, 140t

Alobar prosencephaly, 270 Alpha frequency, in EEG, 80b

in schizophrenia, 171 Alprazolam, for tinnitus, 51

Index

305

Index

306

Angioma(s) cavernous, 79, 79f

in Sturge-Weber syndrome, 277–278, 278f venous, 79

Angiomatous meningioma, 123 Angiopathy

amyloid, 65–66, 65b, 95b hypertensive, 65

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, for stroke prevention, 62

Anomia

in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 lesions causing, 6

Anorexia nervosa, and central pontine myelinosis, 112 Anosognosia

for blindness, 42–43 lesions causing, 5

Ansa lenticularis, 13, 13b

Antabuse (disulfiram), for alcohol dependence, 179 Anterior cerebral artery, 15f, 43f, 57f

Anterior choroidal artery, 15f, 39f, 40, 57f infarction of, 40, 40f

Anterior cingulate gyrus, 7 Anterior cochlear nucleus, 48f Anterior commissure, 10, 10f

Anterior communicating artery (ACA), 39, 39f Anterior cord syndrome, 31

Anterior corticospinal tract, 29, 30f Anterior funiculus, 29

Anterior horn, 31

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, 21f Anterior interosseous nerve, 229t Anterior interosseous syndrome, 211–212

diagnostic testing for, 212 electromyography of, 212 Martin-Gruber anastomosis in, 212, 212f nerve conduction study of, 212 pathophysiology of, 211

symptoms of, 211 treatment of, 212

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), 38–39 arteritic, 38

non-arteritic, 39

Anterior mesencephalic syndromes, 22–23, 22f Anterior nuclei group (ANG), thalamic, 13, 14f

bilateral lesions of, 13 subcortical afferents of, 13

Anterior spinal artery, 21f, 31f Anterior thalamic nucleus, 18f

Anteroand retrograde amnesia (Korsakoff’s syndrome), 13 Anterocollis, 191

Anterograde amnesia alcohol abuse and, 178 lesions causing, 13, 15

Anterograde memory, 154b Anticardiolipin antibody, 73 Anticholinergic agents

and dementia, 155 for dystonia, 192

Anticoagulant(s)

for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73 for arterial dissection, 71

for brain tumors, 132

for fibromuscular dysplasia, 70

for inherited coagulation disorders, 72 and intracranial hemorrhage, 66–67

for ischemic stroke, 59 mechanism of action, 60f for stroke prevention, 60 for venous infarction, 75

Anticoagulation cascade, 60f Anticonvulsant(s). See Antiepileptic(s) Antidepressants, 174t

benefits of, specific, 174t for conversion disorder, 177 for fibromyalgia, 151

for insomnia, 167

for major depressive disorder, 173 for migraine prophylaxis, 140

in multiple sclerosis, 109

and restless legs syndrome, 169 second generation, 174t

side effects of, 174t for tinnitus, 51 tricyclic

benefits of, specific, 174t for cataplexy, 168

for chronic fatigue syndrome, 151

for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 side effects of, 174t

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 17t inappropriate secretion of, 16t

Antiemetics

for Meniere’s disease, 53 for migraine, 140

for vertigo, 52

for vestibular neuronitis, 53

Antiepileptic(s), 101, 101f, 102t–103t. See also specific drugs for bipolar disorder, 174

for brain tumors, 132

for chronic headache, 144–145 discontinuation of, 101

failure of, management of, 101 for febrile seizures, 92

for ischemic stroke, 60

for Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 96 for metastasis, 131

for migraine prophylaxis, 140 for multiple sclerosis, 109 for neuromyotonia, 246

remission achieved with, 101, 101b for schizophrenia, 172

and tics, 193

for tonic-clonic seizures, 88 for trigeminal neuralgia, 148 and vertigo, 54

Antihypertensive(s), 296 for ischemic stroke, 59

for stroke prevention, 61–62

for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 and vertigo, 54

Anti-myelin antibodies, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Antiphospholipid antibody(ies), in ischemic stroke risk, 58 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73, 298b

diagnostic testing for, 73 epidemiology of, 73 pathophysiology of, 73 prognosis of, 73 symptoms of, 73 treatment of, 73

Antiplatelet agent(s)

for arterial dissection, 71

for fibromuscular dysplasia, 70

for inherited coagulation disorders, 72 for stroke prevention, 60

Antipsychotic(s), 172t atypical, 172, 172t, 201

for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 for Lewy body dementia, 163

for major depressive disorder, 173 for autism, 291

benefits of, specific, 172t for bipolar disorder, 174

for cocaine intoxication, 180 and dystonia, 191

for Huntington’s disease, 194 and parkinsonism, 202

for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t for PCP/ketamine dependence, 182 receptor effect of, 172t

for schizophrenia, 172

for schizophreniform disorder, 172 side effects of, 172t

and tardive dyskinesia, 172, 201–202 for tic disorders, 193

typical, 172, 172t, 201

Antiretroviral drugs, for HIV infection, 260 Antithrombin III deficiency, 71–72 Antivert. See Meclizine

Antoni types A and B, of schwannoma, 134, 134f Anton’s syndrome, 42–43

Anxiety disorder(s), 175–176

in complex regional pain syndrome, 150 generalized, 175

genetics of, 175 pathophysiology of, 175 subtypes of, 175–176

Aorta, 31f Aortic arch, 31f

calcifications and atheroma of, and ischemic stroke, 56 Apert’s syndrome, 271

Aphasia(s). See also specific types acquired epileptiform, 95–96 in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 Broca’s, 5

conduction, 6, 9

in MASA syndrome, 271 primary progressive, 161

in striatocapsular syndrome, 9 subcortical, 13b

transcortical, 6 Wernicke’s, 6

Aphemia, 6

Apnea. See also Sleep apnea pediatric syndrome of, 99 in Rett’s syndrome, 292

Apoliprotein E

in Alzheimer’s disease, 156

and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 in mild cognitive impairment, 154 in vascular dementia, 159

Apomorphine, for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), in cerebral

infarction, 57, 58f

Apraxia(s). See also specific types constructional, 5

dressing, 5 ideomotor, 3

ocular, 43

orolingual, in Huntington’s disease, 194 in Rett’s syndrome, 292

somatotopic ideomotor, 5 Aqueduct stenosis, X-linked, 271 Arboviruses, 251t, 258

Arcade of Frohse, 216, 217f Arcuate bundle, 38f

injury of, 37–38, 38f Arcuate fasciculus, 9, 9f

Arcuate nucleus, 17–18, 18b, 28 Area postrema, 26

Arginase deficiency, 282 Arginine supplementation, 282

Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency, 282 Argininosuccinate synthase deficiency, 282 Argyll-Robinson pupil, 44–45

Aricept. See Donepezil Aripiprazole, 172t Arm pain, 153f

Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, 280 Arousing systems, 164

Arrhythmia(s)

in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 241 in myotonic dystrophy, 239

in polymyositis, 245

in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 65 Artane. See Trihexyphenidyl Artemether, for malaria, 264 Arterial dissection, 70–71

angiography of, 70, 71f diagnostic testing for, 70–71 epidemiology of, 71 location of, 70

magnetic resonance imaging of, 70, 71f pathophysiology of, 70–71

prognosis of, 71 symptoms of, 71 treatment of, 71

Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome, 208b Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), 78–79

angiography of, 78f histology of, 79

magnetic resonance imaging of, 78f pathophysiology of, 78

size of, 79

unruptured, surgical treatment of, 64 Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, 38 Arteritis. See also specific types

Takayasu’s, 76 temporal, 75–76

Arthritis, rheumatoid, 297 Arthrogryposis, 289 Arylsulfatase mutations, 117, 117b Ascending cervical artery, 31f

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), 29, 164, 166

Ash-leaf patch, in tuberous sclerosis, 276, 276f Asomatognosia, with seizures, 84

Aspartoacylase deficiency, in Canavan’s disease, 115 Asperger’s syndrome, 291b

Aspergillus, 262f, 263 Aspiny neurons, 11–12

type I, 11 type II, 11 type III, 11

Index

307

Index

308

Baclofen

for dystonia, 192

for multiple sclerosis, 109 for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 for trigeminal neuralgia, 148

Bacterial encephalitis, 251–252

Bacterial infections, 249–252. See also specific types Bacterial meningitis, 249

diagnostic testing for, 249 pathophysiology of, 250t symptoms of, 249 treatment of, 249 vasculitis with, 77t

Bacteroides, and brain abscess, 250

Bactrim, prophylactic, for cancer patients, 132 Baillarger, line of, 2, 2f

Balamuthia, 264

Balint’s syndrome, 43, 43b Ballismus, 12–13

Balo’s concentric sclerosis, 111 diagnostic testing for, 111 histology of, 111 neuroimaging of, 111, 111f prognosis of, 111

symptoms of, 111 treatment of, 111 Band of Gennari, 2

Bands of Bungner, 210 Barbiturate(s)

abuse and dependence, 179–180 biochemical effects of, 179 detoxification, in chronic headache, 146

Barkhof MRI criteria, for multiple sclerosis, 108

Bartonella henselae, 251–252 Basal forebrain, 10f, 11

in arousal/sleep, 164 septal region of, 11 Basal ganglia, 11–13, 11f

circuitry of, 12t, 13, 13b components of, 11–13, 11f lesions of, 11–13

ocular motor circuit of, 45

in Parkinson’s disease, 183, 184f

Basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops, 11, 12t Basilar artery, 15f, 21f, 39f

aneurysm of, 43 Basilar migraine, 138 Basket cell, 19f Basolateral amygdala, 8

Basophilic inclusions, in ALS, 196 Bassen-Kornzweig disease, 297t Becker’s muscular dystrophy, 238

diagnostic testing for, 238 muscle biopsy in, 238 pathophysiology of, 238 symptoms of, 238 treatment of, 238

Behavioral impairment, in Alzheimer’s disease, 157–158 Behavioral neurology, 154–182. See also specific

disorders and therapies

Behçet’s syndrome, pseudotumor cerebri with, 147 Bell’s palsy, 32–34

epidemiology of, 32 prognosis of, 34 symptoms of, 32 treatment of, 34

Benedikt’s syndrome, 22, 22f

Benign familial neonatal convulsions, 98 hemiplegic migraine with, 138

Benign familial neonatal-infantile convulsions, 98–99 Benign myoclonic epilepsy, 93–94

diagnostic testing in, 94 EEG findings in, 94 symptoms of, 93–94 treatment of, 94

Benign occipital epilepsy, 96–97 diagnostic testing in, 97

EEG findings in, 97 pathophysiology of, 96 symptoms of, 96

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), 51–52 diagnostic testing for, 52

pathophysiology of, 51–52 prognosis of, 52 symptoms of, 52 treatment of, 52

Benzoate, for urea metabolism disorders, 282 Benzodiazepine(s)

abuse and dependence, 179–180 for alcohol withdrawal, 179 biochemical effects of, 179

for cocaine intoxication, 180 contraindicated in Alzheimer’s disease, 158 and dementia, 155

detoxification, in chronic headache, 146 for generalized anxiety disorder, 175 for insomnia, 167, 167b

for multiple sclerosis, 109

for PCP/ketamine dependence, 182 for phobias, 175

for schizophrenia, 172 for status epilepticus, 89t

for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 for tardive dyskinesia, 202 for vertigo, 52

Benztropine

for drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for dystonia, 192

for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Bergman glia, 18

Beriberi, 299

Berry aneurysm, 78 Beta blockers

for alcohol withdrawal, 179 for chronic headache, 144 for migraine prophylaxis, 140 for phobias, 175

for posttraumatic stress disorder, 176 Beta frequency, in EEG, 80b

in tonic-clonic seizures, 88, 88b Betz cells, 1

Biceps brachialis, 229t Biclonal gammopathy, 225 Binswanger’s disease, 8 Biofeedback

for insomnia, 167 for tinnitus, 51

Biopterin deficiency, 191

Biotin supplementation, for propionic acidemia, 281 Bipolar disorder(s), 173–174

in migraine sufferers, 139 prognosis of, 174

Index

309

Index

310

Bipolar disorder(s) (Continued) rapid cycling in, 174 subtypes of, 173–174 symptoms of, 173 treatment of, 174

type I, 173–174 type II, 174

Birds, as vector of disease, 251t Bjerrum scotoma, 38, 38f Blackouts, alcoholic, 178 Bladder

dysfunction of, 34, 36t

in multiple sclerosis, 106, 109 flaccid, 36t

hypotonic, in multiple sclerosis, 109 motor innervation of, 34, 35f sensory innervation of, 34

sensory paralytic, 36t spastic, 36t

in multiple sclerosis, 109, 109b

in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 Bladder areflexia, 36t

Bladder dyssynergy, 36t

Bladder hyperactivity, in Parkinson’s disease, 185

Blepharoplasts, in ependymoma, 127 Blepharospasm, 191–192

Blindness, denial of (Anton’s syndrome), 42–43 Blink reflex, 25t

Blood pressure. See also Hypertension management of

for ischemic stroke, 59

for stroke prevention, 61–62

for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Blood transfusion, for sickle cell disease, 74 Body temperature, regulation of, 17, 17b Bone marrow transplantation

for adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 cytomegalovirus with, 257–258 for Krabbe’s disease, 118

for metachromatic leukodystrophy, 117 for sickle cell disease, 74

for sphingolipidoses, 284

Borrelia burgdorferi, 253–254 Botulinum toxin

for chronic headache, 145 for dystonia, 192

for multiple sclerosis, 109

for tension-type headache, 141 Botulism, 267t

Bowel dysfunction, in multiple sclerosis, 106 Brachial plexus, 207–209

anatomy of, 207, 207f birth injury to, 208 lesions of

diagnostic testing for, 209 electromyography of, 209 infraclavicular, 208 internal cord, 209

lower trunk/C8-T1 root injury, 208 middle trunk/C7 root injury, 208 nerve conduction studies of, 209 neuroimaging of, 209

subtypes of, 208 supraclavicular, 208 symptoms of, 207–208 treatment of, 209

versus ulnar nerve entrapment, 214f upper trunk/C5-C6 root injury, 208

traction trauma to, 208 Brachioradialis muscle, 216f, 229t Brachium conjunctivum, 21b

Bradykinesia, in Parkinson’s disease, 185, 186t, 187 Brain abscess, 249–251

causative agents of, 250 contiguous spread and, 249 diagnostic testing for, 250–251 hematogenous spread and, 250

neuroimaging staging system for, 251 pathophysiology of, 249–250 symptoms of, 250

treatment of, 251 Brain metastasis, 130 Brainstem, 21–29

projections from, 1

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAERs), 49, 49f in multiple sclerosis, 108

Brainstem encephalitis, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t

Brainstem malformations, 271–273

Brain tumor(s), 119–132. See also specific types general medical therapies for, 132 intracranial hemorrhage with, 66

Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex, 279

Breath-holding spells, 99, 292 cyanotic, 99

pallid, 99 pathophysiology of, 99 subtypes of, 99

Breathing, periodic, 99 Breech rhythm, in EEG, 80 Brevitoxin, 267t

Broca, nucleus of diagonal band of, 11 Broca’s aphasia

lesions causing, 5 symptoms of, 5

Broca’s area, 5–6 lesions of, 5–6

subcortical connections of, lesions of, 6 Brodmann area(s), 1, 1f

Brodmann area 1, 3–4

as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Brodmann area 2, 3–4

as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Brodmann area 2v, 50

Brodmann area 3, 3–4

as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 somatotopic organization of, 3f, 4

Brodmann area 4 (primary motor cortex), 1–2 as focus of simple partial seizures, 84

Brodmann area 5, 4 Brodmann area 6, 2, 46

as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 as focus of simple partial seizures, 84

Brodmann area 8, 2, 45

as focus of simple partial seizures, 84

Brodmann area 17 (primary visual cortex), 2, 41–42 as focus of simple partial seizures, 84

Brodmann area 18, 42 Brodmann area 19, 42 Brodmann area 36, 42 Brodmann area 37, 42 Brodmann area 39, 6, 46

Brodmann area 40, 4, 6

as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Brodmann area 41, 50

Brodmann area 42, 6, 48f, 50 Brodmann area 43, 4 Brodmann area 44, 5, 5b Brodmann area 45, 5 Bromocriptine

for adenoma, 133

for cocaine dependence, 180 for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Brown-Sequard syndrome, 32

Brueghel syndrome, 191 Bruns’ frontal lobe ataxia

lesions causing, 5

normal pressure hydrocephalus and, 36, 163 Bruns-Garland syndrome, 206, 294

Bruns’ nystagmus, 46f–47f Brushfield spots, 289 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 73 Bulbospinal neuronopathy, 197t Bungarotoxin, 267t

Bungner, bands of, 210 Bunina bodies, in ALS, 196

Buprenorphine, for opioid dependence, 181 Bupropion, 174t

for bipolar disorder, 174 in multiple sclerosis, 109

Burn injury, and central pontine myelinosis, 112 Buspirone

for Alzheimer’s disease, 158

for generalized anxiety disorder, 175 Butterbur extract, for migraine prophylaxis, 141

C

CADASIL syndrome, 67 diagnostic testing for, 67 histology of, 67

magnetic resonance imaging of, 67 pathophysiology of, 67, 67b symptoms of, 67

Café au lait spots, 275, 275f Caffeine

avoidance, for insomnia, 167 for orthostatic hypotension, 185 and restless legs syndrome, 169

for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148 for tension-type headache, 141

Caffeine withdrawal, and REM sleep behavior disorder, 170 Cajal, interstitial nucleus of, 44

Calcaneal nerve, 227f Calcarine artery, 41 Calcified tumors, 136t

Calcitonin gene related-peptide (CGRP), in migraine, 139 Calcium, abnormal levels of, 301t

Calcium channel(s), diseases of, 200, 200b, 247–248 Calcium gluconate, for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 247 California-LaCrosse encephalitis, 251t

Calleja, islets of, 11

Callosal alien hand syndrome, 10 Caloric testing

in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, 52 in Meniere’s disease, 53

Calpain-3, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 241, 242t Campylobacter jejuni, 222

Canavan’s disease, 115, 194b diagnostic testing for, 115

pathophysiology of, 115 symptoms of, 115 treatment of, 115

Cannabis. See Marijuana Capgras syndrome, 162b

Capping defect, with spinal tumor, 131 Capsaicin, intranasal, for cluster headache

prophylaxis, 142 Carbamazepine, 102t

for acquired epileptiform opercula syndrome, 96 for bipolar disorder, 174

for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 for neuromyotonia, 246

for pediatric seizures, 99 for schizophrenia, 172 for SUNCT syndrome, 143

for trigeminal neuralgia, 148

Carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, 282 Carbatrol. See Carbamazepine

Carboplatin, for juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, 121 Carcinomatous meningitis, 131–132

diagnostic testing for, 132 lumbar puncture in, 132

magnetic resonance imaging of, 132 pathophysiology of, 131

prognosis of, 132 symptoms of, 131–132 treatment of, 132

Cardiac valve(s), abnormalities of, and ischemic stroke, 56

Cardiobacterium, 69 Cardiomyopathy

hypertension and, 296

muscular dystrophy and, 237–238 Cardiovascular procedures, stroke risk with, 55b Carnitine

for isovaleric acidemia, 281 for Leigh’s disease, 47

for methylmalonic aciduria, 281 for multiple sclerosis, 109

for propionic acidemia, 281

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency, 243 Carotid artery dissection, 70–71

angiography of, 70, 71f

magnetic resonance imaging of, 70, 71f treatment of, 71

Carotid artery ligation, 71 Carotid endarterectomy

candidates, identification of, 57 for ischemic stroke, 59

for stroke prevention, 62, 62b Carotid stenosis

diagnostic testing for, 57, 59f and ischemic stroke, 55 treatment of, 62, 62b

Carpal ligament release, transverse, 211 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 210–211

anatomical considerations of, 210f diagnostic testing for, 211 electromyography of, 211

nerve conduction studies of, 211 pathophysiology of, 210 preacher’s hand versus, 211f risk factors for, 210

serology of, 211 symptoms of, 210–211 treatment of, 211

Index

311

Index

312

Cataplexy, 167–168 Catatonia, acute lethal, 202t Catatonic schizophrenia, 170b Cat-scratch disease, 251–252

Cauda equina syndrome, 32, 32t Caudal regression syndrome, 274 Caudal vermis syndrome, 20 Caudate, 10f, 11–12, 11f

lesions of, 12 Causalgia, 150

Caveolin-3, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 241, 242t Cavernous angioma/cavernoma/cavernous hemangioma, 79, 79f CD4 cell count, in HIV infection, 260t

CDKN2A mutations

and astrocytoma, 120, 120f

and oligodendroglioma, 120b, 122, 122b Celexa (citalopram), 174t

Celiac disease, 299, 299b Central amygdala, 8 Central cord syndrome, 31 Central core disease, 242

childhood, 242 congenital, 242 diagnostic testing for, 242

muscle biopsy in, 242, 243f pathophysiology of, 242, 247b prognosis of, 242

symptoms of, 242 treatment of, 242

Central disk herniation, 152, 152f

Central nervous system tumors, 119–132. See also specific types Central neurocytoma, 129

diagnostic testing for, 129 histology of, 129

location of, 129 treatment of, 129

Central pontine myelinosis, 112–113, 178 histology of, 112f, 113 pathophysiology of, 112

symptoms of, 113 Central sleep apnea, 168

Centronuclear myopathy, 239–240 Centrotemporal epilepsy, 97

diagnostic testing in, 97 EEG findings in, 97, 97f pathophysiology of, 97 prognosis of, 97 subtypes of, 97 symptoms of, 97 treatment of, 97

Cephalosporin(s)

for brain abscess, 251 for Lyme disease, 254

Cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome, 20

Cerebellar degeneration, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Cerebellar fits, 20

Cerebellar malformations, 271–273 Cerebellar peduncles, 20f, 21b Cerebellar relay nuclei, 18–19 Cerebellar tonsil, 20f

Cerebellum, 18–20 efferents of

from deep cerebellar nuclei, 19 from direct projections, 19

general afferent fibers of, 18–19 granular layer of, 18, 19f

modulatory inputs to, 19 molecular layer of, 18, 19f neuron types of, 18, 19f pathophysiology in, 19–20 sensory inputs to, 19

subdivisions based on function, 19, 20f vascular supply of, 19, 21f

visual motor regulation by, 45 Cerebral artery dissections, idiopathic, 70 Cerebral cortex, 1–8

afferents of, 1 Brodmann areas of, 1, 1f chemoanatomy of, 1 efferents of, 1

gyri and lobes of, 1, 1f language areas of, 5–7 malformations of, 269–271 motor systems of, 2–3 somatosensory systems of, 3–4 subtypes of, 1–2

cytoarchitectonic, 1–2 general functional, 2

visual motor regulation by, 45–46 Cerebral infarction

arterial territories in, 57f computed tomography of, 57, 58f diagnostic testing for, 57 hemorrhagic conversion of, 57

magnetic resonance imaging of, 57, 58f patterns of, 71f

Cerebral palsy, 287–288 choreoathetotic, 288 diagnostic testing for, 288 hemiplegic, 288 paraplegic, 288 pathophysiology of, 288 quadriplegic, 288 subtypes of, 288 symptoms of, 288

Cerebral salt wasting syndrome, 16t Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 35–36

abnormalities of, 271 analysis of

in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 111

in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 222 in acute motor axonal neuropathy, 223

in acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, 223

in acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis, 112 in acute panautonomic neuropathy, 223

in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, 116 in Alzheimer’s disease, 158

in bacterial meningitis, 249

in carcinomatous meningitis, 132 in chronic headache, 146

in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 in Devic’s disease, 110

in febrile seizures, 91 in HIV encephalitis, 261 in Lyme disease, 254

in Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 in multiple sclerosis, 108

in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 in paraneoplastic syndromes, 135

in pseudotumor cerebri, 147 in sarcoidosis, 299

in spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 147

in syphilis, 254

in tonic-clonic seizures, 88

in tuberculoid meningitis, 252

in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 266 pathophysiology in, 35–36

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, 297t Cerebrovascular malformations, 77–79 Cerebyx. See Fosphenytoin

Cervical collar, for greater occipital neuralgia, 149 Cervical dystonia, 191–192

Cervical plexus, 207 anatomy of, 207

lesions of, symptoms of, 207 pathophysiology in, 207

Cervical spine disease, versus tension-type headache, 141b Cervical vertigo, 54t

Chancre, in syphilis, 254 Channelopathies, of muscle, 246–248

Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 218–220 diagnostic testing for, 218–220

nerve biopsy in, 206, 220, 220f subtypes of, 218, 219t symptoms of, 218, 219f

Charcot’s joints, 293 Chemotherapy

for astrocytoma, 121

for choroid plexus papilloma, 128 for gliomatosis cerebri, 123

for medulloblastoma, 126 for metastasis, 131

for oligodendroglioma, 122 Cherry-red spots, diseases with, 283b Chiari malformations, 271–272, 273f Chickenpox, 111, 257

Chicken wire appearance, in oligodendroglioma, 122 Childhood ataxia with central nervous system

hypomyelination, 115–116 Chiro-oral syndrome, 14

Chlamydia pneumoniae, and multiple sclerosis, 104 Chloramphenicol, for brain abscess, 251

Chloride channel(s), diseases of, 248 Chlorpromazine, 172t

Cholestyramine, for stroke prevention, 62 Choline, in vanishing white matter disease, 116 Chorda tympani, 32f

Chordoid meningioma, 124 Chordoma, 130

histology of, 130 location of, 130 prognosis of, 130 treatment of, 130

Choreoathetosis lesions causing, 12

paroxysmal nonkinesigenic, 190t paroxysmal with spasticity and ataxia, 190t

Choreoathetotic cerebral palsy, 288 Choroid artery, 38

Choroid plexus papilloma, 128 computed tomography of, 128 diagnostic testing for, 128

versus ependymoma, 127–128, 128b, 128t epidemiology of, 128

histology of, 128 location of, 127b, 128

magnetic resonance imaging of, 128 treatment of, 128

Chromatopsia, 42

Chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 diagnostic testing in, 151 epidemiology of, 151 pathophysiology of, 151 prognosis of, 151 psychological factors in, 151 symptoms of, 151 treatment of, 151

Chronic headaches, 143–146 adjunctive therapy for, 146 cluster, 144–146

conditions associated with, 144 definition of, 143

diagnostic testing in, 146 epidemiology of, 144 genetics of, 144

medication detoxification for, 146, 146b medication overuse and, 144

migraine, 143–144, 146 neuroimaging of, 146 pathophysiology of, 143–144 patient education on, 146 primary, 144–145

prognosis of, 146 secondary, 143, 143b tension-type, 144–146 treatment of, 146

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), 224–225

CSF analysis in, 224

diagnostic requirements for, 224, 224b diagnostic testing for, 224 epidemiology of, 224

histology of, 224

nerve biopsy in, 206, 224 nerve conduction study of, 224 neuroimaging of, 224 pathophysiology of, 224 prognosis of, 225

symptoms of, 224 treatment of, 224–225, 224b

Cidofovir, for cytomegalovirus, 258 Cigarette smoking, and ischemic stroke, 56 Ciguatoxin, 267t

Ciliary ganglion, 33t Ciliospinal reflex, 25t

Cingulate cortex, as focus of complex partial seizures, 86

Cingulate gyrus, 10f Cingulum, 9, 9f

Circadian rhythm(s), 17, 164 Circadian rhythm disorders, 169–170

and cluster headache, 142

in major depressive disorder, 173 pathophysiology of, 169 subtypes of, 169

treatment of, 170 Circle of Willis, 39f, 79 Circle of Zinn-Haller, 38 Circuit of Papez, 7, 7f Cisternography

in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 in spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 147

Citalopram, 174t

Cladribine, for multiple sclerosis, 109

Index

313

Index

Clarke’s column, 30f, 31 “Clasp knife” spasticity, 2

Claude’s syndrome, 22, 22f, 23b Claustrum, 10f, 11

Clear cell ependymoma, 127 Clear cell meningioma, 124 Climbing fibers, 18

Clindamycin, for toxoplasmosis, 261, 264 Clofazimine, for leprosy, 253

Clofibrate, for stroke prevention, 62 Clomipramine, 174t

Clonazepam, 102t for dystonia, 192

for epileptic pseudoataxia, 93b for gelastic seizures, 84b

for multiple sclerosis, 109 for parasomnias, 170

for startle seizures, 88 for tic disorders, 193

for trigeminal neuralgia, 148 Clonic seizures

focal, neonatal, 90 multifocal, neonatal, 90

Clonidine

for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 contraindicated in ischemic stroke, 59 for opioid dependence, 181

for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 for tic disorders, 193

Clopidogrel, for stroke prevention, 61 Clorazepate, 102t

Clostridium botulinum, 267t Clostridium tetani, 267t

Clozapine, 172t

as alternative in drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for Alzheimer’s disease, 158

for Lewy body dementia, 163 for Parkinson’s disease, 186

Clozaril. See Clozapine

Clumsy hand-dysarthria syndrome, 25 Cluster headache, 141–142

chronic, 144–146 epidemiology of, 142 pathophysiology of, 142 phenotype of, 141b prophylactic treatment for, 142 symptoms of, 141–142 treatment of, 142

Coagulation disorders inherited, 71–72

subtypes of, 71–72 symptoms of, 72 treatment of, 72

and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 in ischemic stroke risk, 58

and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 64 Coat’s syndrome, 241

Cocaine, 180

acute intoxication, 180 biochemical effects of, 180 chronic use of, 180

and dystonia, 191

and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 in schizophrenia, 171

and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63

treatment for dependence, 180 and vasospasm-like reaction, 77 withdrawal from, 180

Coccidioides, 263 Coccygeal nerve, 209f Cochlea, 49, 49f

injury of, 51, 51b Cochlear duct, 49f Cochlear nucleus, 26

Cockayne’s syndrome, 200, 286 diagnostic testing for, 286 histology of, 286

nerve conduction study of, 286 neuroimaging of, 286, 286f pathophysiology of, 286 symptoms of, 286

treatment of, 286

type II/infantile-onset, 286 type I/juvenile-onset, 286

Codeine

abuse of, 181

for tension-type headache, 141 Coenzyme Q10

for Leigh’s disease, 47 for MELAS syndrome, 69

for migraine prophylaxis, 141 Cogentin. See Benztropine

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, for insomnia, 167 Cognitive impairment. See also Dementia(s)

mild, 154

Collet-Sicard syndrome, 34t Collier’s sign, 45

Colloid cyst, 128–129 diagnostic testing for, 128 histology of, 128

location of, 128 symptoms of, 128 treatment of, 129

Coloboma, 272 Colorado tick fever, 251t

Color vision, disorders of, 42

Coma, diabetic and hypoglycemic, 295t

Commissure(s), 10. See also specific types

Common peroneal nerve, 209f, 229t anatomy of, 218f

compression syndromes of, 218, 218b, 218f conduction studies of, 205, 218

Complement membrane attack complexes, in myasthenia gravis, 234 Complex febrile seizures, 91

Complex partial seizures, 85–86 versus absence seizures, 85t diagnostic testing for, 86

EEG findings of, 86

with frontal lobe focus, 86

with mesial temporal cortex focus, 85–86 with neocortical temporal focus, 86 pathophysiology of, 85

pediatric, 98–99 subtypes of, 98–99 symptoms of, 98 treatment of, 99

symptoms of, 85

Complex regional pain syndrome, 149–150 diagnostic testing for, 150

dystonia in, 191

subtypes of, 149–150 symptoms of, 150 treatment of, 150

Complex repetitive discharges, on EMG, 233

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP), 204, 206, 215 Compression neuropathies, 210–218. See also specific nerves

histology of, 210

of lower extremities, 217–218 pathophysiology of, 210

Computed tomography (CT) of Alzheimer’s disease, 158

of cerebral infarction, 57, 58f

of choroid plexus papilloma, 128 of chronic headache, 146

of Cockayne’s syndrome, 286 of colloid cyst, 129

of ependymoma, 127

of Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278 of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 of tuberous sclerosis, 277

of venous infarction, 75, 75f

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of carotid stenosis, 57

of infectious endocarditis, 69

COMT inhibitors, for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Concussion, vestibular, vertigo with, 54t Conditioning, 154b

Conduction aphasia lesions causing, 6, 9 symptoms of, 6

Conductive hearing loss, 50 Confusional migraine, 138

Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles, 248t Congestive heart failure, and ischemic stroke, 55 Constipation, in Parkinson’s disease, 185 Constructional apraxia, lesions causing, 5 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), for sleep

breathing disorders, 169 Contraction, muscle, 230, 230f Contractures

in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237–238 in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 238

Contrast-enhancing tumors, 136t Conus medullaris syndrome, 32, 32t Conversion disorder, 176–177

pathophysiology of, 176 prognosis of, 177 symptoms of, 177 treatment of, 177

Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), for multiple sclerosis, 109

Copper

abnormal levels of, 301t

in Wilson’s disease, 194–195 Corneal reflex, 25t Corneomandibular reflex, 25t

Corona radiata/corona semiovale, 8–9 lesions of, 8–9, 8f

pathophysiology in, 8

Coronary artery bypass graft, stroke risk with, 55b Corpus callosotomy, for seizure control, 102 Corpus callosum, 10

agenesis of, 10, 271–272 pathophysiology in, 10 transection of, 10

Corti, organ of, 33t, 49

Cortical auditory hallucinosis, 51 Cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188

diagnostic testing for, 188 genetics of, 188 pathophysiology of, 188 prognosis of, 188 symptoms of, 188

Cortical dementia, versus subcortical, 154, 155t Cortical gyri, important, 1, 1f

Cortical malformations, 269–271 Cortical neurons, types of, 1, 2f Cortical relay nuclei, thalamic, 13

Cortical resection, focal, for seizure control, 102 Corticobulbar tract, 3, 23, 29

Corticocortical fibers, 1 Corticomedial amygdala, 8 Corticopontine tract, 18 Corticospinal tract, 3, 29

anterior, 29, 30f components of, 3 decussation of, 3 lateral, 30, 30f

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 17t in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151

in seizures/epilepsy, 82

Cortisol, in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 267t

Coumadin

for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73 for arterial dissection, 71

versus aspirin, 61, 61t

for inherited coagulation disorders, 72 side effects of, 61

for stroke prevention, 61, 61t

Cowdry type A inclusions, 256, 256f, 257 Cranial nerve(s), 32–34. See also specific nerves

anatomy of, 32 disorders of, 32–34 ganglia of, 32, 33t ocular motor, 43, 43f syndromes of, 34, 34t

Craniopharyngioma, 133 location of, 133 pathophysiology of, 133 prognosis of, 133 symptoms of, 133 treatment of, 133

Craniosynostosis syndromes, 271 Crank (drug), 180–181

Crank case oil, 133 C-reactive protein

in ischemic stroke risk, 58 in temporal arteritis, 76

Creatinine, in vanishing white matter disease, 116 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t EEG findings in, 265, 265f inherited, 266

sporadic, 265–266 variant, 266

Cri du chat, 289 Crouzon’s syndrome, 271

CRPS. See Complex regional pain syndrome Cruciate paralysis, 28

Index

Index

Cryoglobulinemia(s), 226–228 diagnostic testing for, 228 nerve biopsy in, 228

nerve conduction study of, 228 serology in, 228

subtypes of, 226 symptoms of, 226 treatment of, 228 type I, 226

type II, 226 type III, 226

Cryptococcus, 262–263, 263f

CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid CT. See Computed tomography Cushing reflex, 296

Cutaneous sensory terminals, 205t Cyanotic breath-holding spells, 99 Cyclobenzaprine, for dystonia, 192 Cyclooxygenase deficiency, 47 Cyclophosphamide

for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 for chronic inflammatory demyelinating

polyneuropathy, 225 for Devic’s disease, 110

for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 for multifocal motor neuropathy, 225

for multiple sclerosis, 110

for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135 Cyclosporine, for myasthenia gravis, 235 Cyclothymia, 173b

Cymbalta (duloxetine), 174t Cyst(s)

colloid, 128–129 Rathke’s pouch, 133b

Cystathionine -synthase, 73f Cystathionine -synthase deficiency, 72–73 Cysticercosis, 264, 264f

Cytarabine, for carcinomatous meningitis, 132 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 257–258

histology of, 257

with HIV infection, 257–258, 262 in immunosuppressed, 257–258 intrauterine infection, 290

simian, and multiple sclerosis, 104 treatment for, 258

types of infection, 257–258 in utero, 257

D

Dandy-Walker malformation, 272–274 associated abnormalities with, 272 pathophysiology of, 272, 272b, 273f symptoms of, 274

treatment of, 274

Dantrolene, for multiple sclerosis, 109 Dapsone

for leprosy, 253

prophylactic, for cancer patients, 132 Darkschewitsch, nucleus of, 44 Darvon (propoxyphene) abuse, 181 Daytime sleepiness, 167b

excessive, disorders of, 167–169 Decerebrate posturing, 289 Declarative memory, 154b Decorticate posturing, 289

Deep brain stimulation for dystonia, 192

for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Deep cerebellar nuclei, 19 Deep peroneal nerve, 227f

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), prevention of, 60 Dejerine-Roussy syndrome, 15

lesions causing, 15, 15b symptoms of, 15 treatment of, 15

Dejerine’s syndrome, 28

Delayed sleep phase syndrome, 169 Delirium, lupus, 298

Delirium tremens, 179

Delta frequency, in EEG, 80b, 81–82, 82f in schizophrenia, 171

in tonic seizures, 88 Deltoid muscle, medial, 229t Delusions

in Alzheimer’s disease, 157

in Lewy body dementia, 162, 162b in schizophrenia, 171

in schizophreniform disorder, 172 Dementia(s), 154–163. See also specific types

in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 in adrenoleukodystrophy, 117

in Alexander’s disease, 115 in ALS, 196

Alzheimer’s, 155–159

in Cockayne’s syndrome, 286

in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 cortical versus subcortical, 154, 155t definition of, 154

drug-induced, 155

epidemiology of major disorders, 155f frontotemporal, 161

HIV-related, 260–261

in Huntington’s disease, 159t, 194 Lewy body, 161–163

in multiple sclerosis, therapy for, 109 in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 284

in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 155, 163 in Parkinson’s disease, 159t, 185

progression of mild cognitive impairment to, 154 reversible causes of, 154–155

semantic, 161 subtypes of, 154 toxin-induced, 155

vascular (multi-infarct), 159–160 Demerol. See Meperidine

Demyelinating disorders, 104–113. See also specific disorders

nutritionand electrolyte-related, 112–113 Demyelinating nerve conduction study, 205b Denervation, EMG findings of, 232

Dentate gyrus, 7 Dentate nucleus, 19

Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), 191, 199 diagnostic testing for, 199

epidemiology of, 199 histology of, 199 pathophysiology of, 199 symptoms of, 199

Depacon. See Valproate

Depakote. See Valproate

Deprenyl. See Selegiline

Depression. See also Major depressive disorder in Alzheimer’s disease, 157–158

with cognitive disturbances, versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t in complex regional pain syndrome, 150

in migraine sufferers, 139

in multiple sclerosis, therapy for, 109 in Parkinson’s disease, 185

in schizophrenia, 171

Dermacentor, 251b, 251t, 255, 255b

Dermatomes, 227f–228f Dermatomyositis, 244–245

adult, 244 childhood, 244

diagnostic testing for, 245 muscle biopsy in, 245, 245f pathophysiology of, 244 prodrome for, 244 prognosis of, 245

serology in, 245 subtypes of, 244 symptoms of, 244–245 treatment of, 245

Desipramine, 174t

Desmopressin acetate, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 Detoxification, for chronic headache, 146, 146b Development

abnormal, 287–292 normal, milestones of, 288t

Developmental delay, 287–292 global, 289–292

language, 287 motor, 287–289

Developmental disease, 269–278. See also specific types Devic’s disease, 110–111

diagnostic testing for, 110 histology of, 110 prognosis of, 111 symptoms of, 110 treatment of, 110

Dexamethasone, 118t

for bacterial meningitis, 249 Dexamethasone suppression test, in major

depressive disorder, 173 Dextroamphetamine abuse, 180–181 Diabetes insipidus, central type, 16t Diabetes mellitus, 293–295

and ischemic stroke, 56 secondary, 293 subtypes of, 293

type 1/insulin-dependent, 293 type 2/noninsulin-dependent, 293

Diabetic amyotrophy, 294–295 Diabetic coma, 295t

Diabetic mononeuropathy, 294 Diabetic myopathy, 294–295 Diabetic neuropathies, 293–294

acute painful, 294 asymmetric and focal, 294 autonomic, 293–294 chronic sensorimotor, 293 treatment of, 294

Diabetic plexopathy, proximal, 206, 294 Diaminopyridine, for Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 Diastat. See Diazepam

Diazepam

for glycine encephalopathy, 280 for status epilepticus, 89t

Diazoxide, contraindicated in ischemic stroke, 59 Didanosine, for HIV infection, 260

Diencephalic autonomic seizures, 20

Dietary supplements, for migraine prophylaxis, 141 Diffuse plaque, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), of cerebral infarction, 57, 58f DiGeorge syndrome, 274

Digoxin, for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Dihydroergotamine

for cluster headache, 142 for migraine, 140

Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase deficiency, 280 Dilantin. See Phenytoin

Dilaudid (hydromorphone) abuse, 181 Diltiazem, and parkinsonism, 202 Diphtheria, 267t

Diplacusis, 51 Diplopia

in Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 monocular, 43b

in multiple sclerosis, 106

Dipyridamole, for stroke prevention, 60–61 Disinhibition, lesions causing, 12 Diskectomy, 153

Disk herniation, 152, 152f, 153 Disomy 15, 289b

Disorganized schizophrenia, 170b

Distal sensory polyneuropathy, in HIV infection, 261, 261b Disulfiram, for alcohol dependence, 179

Ditropan. See Oxybutynin Diuretics

and central pontine myelinosis, 112 for Meniere’s disease, 53

for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Dix-Hallpike maneuver, 52 DNA repair disorders, 285–287 Domoate, 267t

Donepezil

for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 in multiple sclerosis, 109

DOPA decarboxylase deficiency, 280 Dopamine, 17t

amphetamines and, 180 in basal ganglia, 11

in Parkinson’s disease, 183, 184f Dopamine agonists

and dystonia, 191

for Lewy body dementia, 163 for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t

for periodic limb movement disorder, 169 for restless legs syndrome, 169

and tics, 193 Dopaminergic nuclei, 22 Dopaminergic pathway(s)

mesocortical, 22 mesolimbic, 22

DOPA-responsive dystonia, 190b, 190t, 192 Dorello’s canal, 43f

Dorsal digital nerve, 227f Dorsal horn, 30

Dorsal mesencephalon syndromes, 23 Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, 26

Index

Index

Dorsal pontine syndromes, 24f, 25 Dorsal raphe nucleus, 28

Dorsal scapular nerve, 207f Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, 30

Dorsolateral frontal cortex, as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 Dorsolateral medullary syndrome, 28

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84

Dorsolateral tract, 30f Dorsomedial nucleus, 14f, 15, 16f

lesions of, 15

in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 15b Doublecortin gene mutations, 269b

Double lumen sign, in carotid dissection, 72f Down’s syndrome, 289

Alzheimer’s disease in, 156 germinoma in, 129

Downward gaze, 44

Doxepin, for chronic headache, 144 Doxycycline

for Lyme disease, 254

for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 256 Dreams, 166

Dressing apraxia, lesions causing, 5 Drop attack, 88

Drug abuse, 177–182. See also specific drugs and intracranial hemorrhage, 66

in schizophrenia, 171

and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 and vasculitis, 77

Duane’s syndrome, 248t

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237–238 diagnostic testing for, 237

muscle biopsy in, 237, 237f pathophysiology of, 237 symptoms of, 237 treatment of, 237–238

Duloxetine, 174t

Dural enhancement, unexpected causes of, 267b Dural tails, meningioma with, 124, 124f Dutch-type amyloid angiopathy, 66

Dwarfism, in Cockayne’s syndrome, 286 Dynorphin, in spiny neurons, 11 Dysarthria

in central pontine myelinosis, 113 in Huntington’s disease, 194 hypophonic, 12

in multiple sclerosis, 106

in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 in Wilson’s disease, 195

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, 129 Dysesthesia(s), in restless legs syndrome, 169 Dysferlin, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 241, 242t Dysgeusia, 4

Dyskinesia, in Parkinson’s disease, 185–186 Dyslipidemia(s), 297–301, 297t

and ischemic stroke, 56, 56b management, for stroke prevention, 62

Dysmyelinating disorders, 113–118, 113b. See also s pecific types

Dysphagia

in Canavan’s disease, 115

in central pontine myelinosis, 113 in Huntington’s disease, 194

in Parkinson’s disease, 185

Dysphonia

in rheumatoid arthritis, 297 spastic, 191

Dyssomnia(s), 166–170. See also specific types Dysthymia, 173b

in migraine sufferers, 139 Dystonia(s), 189–192

adult-onset, 191 autoimmune, 191 causes of, 189–190 cervical, 191–192 childhood, 191

deep brain stimulation for, 192 diagnostic testing in, 192 DOPA-responsive, 190b, 190t, 192 drug-induced, 191

early-onset, 190t, 192 facial/oromandibular, 191 focal, 191

generalized, 191, 191b genetics of, 190t, 192 iatrogenic, 191 lesions causing, 13–14 limb, 191

multifocal, 191 myoclonic, 190b, 190t

in Parkinson’s disease, 185–186, 190, 190t pathophysiology of, 189

primary, 190, 190t rapid-onset, 190t secondary, 190–191 segmental, 191 subtypes of, 191 surgery for, 192 symptoms of, 191 treatment of, 192

Dystrophin(s), sarcoglycans and, 242f Dystrophin gene, 237–238

E

Eastern equine encephalitis, 251t Echinococcosis, 265

Echinococcus, 265 Echocardiography, 58

of infectious endocarditis, 69 transesophageal, 58

Echolalia, in frontotemporal dementia, 161 Ecstasy (drug), 180–181

Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 43, 43f Edrophonium test, in myasthenia

gravis, 235

EEG. See Electroencephalogram Efferent(s)

cerebellar

from deep cerebellar nuclei, 19 from direct projections, 19

cortical, 1 hypothalamic, 18f reticular formation, 29

Effexor. See Venlafaxine Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 77

arterial dissection in, 70

Eikenella, 69 Ejaculation, 34

Elavil. See Amitriptyline

Elbow extension, 229t Elbow flexion, 229t

Elbow pain, in ulnar nerve entrapment, 213 Elderly, electromyography in, 234 Electrode(s)

for EEG, 80 nasopharyngeal, 80 sphenoid, 80

Electrodecremental response, in tonic seizures, 88, 88f Electroencephalogram (EEG)

in acquired epileptiform opercula syndrome, 96 in Alzheimer’s disease, 158

amplitude asymmetries in, 80–81

in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 265, 265f electrodes for, 80

frequencies (waves) of, 80b frequency asymmetries in, 81 in giant axonal neuropathy, 221 in glycine encephalopathy, 280

in hypertensive encephalopathy, 296 hyperventilation response in, 80, 95, 95f in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 297

in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 93, 93f in mesial temporal sclerosis, 86

in migraine, 139

periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges in, 81f, 82 photic stimulation in, 80

polymorphic delta activity in, 81 in Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 rhythmic delta activity in, 82, 82f in schizophrenia, 171

in seizures/epilepsy, 80–82

abnormalities consistent with foci, 80–82, 81f–82f in absence seizures, 95, 95f

in benign myoclonic epilepsy, 94 in benign occipital epilepsy, 97 in febrile seizures, 92

in infantile spasms, 88f, 92, 92f

in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 94, 94f in partial seizures, 86

in rolandic epilepsy, 97, 97f

in severe myoclonic epilepsy, 94 in status epilepticus, 90

in tonic-clonic seizures, 87–88, 87f, 88b in tonic seizures, 88, 88b, 88f

sharp waves in, 80

sleep, waking, and sleep deprivation in, 80, 164–166, 165f–166f spike-and-wave discharge in, 81f

in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, 260, 260f in transient global amnesia, 8

Electrolyte abnormalities, 301t

Electrolyte-related demyelinating disorders, 112–113 Electromyography (EMG), 204, 232–234

abnormal, 233, 233f

in acute inflammatory demyelinated polyneuropathy, 222 of acute motor axonal neuropathy, 223

of acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, 223 in ALS, 196

of anterior interosseous syndrome, 212 of brachial plexopathy, 209

of carpal tunnel syndrome, 211 complex repetitive discharges on, 233 in elderly, 234

fasciculation potentials in, 233, 233b of femoral nerve syndromes, 218

fibrillation potentials in, 232–233 insertional activity on, 233 irritability on, 233

of Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 237 of lumbosacral plexopathy, 210

in McArdle’s disease, 243

of Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223

of multifocal motor neuropathy, 225 myokymic discharges on, 233 myopathic changes on, 232

of myotonia congenita, 248 myotonic discharges on, 233, 233b of myotonic dystrophy, 239

in neonates, 233

of neuromyotonia, 246 neuromyotonic discharges on, 233 neuropathic changes on, 232–233 normal, 233f

of paramyotonia congenita, 247 of peroneal nerve syndromes, 218 in polymyositis, 245

of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 of radial nerve injury in brachium, 216

sharp waves on, 233

technical considerations for, 233–234

of ulnar nerve entrapment at elbow, 213 Electrophoresis, in monoclonal gammopathy, 226 Electroretinogram, 38

Eletriptan, 140t Embolism, paradoxical, 58

Embryogenesis, disorders of, 269–278 Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 238

diagnostic testing for, 238 subtypes of, 238 symptoms of, 238 treatment of, 238

type 1, 238

type 2, 219b, 238

EMG. See Electromyography Empty sella syndrome, 132b Empyema, 249

Encephalitis bacterial, 251–252 herpes, 256

HIV, 260–261 measles, 259 viral, 251t, 258 Encephalocele, 274b

Encephalomyelitis, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Encephalopathy. See specific types

Endarterectomy, carotid

candidates for, identification of, 57 for ischemic stroke, 59

for stroke prevention, 62, 62b Endocarditis, 69

infectious, 69–70 marantic, 69

Endocrine disorders, and dementia, 155 Endolymphatic duct, 49f

Endovascular clot removal, for venous infarction, 75 Endovascular stenting, for arterial dissection, 71

En plaque meningioma, 125 Entacapone, for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Entamoeba, 264

Enterobacteriaceae, and brain abscess, 250

Index

Index

320

Enterococcus, 69

Entrapment neuropathies, 210–218. See also specific nerves histology of, 210

of lower extremities, 217–218 pathophysiology of, 210

Ependymoma, 127–128

versus choroid plexus papilloma, 127–128, 128b, 128t classic, 127

clear cell, 127

computed tomography of, 127 diagnostic testing for, 127–128 epidemiology of, 127 histology of, 127, 127f infratentorial, 127

location of, 127

magnetic resonance imaging of, 128 myxopapillary, 127

papillary, 127 pseudorosettes in, 127, 127f subtypes of, 127

Ephaptic transmission, 148, 148b Ephedrine, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 Ephedrine abuse, 180

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and astrocytoma, 119, 120f and oligodendroglioma, 122

Epidural blood patching, for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148

Epilepsia partialis continua, 89b Epilepsy, 80–102

autosomal dominant partial, with auditory features, 98, 98b, 120b

benign myoclonic, 93–94 benign occipital, 96–97 diagnostic testing for, 80–82

electroencephalogram in, 80–82, 81f–82f with ischemic stroke, 57

juvenile myoclonic, 94 with multiple sclerosis, 106 prolactin level in, 82 rolandic/centrotemporal, 97

seizures in. See also specific types nonsyndromal generalized, 86–89 partial, 82–86

prolonged (status epilepticus), 89–90 severe myoclonic, 94

treatment of

medical, 101, 101f, 102t–103t surgical, 102

Epileptic pseudoataxia, 93b Episodic ataxia(s)

type I inherited, 200 type II inherited, 200–201

Episodic headaches

lasting less than four hours, 141–143 lasting more than four hours, 137–141

Episodic memory, 154b Epley maneuver, 52

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and multiple sclerosis, 104 Erection, 34

in REM sleep, 166 Ergot(s)

for cluster headache, 142 for migraine, 140

overuse of, and chronic headache, 144 for Parkinson’s disease, 186t

Ergotamine, for migraine, 140 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

in ischemic stroke risk, 58 in temporal arteritis, 58, 76

Erythropoietin, for orthostatic hypotension, 185

Escherichia coli, and meningitis, 250t

Escitalopram, 174t Essential hypertension, 295 Essential tremor, 201

diagnostic testing for, 201 pathophysiology of, 201 risk factors for, 201, 201b symptoms of, 201, 201b treatment of, 201

Estrogen use

and ischemic stroke, 56

and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Ethambutol, for tuberculosis, 252 Ethosuximide, 102t

for absence seizures, 95 Eustachian tube, 49f Evoked potential(s)

brainstem auditory, 49, 49f in multiple sclerosis, 108

somatosensory, 205

in hereditary spastic paraplegia, 198 in multiple sclerosis, 108, 108f

in schizophrenia, 172 trigeminal, 148

visual, 41–42, 41f

in multiple sclerosis, 42, 108

Excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT-2), in ALS, 196 Executive impairment, in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 Exelon (rivastigmine), for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 Extensor carpi radialis, 216

Extensor carpi radialis longus, 216f Extensor carpi ulnaris, 216f Extensor digiti quinti, 216f Extensor digitorum communis, 216f Extensor indicis, 216f

Extensor pollicis brevis, 216, 216f Extensor pollicis longus, 216

Extraocular muscles, congenital fibrosis of, 248t Extreme lateral disk herniation, 152, 152f Eyelid myoclonus with absence seizures, 95b Eye movement(s)

in Huntington’s disease, 194

in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 regulation of, 21, 44–47

F

Fabry’s disease, 285t

Facial nerve (CN VII), 24f, 32, 32f ganglia of, 32f, 33t

palsy of (Bell’s palsy), 32–34 Facial nucleus, 23, 26f Facial/oromandibular dystonia, 191 Facial synkinesis, 34

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 240–241 diagnostic testing for, 241

muscle biopsy in, 241, 241f pathophysiology of, 240 prognosis of, 241 symptoms of, 240–241 treatment of, 241

Factitious disorders, 42, 176–177

Factor V Leiden mutation, 72 Famcyclovir

for Bell’s palsy, 34

for herpes zoster virus, 257 Farber’s lipogranulomatosis, 285t

Fasciculation potentials, on EMG, 233, 233b Fasciculus cuneatus, 30, 30f

Fasciculus gracilis, 30, 30f Fastigial nucleus, 19, 29 Fast-twitch motor units, 232

Fast-twitch muscle fibers, 231, 231f Fatal familial insomnia, 266

Fatigable fast-twitch motor units, 232 Fatigue

chronic, syndrome of, 151 in fibromyalgia, 151

in multiple sclerosis, 106, 109 Fatigue-resistant motor units

fast-twitch, 232 slow-twitch, 232

Fatty acid supplementation, for adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 Febrile seizures, 91–92

complex, 91

CSF analysis in, 91 diagnostic testing in, 91–92 EEG findings in, 92 pathophysiology of, 91 simple, 91

subtypes of, 91 treatment of, 92 vaccine-induced, 91

Feeding behavior, hypothalamic regulation of, 16–17 Felbamate, 103t

Femoral nerve, 209f, 227f, 229t anatomy of, 217f

compression syndromes of, 217–218 diagnostic testing for, 218 electromyography of, 218

nerve conduction study of, 218 pathophysiology of, 217 symptoms of, 217–218 treatment of, 218

Fibrillary astrocytoma, 119–121 epidemiology of, 120 genetics of, 119–120, 120f grading of, 119, 119b, 119t infratentorial, 120

location of, 120

MIB-1 antibody labeling of, 119, 119b nuclear atypia in, 119, 120f prognosis of, 121

supratentorial, 120 treatment of, 121

Fibrillation potentials, in EMG, 232–233 Fibroma(s), ungual, in tuberous sclerosis, 276, 277f Fibromuscular dysplasia, 70

angiography of, 70, 70f arterial dissection in, 70 diagnostic testing for, 70 epidemiology of, 70 pathophysiology of, 70 symptoms of, 70 treatment of, 70

Fibromyalgia, 150–151 diagnostic testing for, 151 epidemiology of, 151

pathophysiology of, 150 prognosis of, 151 psychological factors in, 150 symptoms of, 151 treatment of, 151

Fibrous meningioma, 123, 124f Finger flexion, distal, 229t Flaccid bladder, 36t

Flame sign, in carotid dissection, 72f Flexor carpi radialis, 210f, 229t Flexor carpi radialis tendons, 210f Flexor carpi ulnaris, 213f–214f, 229t

Flexor digitorum profundus, 211, 213f–214f, 229t Flexor digitorum superficialis, 210f

Flexor pollicis brevis, 210f, 213f, 229t Flexor pollicis longus, 211, 229t Flexor retinaculum, 210f Flocculonodular lobe, 20f

Florid plaques, in prion disease, 266 Fludrocortisone, 118t

for orthostatic hypotension, in Parkinson’s disease, 185 Fluid therapy, for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148 Fluoxetine, 174t

for cataplexy, 168

for chronic headache, 144 for migraine prophylaxis, 140

Focal cortical dysplasia, 269

Focal cortical resection, for seizure control, 102 Foix-Alajouanine syndrome, 252, 252b

Foix syndrome, 34t Folate

deficiency of, 301t

for MHTR deficiency, 73

for spina bifida prevention, 274 for toxoplasmosis, 261

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adenoma and, 133 Foot dorsiflexion, 229t

Foot drop

in ALS, 196

in peroneal nerve syndromes, 218 Foot eversion, 229t

in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 219f Foot inversion, 229t

Foot plantar flexion, 229t Forebrain, basal, 10f, 11 Formed hallucinations, 4b Fornix (pl. fornices), 11f

Foscarnet, for cytomegalovirus, 258 Fosphenytoin, 103t

for status epilepticus, 89t Fourth ventricle, tumors of, 128b Foville’s syndrome, 24f, 25 Fragile X syndrome, 290

Freezing episodes, in Parkinson’s disease, 185 Frequency asymmetries, in EEG, 81

Fried egg appearance, in oligodendroglioma, 122 Friedreich’s ataxia, 199–200

diagnostic testing for, 200 histology of, 199 pathophysiology of, 199 prognosis of, 200 symptoms of, 200, 200b treatment of, 200

Froehlich’s syndrome, 17b Frohse, arcade of, 216, 217f Froment’s sign, 213, 215f

Index

321

Index

Frontal eye field, 45

as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Frontal horn, in adult hydrocephalus, 35

Frontal horn ballooning (“Mickey Mouse” ventricles), 35 Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIDA), 82, 82f Frontal lobe, as focus of complex partial seizures, 86

Frontal lobe release reflexes, in Alzheimer’s disease, 158, 158b Frontal lobe syndromes, 5, 5t

Frontal operculum

as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 as focus of simple partial seizures, 84

Frontopolar cortex, as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 Frontotemporal dementia, 161

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 160–161 versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t diagnostic testing in, 161

epidemiology of, 155f genetics of, 161

histology of, 160–161, 160f neuroimaging in, 161, 161f pathophysiology of, 161 subtypes of, 161 treatment of, 161

Frovatriptan, 140t Fukutin gene, 243 Fukutin protein, 243

Fukuyama congenital myopathy, 242–243 diagnostic testing for, 243 pathophysiology of, 243

prognosis of, 243 symptoms of, 243

Fungal infection, 262–263. See also specific types diagnosis of, 263

pathophysiology of, 262 symptoms of, 262–263

Fungal meningitis, 77t, 262–263 Furosemide, for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Fusiform aneurysm, 78

Fusiform neurons, 1 F waves

in acute inflammatory demyelinated polyneuropathy, 222 in nerve conduction studies, 206

G

GABA

in arousal/sleep, 164 in aspiny neurons, 11 barbiturates and, 179 in spiny neurons, 11

Gabapentin, 102t for dystonia, 192

for migraine prophylaxis, 140 for multiple sclerosis, 109

for restless legs syndrome, 169 for trigeminal neuralgia, 148

GABA receptor agonists, for insomnia, 167 Gabitril. See Tiagabine

Gait

in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237 in MASA syndrome, 271

in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 Gait ataxia

in adrenoleukodystrophy, 117 in caudal vermis syndrome, 20 in rostral vermis syndrome, 19

Galactosylceramidase, in Krabbe’s disease, 117–118 Galantamine, for Alzheimer’s disease, 158

Galen, vein of, malformations of, 78, 274–275 Gamma aminobutyric acid. See GABA Gamma-knife radiosurgery

for chronic cluster headache, 145 for Parkinson’s disease, 186

Ganciclovir, for cytomegalovirus, 258 Ganglia, cranial nerve, 32, 33t Gangliocytoma/ganglioglioma, 129

epidemiology of, 129 histology of, 129 location of, 129 prognosis of, 129 treatment of, 129

Ganglionic degeneration, cortical-based, 188 diagnostic testing for, 188

genetics of, 188 pathophysiology of, 188 prognosis of, 188 symptoms of, 188

Gangliosidosis GM1, 284b, 285t GM2, 285t

Gasserian ganglion, 33t

microvascular decompression of, 142 Gastrocnemius muscle, 229t, 231f Gaucher’s disease, 285t

Gaze

in Huntington’s disease, 194

in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 regulation of, 44–46

Gaze centers, cortical, 45–46 Gaze deviation, 46

Gelastic seizures, 84b

Gemfibrozil, for stroke prevention, 62 Generalized anxiety disorder, 175 Generalized seizures

atonic, 89 myoclonic, 89

nonsyndromal, 86–89 tonic, 88 tonic-clonic, 86–88 treatment of, 101f

Geniculate ganglion, 32f, 33t Genitofemoral nerve, 209f, 227f Gennari, band of, 2

Gentamicin, intratympanic, for Meniere’s disease, 53 Geodon. See Ziprasidone

Geography, and multiple sclerosis, 104 Germinoma, 129–130

diagnostic testing for, 130 genetics of, 129

histology of, 130 location of, 130

pathophysiology of, 129–130 prognosis of, 130

treatment of, 130 Gerstmann’s syndrome, 5, 188

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, 266, 266b Ghost plaque, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156

Giant axonal neuropathy, 221 diagnostic testing for, 221 EEG findings in, 221 histology of, 221, 221f

nerve conduction studies of, 221 neuroimaging of, 221 pathophysiology of, 221 prognosis of, 221

symptoms of, 221 Giant cell arteritis, 75–76

Giant cell (temporal) arteritis, 75–76 diagnostic testing for, 58, 76 epidemiology of, 76

erythrocyte sedimentation rate in, 58, 76 pathophysiology of, 75

prognosis of, 76 and stroke, 58, 76 symptoms of, 76 treatment of, 76

Giant cell neuropathy. See Phenylketonuria Glabellar reflex, 25t

Glatiramer acetate, for multiple sclerosis, 109 Glaucoma

in Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278 visual evoked potentials in, 42b Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

in Alexander’s disease, 114 in ependymoma, 127

in oligodendroglioma, 122

in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 121 tumors positive for, 127b

Glioblastoma multiforme, 120f, 121 Gliomatosis cerebri, 123

diagnostic testing for, 123 histology of, 123 prognosis of, 123 symptoms of, 123 treatment of, 123

Gliosis

in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 in HIV infection, 260

in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 in Wilson’s disease, 194

Global akinesia, lesions causing, 3 Global developmental delay, 289–292 Global hypoxia, 70

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe’s disease), 117–118 Globus pallidus, 10f, 12

lesions of, 12 neurons of, 12

output projections from, 13 in Parkinson’s disease, 184f

Globus pallidus stimulation, for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Glossopharyngeal nerve

disorders/syndromes of, 34t ganglia of, 33t

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 32, 149 diagnostic testing in, 149 pathophysiology of, 149 symptoms of, 149

treatment of, 149 Glucocorticoid(s), 118t

for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 for adrenoleukodystrophy, 117

for anterior interosseous syndrome, 212 anti-inflammatory potency of, 118t

for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73 for brain abscess, 251

for brain tumors, 132

for chronic fatigue syndrome, 151

for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142

for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 complications of, 118t

for cryoglobulinemia, 228 for Devic’s disease, 110

for Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 238 for greater occipital neuralgia, 149

for hearing loss, 50

for herpes zoster virus, 257

for idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis, 267 for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 297

for Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 96

for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 for metastasis, 131

mineralocorticoid potency of, 118t for multifocal motor neuropathy, 225 for multiple sclerosis, 109

for myasthenia gravis, 235

for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135

for posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 for pseudotumor cerebri, 147

for sarcoidosis, 299

for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148 for status migrainosus, 141

for tuberculosis, 253

for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 268 Glucose

abnormalities of blood vessels, 295t

for carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency, 243 for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 247

in vanishing white matter disease, 116 Glutamate, in ALS, 196

Glutamate decarboxylase, in stiff man’s syndrome, 201 Gluten-sensitive enteropathy, 299

Gluteus maximus, 229t Gluteus minimus, 229t Glycine encephalopathy, 280

Glycine supplementation, for isovaleric acidemia, 281 Golgi neurons, 18

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 17t Gottron’s papules, in dermatomyositis, 245

Gower’s sign, in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237 Gradenigo syndrome, 34t

Granular cells, 1, 18, 19f Gray matter

somatotopic organization of, 31, 31f spinal cord, 30

Greater auricular nerve, 149f Greater occipital nerve, 149f

Greater occipital nerve neuralgia, 149 Greater petrosal nerve, 32f

Great radicular artery, 31f

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), 17t adenoma secreting, 133

GSPT1 gene, and adenoma, 133 Guillain-Barre syndrome, 221–224

conditions preceding, 222 epidemiology of, 222 nerve biopsy in, 206

pathophysiology of, 221–222

subtypes without pronounced weakness, 223 subtypes with pronounced weakness, 222–223 treatment of, 223–224

Index

Index

324

Gummas, 255

Gustatory hallucinations, 4b Guyon’s tunnel, 213, 215f

lesions of, 213–216 surgical transection of, 216

Gyri, important cortical, 1, 1f

H

HAART therapy, 260–261 HACEK organisms, 69

Haemophilus, 69 Haemophilus influenzae, 250t

Haemophilus influenzae vaccine, 249 Hakim-Adams syndrome, 35–36, 163 Hallucination(s)

in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 auditory, 4b

formed, 4b gustatory, 4b hypnagogic, 168 hypnopompic, 168

in Lewy body dementia, 162 olfactory, 4

in Parkinson’s disease, 186 in schizophrenia, 171

in schizophreniform disorder, 172 tactile, 4

in temporal lobe seizures, 85 types of, 4b

unformed, 4b visual, 4b, 22

Hallucinosis

cortical auditory, 51 peduncular, 22–23 pontine auditory, 51b Haloperidol (Haldol), 172t

for autism, 291

for tic disorders, 193

Hamartoma, in tuberous sclerosis, 276

Hammertoes, in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 219f Hamstrings, 229t

Hartnup’s disease, 280

Headache, 137–149. See also specific types with adenoma, 133

with brain abscess, 250 chronic, 143–146 cluster, 141–142 episodic

lasting less than four hours, 141–143 lasting more than four hours, 137–141

with gliomatosis cerebri, 123 hypnic, 143

idiopathic stabbing, 143

with intracranial hemorrhage, 66 with ischemic stroke, 56, 56b migraine, 137–141

rebound, 144

special disorders of, 146–149

with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 with temporal arteritis, 76 tension-type, 141

Head drop, 196, 196b

Head trauma, vertigo with, 54t Hearing aids, 50–51

Hearing loss, 50

in adrenoleukodystrophy, 117

conductive, 50

and language delay, 287

with neurofibromatosis type 2, 275 sensorineural, 50

treatment of, 50

Heart disease, and ischemic stroke, 55–56 Heat, and multiple sclerosis, 106b Heerfordt syndrome, 298b

Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon, 46f–47f Helicotrema, 49f

Heliotrope rash, in dermatomyositis, 244 Hemangioblastoma, 130

histology of, 130 treatment of, 130

in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 278 Hemangioma, cavernous, 79, 79f

Hematoma, intramural, with arterial dissection, 70, 71f Hemiachromatopsia, 42

Hemianopsia adenoma and, 133

optic chiasm lesions and, 40 Hemiataxia

lesions causing, 13–14 in multiple sclerosis, 106

Hemiballismus, 12–13 Hemicrania, paroxysmal, 142–143

chronic, 145 Hemicrania continua, 145 Hemidystonia, 191

lesions causing, 12 Hemifacial spasm, 32

in multiple sclerosis, 106 Hemimedullary syndrome, 28

Hemiparesis, in striatocapsular syndrome, 9 Hemiparkinsonism, lesions causing, 12 Hemiplegia, 25

Hemiplegia cruciata, 28 Hemiplegic cerebral palsy, 288 Hemiplegic migraine, 138

associated with benign familial infantile convulsions, 138

familial, 138, 138b Hemisection syndrome, 32 Hemispherectomy

for Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 for seizure control, 102

Hemispheric syndrome, 20 Hemorrhagic dementia, 159

Hemorrhagic stroke, sickle cell disease and, 74 Hemorrhagic tumors, 136t

Heparin

for arterial dissection, 71

for inherited coagulation disorders, 72 for ischemic stroke, 59

side effects of, 61

for stroke prevention, 61

for subarachnoid hemorrhage, 64 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 61 Hepatitis B vaccine, and dermatomyositis, 244 Hepatolenticular degeneration, 194–195. See also

Wilson’s disease

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 250b Hereditary neuropathy(ies), 218–221

with predilection to pressure palsies (HNPP), 220–221 diagnostic testing for, 220

histology of, 220, 220f

prognosis of, 221 subtypes of, 220 treatment of, 220

Hereditary spastic paraplegia(s), 197–198 diagnostic testing for, 198

genetics of, 198, 198b, 198t, 271b pathophysiology of, 197

somatosensory evoked potentials in, 198 subtypes of, 198, 198t

symptoms of, 197 Heroin, 77, 181

Herpes 6 virus, and multiple sclerosis, 104 Herpes encephalitis, 256

Herpes simplex virus, 256–257 diagnostic testing for, 256 HSV-1, 256

HSV-2, 256

and multiple sclerosis, 104 pathophysiology of, 256, 256f prognosis of, 257

symptoms of, 256 treatment for, 256

Herpes virus(es), 77t, 256–258 Herpes zoster, 257

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 257 HESX-1 gene mutations, 270b Heteromodal association areas, 2, 4–5

frontal (prefrontal cortex), 4–5 parietal, 5

Heterotopia, 269 genetics of, 269b laminar, 269

periventricular, 269, 269f Heterotypical isocortex, 1–2 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 56

High seeding potential, tumors with, 120b Hip abduction, 229t

Hip adduction, 229t Hip extension, 229t Hip flexion, 229t

Hippocampal commissure, 10 Hippocampal connections, intrinsic, 7, 8f Hippocampal formation, 7

components of, 7 functions of, 7 pathophysiology in, 7

Hippocampal sclerosis, 85–86 bilateral, and language delay, 287

Hippocampus, 7

in REM sleep, 166

Hirano bodies, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156, 156f Histoplasma, 263

HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 62 Hodgkin’s disease, vasculitis with, 76–77 Holoprosencephaly, 269–270

alobar, 270 genetics of, 270 subtypes of, 270

Homer-Wright rosettes, in medulloblastoma, 126, 126f Homocysteine

elevated levels of, 72–73 in ischemic stroke, 56, 62 metabolic pathway of, 73f reduction of, 62

in vascular dementia, 160

Homocystinuria/homocystinemia, 72–73 pathophysiology of, 72

subtypes of, 72–73 Homotypical isocortex, 1

Homunculi, sensory and motor, 2, 3f, 4 Horizontal cells of Cajal, 1 Hormonal/parvocellular nuclei, 17 Hormone(s)

hypothalamic, 17, 17t pituitary, 17, 17t

Hormone replacement therapy and Alzheimer’s disease, 158 and ischemic stroke, 56

Horner’s syndrome, 71, 126, 208

Hot-cross bun sign, in multiple system atrophy, 189, 189f H reflex, in nerve conduction studies, 206

Huebner, recurrent artery of, 18, 39f

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 260–262 brain lesions with, 261b

cytomegalovirus with, 257–258, 262 dementia with, 260–261

diagnostic testing for, 260 direct effects of, 260–261 encephalitis with, 260–261 histology of, 260, 260t intrauterine and neonatal, 290 lymphoma with, 262 meningitis with, 262 myopathy with, 261 neuromyotonia with, 246 neuropathy with, 261, 261b

opportunistic infections with, 261–262 pathophysiology of, 260

stroke with, 261 toxoplasmosis with, 261, 261b treatment of, 260

vacuolar myelopathy with, 261 vasculitis with, 76–77, 77t

Hunter’s syndrome, 271, 284t Huntingtin gene, 193 Huntington’s disease, 193–194

dementia in, 194

versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t diagnostic testing for, 194 dystonia in, 191

histology of, 194 neuroimaging of, 194, 194f pathophysiology of, 193–194 prognosis of, 194

symptoms of, 194, 194b treatment of, 194

Hurler’s syndrome, 271, 284t Hydatid disease, 265 Hydralazine, 296 Hydranencephaly, 270–271 Hydrocephalus, 271

acquired pediatric, 271 adult, 35 communicating, 271

and cortical malformation, 270 with craniopharyngioma, 133

with Dandy-Walker malformation, 272 diagnosis of, 271

noncommunicating, 271 normal pressure, 35–36, 163 pathophysiology of, 271

Index

325

Index

326

Hydrocephalus (Continued) pediatric, 35

with Sturge-Weber syndrome, 277

with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63, 63b, 64–65 symptoms of, 271

syndromal, 271 treatment of, 65 X-linked, 271

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo, 36

in Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 Hydrocodone, for restless legs syndrome, 169 Hydromorphone abuse, 181

Hydroxyurea, for sickle cell disease, 74 Hyperacusis, 51, 51b Hyperammonemia, diseases with, 279b Hyperekplexia, 88, 88b

Hyperglycemia, management, in ischemic stroke, 60, 62 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 246–247

diagnostic testing for, 246 pathophysiology of, 246 symptoms of, 246 treatment of, 247

Hyperpathia, 149–150

Hyperperfusion, and intracranial hemorrhage, 66 Hyperphagia, in Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7 Hypersexuality, in Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7 Hypertension, 295–297

causes of, 295–296 definitions of, 295

and ischemic stroke, 55, 59, 61–62 pathophysiology of, 295 primary/essential, 295

secondary, 295–296 symptoms of, 296 treatment of, 296

Hypertensive angiopathy, 65 Hypertensive emergencies, 295–296 Hypertensive encephalopathy, 296 Hypertensive urgency, 295–296 Hyperthyroidism

with adenoma, 133

and hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 247 Hyperventilation, EEG response to, 80, 95, 95f

Hypervolemic–hypertensive–hemodilution (triple H) therapy, 65 Hypnagogic hallucinations, 168

Hypnic headache, 143 Hypnopompic hallucinations, 168

Hypocalcemia, neonatal seizures with, 91 Hypochondriasis, 177

epidemiology of, 177 pathophysiology of, 177 prognosis of, 177 symptoms of, 177 treatment of, 177

Hypofrontality, in schizophrenia, 171 Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), 26, 26f

disorders/syndromes of, 34t Hypoglossal nucleus, 26 Hypoglycemia

definition of, 91

neonatal seizures with, 91 Hypoglycemic coma, 295t

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 247–248 diagnostic testing for, 247

symptoms of, 247 treatment of, 247–248

Hypomania, in bipolar disorder, 173 Hyponatremia

and central pontine myelinosis, 112–113 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 65

Hypophonia, in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 Hypophonic dysarthria, lesions causing, 12 Hypopnea, definition of, 168

Hypothalamic hormones, 17, 17t Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, in major depressive

disorder, 173 Hypothalamus, 16–18

in arousal/sleep, 17, 164 autonomic regulation by, 16, 16b connections of, 18, 18f functions of, 16

lateral, 16, 16f medial, 16–18, 16f projections from, 1

subdivisions of, 16–18, 16f vascular anatomy of, 18

Hypothermia, malignant, 202t, 242, 242b, 247b Hypotonia

in central core disease, 242

in Fukuyama congenital myopathy, 243 in Lesch-Nyhan disease, 287

lesions causing, 12

neonatal, in Canavan’s disease, 115 in urea metabolism disorders, 281

Hypotonic bladder, in multiple sclerosis, 109 Hypotonic disorders

lower motoneuron, 289 neuromuscular junction, 289 peripheral nerve, 289

upper motoneuron, 289 Hypotonic motor delays, 288–289

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) enzyme, 286

Hypoxia, global, 70

Hypoxic encephalopathy, neonatal seizures with, 90–91 Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 159

I

Icelandic-type amyloid angiopathy, 66, 95b Ice-pick headache, 143

ICH. See Intracranial hemorrhage Ichthyosis, in Refsum’s disease, 283 Ictal nystagmus, 46f–47f Ideomotor apraxia

lesions causing, 3, 5 somatotopic, 5

Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis, 267 Idiopathic stabbing headache, 143

Iliacus muscle, 217f–218f Iliohypogastric nerve, 209f, 227f Ilioinguinal nerve, 209f, 227f Iliopsoas muscle, 229t

Imipramine, in multiple sclerosis, 109 Immediate/working memory, 154b Immunoglobulin, intravenous. See Intravenous

immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulin disorders, 225–228. See also specific types Immunoglobulin G (IgG), in multiple sclerosis, 108 Immunosuppressant(s). See also specific types

for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, 73 for cryoglobulinemia, 228

for dermatomyositis, 245

Index

327

Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 46–47 diagnostic testing for, 47 pathophysiology of, 46 symptoms of, 47

treatment of, 47 Kennedy’s disease, 197t Keppra. See Levetiracetam Ketamine

abuse and dependence, 181–182 acute intoxication, 182 biochemical effects of, 181 withdrawal from, 182

Ketogenic diet, for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 93 Ketorolac, for status migrainosus, 141

Ki-67 nuclear antigen

in astrocytoma, 119, 119b in meningioma, 123

Kinesia(s). See also specific types lesions causing, 6

Kinetopsia, 42

Kingella, 69

Klebsiella, and meningitis, 250t Klein-Levin syndrome, 15

lesions causing, 15 symptoms of, 15 treatment of, 15

Klinefelter’s syndrome, germinoma in, 129 Klumpke’s palsy, 208

Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7 dementia in, 161 lesions causing, 7 symptoms of, 7, 7b

Knee extension, 229t Knee flexion, 229t Korsakoff’s syndrome, 300

lesions causing, 13 Krabbe’s disease, 117–118

diagnostic testing for, 118 histology of, 118 infantile, 118

juvenile, 118 pathophysiology of, 117 symptoms of, 118 treatment of, 118

Krebs cycle defects, 287 Kugelberg-Welander disease, 197t Kuru, 266b

L

L1CAM gene mutations, 271, 271b La belle indifference, 177 Labetalol, 296

Labyrinthectomy, for Meniere’s disease, 53 Labyrinthitis, 53–54

diagnostic testing for, 54 pathophysiology of, 53 symptoms of, 54 treatment of, 54

LaCrosse encephalitis, 251t

Lactate, in vanishing white matter disease, 116 Lactic acidosis, 287

Lafora disease, 95t

Lambert-Eaton myasthenia, 236–237 with associated cancer, 236 autonomic dysfunction with, 237, 237b diagnostic testing for, 237

electromyography of, 237 paraneoplastic, 135, 136t, 236 pathophysiology of, 236 subtypes of, 236

symptoms of, 236–237 treatment of, 237

without associated cancer, 236 Lamictal. See Lamotrigine

Lamin A/C mutations, 219b, 219t, 238, 238b, 241, 242t Laminar heterotopia, 269

Laminectomy, for low back pain, 153 Lamotrigine, 102t

for bipolar disorder, 174 for gelastic seizures, 84b

Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 95–96 diagnostic testing in, 96

EEG findings in, 96 pathophysiology of, 95 prognosis of, 96 symptoms of, 95–96 treatment of, 96

Language area(s), 5–7 dominant hemisphere, 5–6

nondominant hemisphere, 6–7 secondary, 6

Language delay, 287

Language impairment, in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 Large infarct dementia, 159

Lateral cord injury, 209

Lateral corticospinal tract, 30, 30f

Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf, 227f–228f

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh. See Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 209f, 218f, 227f–228f anatomy of, 218f

compression syndrome of, 218 Lateral funiculus, 30

Lateral geniculate nucleus, 14, 14f, 40 blood supply of, 40

magnocellular pathway of, 40 parvocellular pathway of, 40 pathophysiology in, 40 projections of, 40–41 subdivisions of, 40

Lateral hypothalamus, 16, 16f Lateral lemniscus, 24f, 48f

nucleus of, 48f

Lateral medullary syndrome, 26f Lateral pectoral nerve, 207f Lateral plantar nerve, 227f Lateral pontine syndrome, 24f Lateral preoptic nucleus, 17 Lateral reticular nucleus, 29, 29b Lateral reticulospinal tract, 29

Lateral spinothalamic tract, 24f, 26f Lateral ventricle, tumors of, 128b Lateral vestibulospinal tract, 49, 50t Laterocollis, 191

Latissimus dorsi, 229t Latrotoxin, 267t Leigh’s disease, 47, 287

diagnostic testing for, 47 histology of, 47 subtypes of, 47 symptoms of, 47 treatment of, 47

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 93 diagnostic testing in, 93 EEG findings in, 93, 93f pathophysiology of, 93 prognosis of, 93

symptoms of, 93 treatment of, 93 Lenticular fascicle, 13

Leonine face, and cluster headache, 141b Lepromin skin test, 253

Leprosy, 253

diagnostic testing for, 253 indeterminate, 253 lepromatous, 253 pathophysiology of, 253 symptoms of, 253 treatment of, 253 tuberculous, 253

Lesch-Nyhan disease, 286–287 pathophysiology of, 286 symptoms of, 286–287

Lesser occipital nerve, 149f Leucine, for isovaleric acidemia, 281

Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated (LGI-1) protein, 120, 120b Leukemia, monoclonal gammopathy in, 226

Leukoariosis, 8–9 histology of, 8–9

irregular white matter abnormalities in, 8 lesions causing, 8–9, 8f

periventricular white matter caps and halos in, 9 in vascular dementia, 160

Leukocytosis, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Levetiracetam, 102t Levodopa-carbidopa

for dystonia testing, 192 for dystonia treatment, 192

for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t Lewis-Sumner syndrome, 224 Lewy body(ies), 156, 162, 162f Lewy body dementia, 161–163

versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t delusions in, 162, 162b diagnostic testing for, 162–163 epidemiology of, 155f

histology of, 161, 162f

inclusions (Lewy bodies) in, 162, 162f parkinsonism in, 162–163, 186b pathophysiology of, 162

symptoms of, 162, 162b treatment of, 163

Lewy neurites, 162

Lexapro (escitalopram), 174t

Lhermitte’s sign, in multiple sclerosis, 106 Libman-Sacks vegetations, 298

Lidocaine

for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 intranasal, for cluster headache, 142, 145

Lifestyle factors, in ischemic stroke, 56 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 121, 126

Light therapy, for circadian rhythm disorders, 170 Limb ataxia, in rostral vermis syndrome, 19 Limb dystonia, 191

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy types 1A-E, 241

diagnostic testing for, 241 subtypes of, 241, 242t

Index

329

Index

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (Continued) symptoms of, 241

types 2A-H, 241–242 diagnostic testing for, 242 subtypes of, 241–242, 242t

Limbic areas, 2, 7–8

Limbic encephalitis, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Limb temperature

and electromyography, 233

and nerve conduction studies, 206 Line of Baillarger, 2, 2f

Lingula, 20f

Lipid metabolism disorders, 297–301, 297t Lipoprotein(s)

levels of, and ischemic stroke, 56, 62 reduction of, 62

LIS-1 gene mutations, 269b Lisch nodules, 274f, 275 Lissauer’s tract, 30f Lissencephaly, 269

Listeria monocytogenes in HIV infection, 262 and meningitis, 250t

Lithium

for alcohol dependence, 179 for bipolar disorder, 174

for chronic headache, 145

for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142 for hypnic headache, 143

for Klein-Levin syndrome, 15

for major depressive disorder, 173 and parkinsonism, 202

and restless legs syndrome, 169 for schizophrenia, 172

side effects of, 174 Little’s disease, 288

Liver failure, and central pontine myelinosis, 112 Lobar prosencephaly, 270

Lobe(s), important cortical, 1, 1f Locked-in syndrome

mesencephalic, 23 pontine, 24f, 25, 113

Locus coeruleus, 19, 25, 28, 164 Lomustine, for oligodendroglioma, 122 Long association fibers, 9–10, 9f Long-term/remote memory, 154b Long thoracic nerve, 207f

Long tracts, of spinal cord, 29–30, 30f Lorazepam, for status epilepticus, 89t Lorenzo’s oil, 117

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and astrocytoma, 120, 120f and oligodendroglioma, 122

Low back pain, 151–153 diagnostic testing in, 152 pathophysiology of, 151–152 prognosis of, 153

treatment of, 153

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 56 Lower extremity(ies)

compression neuropathies of, 217–218 movements, muscles, nerves, and roots of, 229t

Lower motoneuron hypotonic disorders, 289 Lubag syndrome, 190t

Luckenschadel, 272f

Lumbar artery, 31f Lumbar puncture

in carcinomatous meningitis, 132 in chronic headache, 146

in febrile seizures, 91

in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 in paraneoplastic syndromes, 135

in pseudotumor cerebri, 147

in spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 147 traumatic, 35

Lumbar radiculopathies, 152, 152b, 152t Lumbar spinal fusion, 153 Lumboperitoneal shunt

for normal pressure hydrocephalus, 163 for pseudotumor cerebri, 147

Lumbosacral plexus, 209–210 anatomy of, 209f

lesions of, 209–210 diagnostic testing for, 210 electromyography of, 210

magnetic resonance imaging of, 210 symptoms of, 209–210

pathophysiology in, 209

tumor compression or invasion of, 209, 209b Lumbrical muscle, 210f, 213f

Lundberg waves, 35 A waves, 35

B waves, 35 C waves, 35

in carcinomatous meningitis, 132

in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 in pseudotumor cerebri, 147

Lupus anticoagulant antibody, 73 Lupus delirium, 298

Lupus erythematosus, systemic, 298 Luteinizing hormone (LH)

adenoma and, 133

in seizures/epilepsy, 82 Lyme disease, 253–254

acute, 254 chronic, 254

diagnostic testing for, 254 epidemiology of, 254 pathophysiology of, 253–254 symptoms of, 254 treatment of, 254

vasculitis with, 77t Lyme disease vaccine, 254

Lymphocyte-rich meningioma, 123 Lymphoma(s)

HIV-related, 262

Hodgkin’s, vasculitis with, 76–77 monoclonal gammopathy in, 226

Lysosomal storage diseases, 282–285. See also specific types

M

Machado-Joseph’s disease, 191, 199t Macroadenoma, 133

Macrocephaly

in Canavan’s disease, 115

in megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, 116

Macula, 41–42

Mad cow disease, 266

Magnesium

abnormal levels of, 301t

in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 and tension-type headache, 141

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of carotid stenosis, 57

of infectious endocarditis, 69 of Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278

of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112, 112f

of adrenoleukodystrophy, 117

of Alzheimer’s disease, 158, 158f of arterial dissection, 70, 71f

of arteriovenous malformations, 78f of brachial plexopathy, 209

of CADASIL syndrome, 67

of carcinomatous meningitis, 132 of cavernoma, 79f

of cerebral infarction, 57, 58f

of choroid plexus papilloma, 128 of chronic headache, 146

of Cockayne’s syndrome, 286, 286f of colloid cyst, 129

of ependymoma, 128

of glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 149 of hereditary spastic paraplegia, 198 of HIV encephalitis, 261

of Huntington’s disease, 194f

of hypertensive encephalopathy, 296 of intracranial hemorrhage, 66, 66f of lumbosacral plexopathy, 210

of megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, 116

of migraine, 139

of multiple sclerosis, 105f, 108 of multiple system atrophy, 189f

of neurofibromatosis type 1, 275, 276f

of normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 of palatal myoclonus, 22

of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, 114f of semantic dementia, 161f

of spinal cord tumor, primary, 131, 131f of Sturge-Weber syndrome, 278

of systemic lupus erythematosus, 298 of transient global amnesia, 8

of trigeminal neuralgia, 148 of tuberous sclerosis, 277, 278f

of vanishing white matter disease, 116 of vascular dementia, 160

of venous infarction, 75, 75f Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

of Canavan’s disease, 115

of vanishing white matter disease, 116 Magnetic resonance venography (MRV)

of chronic headache, 146

of pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Magnocellular nucleus, 17 Magnocellular pathway, 40 Major depressive disorder, 173

biological pathophysiology of, 173 genetics of, 173

prognosis of, 173

psychosocial pathophysiology of, 173

symptoms of, 173, 173b treatment of, 173

Malaria, 264 cerebral, 264

diagnostic testing for, 264 prognosis of, 264 symptoms of, 264 treatment of, 264

Male sexual function, 34

Malformations, 269–275. See also specific types Malignant hypothermia, 202t, 242, 242b, 247b Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, 135

histology of, 135 pathophysiology of, 135 prognosis of, 135 symptoms of, 135 treatment of, 135

Malignant psoas syndrome, 209b Malleus, 49f

Malnutrition, alcohol abuse and, 178 Mammillary body(ies), 16f, 17 Mammillary region, 17–18 Mammillotegmental tract, 18f Mammillothalamic fasciculus, 18f Manganese, abnormal levels of, 301t Mania, in bipolar disorder, 173 Maple syrup urine disease, 279

diagnostic testing for, 279 infant onset of, 279 neonatal onset of, 279 pathophysiology of, 279 symptoms of, 279 treatment of, 279

Marantic endocarditis, 69

Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 diagnostic testing for, 111

histology of, 111 pathophysiology of, 111 prognosis of, 111 symptoms of, 111 treatment of, 111

Marché à petit pas of Dejerine, lesions causing, 5 Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 113, 178

histology of, 113 pathophysiology of, 113 prognosis of, 113 symptoms of, 113 treatment of, 113

Marcus-Gunn pupil, 106 Marfan’s syndrome, 70, 77 Marie-Foix syndrome, 24f, 25 Marijuana, 181

acute intoxication, 181 biochemical effects of, 181 in schizophrenia, 171 symptoms of use, 181 withdrawal from, 181

Martin-Gruber anastomosis, 212, 212f Mastoidectomy, for labyrinthitis, 54 McArdle’s disease, 243

McDonald criteria, for multiple sclerosis, 107t MDM2 protein, and astrocytoma, 119, 120f Measles, 259–260

and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 111 diagnosis of, 260

Index

Index

332

Measles (Continued)

and multiple sclerosis, 104 pathophysiology of, 259 treatment of, 260

types of infection, 259–260

Measles inclusion body encephalitis, 259 Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, 260

febrile seizures induced by, 91 Meclizine

for Meniere’s disease, 53 for vertigo, 52

for vestibular neuronitis, 53 MECP2 mutations, 291, 291b Medial cord injury, 209

Medial cutaneous nerve of arm, 227f–228f Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, 227f–228f Medial deltoid muscle, 229t

Medial geniculate, 14, 14f Medial geniculate body, 48f Medial gluteal nerve, 228f Medial hypothalamus, 16–18, 16f Medial lemniscus, 24f, 26f

Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 29 rostral interstitial nucleus of, 44

Medial pectoral nerve, 207f Medial plantar nerve, 227f–228f Medial preoptic nucleus, 17

Medial vestibulospinal tract, 49, 50t Median nerve, 207f, 214f, 227f, 229t

anatomy of, 210f

compression syndromes of, 210–212 preacher’s hand position in, 211f

stimulation, in multiple sclerosis, 108, 108f Median preoptic nucleus, 16

Medulla, 26–28, 26f in arousal/sleep, 164

motor output centers of, 26 pathophysiology in, 28 sensory input centers of, 26

Medullary accessory ocular motor nuclei, 44–45 Medullary raphe nuclei, 19

Medullary reticular formation, 26f, 29, 164 Medullary syndromes, 28 Medulloblastoma, 126

diagnostic testing for, 126 epidemiology of, 126 histology of, 126, 126f

Homer-Wright rosettes in, 126, 126f location of, 126

treatment of, 126

Megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, 116 diagnostic testing for, 116

histology of, 116 pathophysiology of, 116 symptoms of, 116

Meige’s syndrome, 191 Meissner’s corpuscle, 205t MELAS syndrome, 67–69

diagnostic testing for, 68f, 69 pathophysiology of, 67 ragged red fibers in, 68f, 69 symptoms of, 67

treatment of, 69 Melatonin

in arousal/sleep, 164 biosynthesis of, 165f

for circadian rhythm disorders, 170 and cluster headache, 142

Melatonin therapy, for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142 Memantine

for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 for vascular dementia, 160

Memory

putamen lesions and, 12 types of

by duration, 154b by subject, 154b

Memory loss. See also specific disorders of age-related, 154

in Alzheimer’s disease, 157 Meniere’s disease, 52–53

diagnostic testing for, 53 pathophysiology of, 52–53 prognosis of, 53 symptoms of, 53

chronic, 53 episodic, 53 treatment of, 53

Meningioma(s), 123–125 anaplastic/malignant, 124 angiomatous, 123 atypical, 124

chordoid, 124 clear cell, 124

diagnostic testing for, 124–125 with dural tails, 124, 124f

en plaque, 125 fibrous, 123, 124f genetics of, 124, 275b location of, 124 lymphocyte-rich, 123

meningothelial, 123, 124f MIB-1 antibody labeling of, 123 neuroimaging of, 124–125, 124f prognosis of, 125 psammomatous, 123, 124f receptor on, 123b

secretory, 123 transitional, 123, 124f treatment of, 125

WHO grade III subtype of, 124 WHO grade II subtypes of, 124 WHO grade I subtypes of, 123

Meningitis bacterial, 249

vasculitis with, 77t carcinomatous, 131–132 fungal, 262–263

vasculitis with, 77t HIV-related, 262 Mollaret’s, 268

petechial rash with, 255b in sarcoidosis, 298

in syphilis, 254

in tuberculosis, 252 Meningitis vaccines, 249 Meningocele, 274

Meningothelial meningioma, 123, 124f Menopausal migraine, 138

Menstrual migraine, 138 Mental retardation

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and, 116

aphasia, shuffling gait, adducted thumbs (MASA) disorder, 271 autism and, 291

cortical malformations and, 269 infantile spasms and, 92, 92b

megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts and, 116

muscular dystrophy and, 238, 241 neurofibromatosis type 1 and, 275 phenylketonuria and, 279 sphingolipidoses and, 283 Sturge-Weber syndrome and, 277 tuberous sclerosis and, 276

Meperidine abuse of, 181

and parkinsonism, 202 Merkel’s cell, 205t

Mesencephalic accessory ocular motor nuclei, 44 Mesencephalic raphe nuclei, 164

Mesencephalic reticular formation, 22, 28, 164 Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, 25 Mesencephalon, 21–23

in arousal/sleep, 164

motor output centers of, 21–22 pathophysiology in, 21–23

Mesial temporal cortex, as focus of complex partial seizures, 85–86

Mesial temporal sclerosis, 85–86 classic, 85, 85b

diagnostic testing for, 86 histology of, 85 minimal, 85 pathophysiology of, 86 subtypes of, 85

total, 85 Mesocortex, 2

Mesocortical dopaminergic pathway, 22 Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, 22 Mestinon. See Pyridostigmine

Metabolic disorders, 279–292. See also specific types and dementia, 154

and dystonia, 191 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 117

adult, 117

diagnostic testing for, 117 histology of, 117 infantile, 117

juvenile, 117 pathophysiology of, 117, 117b symptoms of, 117

treatment of, 117 Metastasis, 130–131

epidemiology of, 130 pathophysiology of, 130 subtypes of, 130 treatment of, 131

Metazoan infection, 264–265 Methadone

for opioid dependence, 181 for restless legs syndrome, 169

Methamphetamine abuse, 180–181 Methaqualone abuse, 179 Methimazole, for adenoma, 133 Methotrexate

for carcinomatous meningitis, 132 for dermatomyositis, 245

for multiple sclerosis, 109

Methylenedoxy methamphetamine (MDMA), 180–181

Methylenetetrahydrofolate, 279b Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MHTR), 73f Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MHTR) deficiency, 73 Methylmalonic aciduria, 281

Methylmalonyl-CoA, 281, 281f Methylmalonyl-CoA reductase, 281 Methylphenidate, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 Methylphenidate abuse, 180–181 Methylprednisolone, 118t

for multiple sclerosis, 108–110 Methysergide

for chronic headache, 145

for cluster headache prophylaxis, 142 for migraine prophylaxis, 140

Metoclopramide

and parkinsonism, 202

for status migrainosus, 141 and tardive dyskinesia, 201

Metronidazole, for brain abscess, 251 Mexiletine

for complex regional pain syndrome, 150 for myotonia congenita, 248

for myotonic dystrophy, 239 Meyer’s loop, 40–41

Meynert, nucleus basilis of, 1, 11 Meynert’s bundle, 18f

Mi2 antibody, in dermatomyositis, 244–245 MIB-1 antibody labeling

of astrocytoma, 119, 119b of meningioma, 123

“Mickey Mouse” ventricles, 35 Microadenoma, 133

Microangiopathic/small artery infarction, 71f Microcephaly, in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome,

116

Midazolam, for status epilepticus, 89t Midbrain locked-in syndrome, 23 Middle cerebellar peduncle, 21b, 24f Middle cerebral artery, 15f, 39–40, 57f Middle ear, 49f

Midline cerebellar degeneration, 178 Midodrine, for orthostatic hypotension, 185 Migraine, 137–141

abdominal, 138 acephalgic, 138 antiemetics for, 140

with aura (classic), 137–138 aura phase of, 137

basilar, 138

and benign occipital epilepsy, 96 chronic, 143–144, 146 complicated, 138

confusional, 138 diagnostic testing for, 139 EEG findings in, 139 epidemiology of, 139 ergots for, 140

genetics of, 139 headache phase of, 137 hemiplegic, 138

magnetic resonance imaging of, 139 menstrual/menopausal, 138 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for,

140

Index

333

Index

334

Migraine (Continued) ophthalmoplegic, 138 opioids for, 140 pathophysiology of, 139 postdrome phase of, 137 in pregnancy, 139, 141 prodrome phase of, 137 with prolonged aura, 138

prophylactic treatment of, 140–141 psychiatric comorbidity with, 139 risk factors for, 139

subtypes of, 137–139 symptoms of, 137 transformed, 143–144 treatment of, 139–141

acute, 139–140 triggers for, 139

triptans for, 139–140, 140t variants of, 138

vertigo with, 54t

without aura (common), 137–138 Migraine equivalent, 138 Migrainous infarction, 138

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 154 amnestic, 154

definition of, 154

with impairment in multiple domains, 154

with impairment in nonmemory domain, 154, 154b progression of, 154, 154b

subtypes of, 154 Millard-Gruber syndrome, 24f, 25 Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223

diagnostic testing for, 223 prognosis of, 223 symptoms of, 223

Mini-mental status exam (MMSE), in dementia, 154 Mirapex. See Pramipexole

Mirtazapine, 174t

Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, 47 Mitoxantrone

for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 for multiple sclerosis, 109

Mixed neuronal-glial tumors, 129 Mobius syndrome, 248t Modafinil

for multiple sclerosis, 109 for narcolepsy, 168

Molecular mimicry, 104 Mollaret, triangle of, 21, 21b Mollaret’s cells, 268 Mollaret’s meningitis, 268

Monoamine oxidase (MOA) inhibitors, 174t Monoclonal gammopathy(ies), 225–226

diagnostic testing for, 226 inclusion body myositis with, 244 pathophysiology of, 225

serum protein electrophoresis in, 226

of undetermined significance (MGUS), 224–226 urine protein electrophoresis in, 226

Monocular diplopia, 43b

Monomodal auditory association area, 48f Monomodal motor association areas, 2 Monomodal sensory association areas, 2 Mononeuritis multiplex, 226, 226b, 297 Mononeuropathy, diabetic, 294 Monosomy, 5p, 289

Mood disorder(s), 173–174. See also specific types Morphine abuse, 181

Morquio’s syndrome, 284t Mosquito, as vector of disease, 251t Mossy fibers, 18b, 19f Motoneuron(s), 231

, 31-I, 31-II, 31

somatotopic arrangement of, 31, 31f

upper and lower, in hypotonic disorders, 289 Motor delay, developmental, 287–289

Motor homunculi, 2, 3f

Motor nerve conduction studies, 204–205, 205f Motor-sensory neuropathies, hereditary, 218–220 Motor systems, 2–3

Motor tics, 192

Motor trigeminal nucleus, 23 Motor unit(s), 231–232

fatigable fast-twitch, 232 fatigue-resistant fast-twitch, 232 fatigue-resistant slow-twitch, 232 types of, 232, 232f

Motor unit potentials (MUPs), 232–234 complex repetitive discharges and, 233 in elderly, 234

myopathic changes in, 232 in neonates, 233

neuropathic changes in, 232–233 normal, 232f

reinnervation changes in, 232–233

Movement disorder(s), 183–202. See also specific types iatrogenic, 201–202

Moyamoya disease, 79 angiography of, 79, 79f diagnostic testing for, 79 epidemiology of, 79

M protein, in monoclonal gammopathy, 225 MRA. See Magnetic resonance angiography M response, in nerve conduction studies, 206 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging

MS. See Multiple sclerosis Mucopolysaccharidoses, 283, 284t Multifocal motor neuropathy, 225

diagnostic testing for, 225 electromyography of, 225 epidemiology of, 225

nerve conduction studies of, 225 pathophysiology of, 225 prognosis of, 225

serology in, 225 symptoms of, 225 treatment of, 225

Multi-infarct dementia, 159–160. See also Vascular dementia Multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy in, 226 Multiple sclerosis, 104–111

versus acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 110 age and, 104

autoimmune hypothesis of, 104

brainstem auditory evoked potentials in, 108 clinically isolated, 107

CSF analysis in, 108 dementia in, therapy for, 109

depression in, therapy for, 109 diagnostic criteria for

Barkhof MRI, 108

McDonald, 107t

Poser, 107t, 110

diagnostic testing for, 107–108 electrophysiological testing in, 108, 108f epidemiology of, 104–105

etiological hypotheses of, 104 genetics of, 104

geography and, 104 histology of, 105, 105f infectious hypothesis of, 104

magnetic resonance imaging of, 105f, 108 Marburg’s variant of, 111

monophasic brainstem or cerebellar syndromes in, 107 neuroimaging of, 107–108

normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in, 105 optic neuritis in, 106–107, 110

pathophysiology of, 104, 244b pediatric/early-onset, 110

diagnostic testing for, 110 pathophysiology of, 110 symptoms of, 110 treatment of, 110

plaques in, 105 acute/active, 105, 105f chronic, 105, 105f shadow, 105

in pregnancy, 106b, 109, 109b primary progressive, 107 progressive relapsing, 107 progressive types, therapy for, 109 race and, 105

relapsing-remitting, 105f, 106

preventive therapy for acute attacks in, 109 therapy for, 108–109

secondary progressive, 106 sensory abnormalities in, 106 serology in, 108

sex and, 105

somatosensory evoked potentials in, 108, 108f subtypes of, 106–107

symptoms of, 106 acute, 106 chronic, 106, 109

conditions exacerbating, 106b paroxysmal, 106, 109

transverse myelitis in, 107 treatment of, 108–109 variants of, 110–111 vision loss in, 106

visual evoked potentials in, 42, 108 Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus, 104 Multiple sleep latency test, in narcolepsy, 168

Multiple subpial transections, for seizure control, 102 Multiple system atrophy (MSA), 188–189

classification of

new scheme for, 188–189 old scheme for, 188

histology of, 188 OPCD form of, 189

with predominant cerebellar features, 189

with predominant parkinsonian features, 188–189, 189b, 189f striatonigral degeneration form of, 188–189

Multivitamin supplementation, for Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 47 Mumps

and acute dissemination encephalomyelitis, 111 and multiple sclerosis, 104

MUPs. See Motor unit potentials Muscle(s), 229t. See also specific muscles

contraction of, 230, 230f diagnostic testing of, 232–234

diseases of, 230–248. See also specific types absent muscle, 248t

acquired, 244–246

with autoimmune disease, 244b autosomal dominant, 238–241 autosomal recessive, 241–243 channelopathies, 246–248 congenital, 237–243

diabetic, 294–295 HIV-related, 261 inherited metabolic, 243 X-linked, 237–238

physiology of, 230–232 recruitment principle of, 232

Muscle biopsy, 234

in Becker’s muscular dystrophy, 238 in central core disease, 242, 243f

contraindicated by rhabdomyolysis, 234 in dermatomyositis, 245, 245f

in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 237, 237f

in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 241, 241f in Fukuyama congenital myopathy, 243

in hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 246 in hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 247 in inclusion body myositis, 244, 244f in myasthenia gravis, 235

in myotonic dystrophy, 239, 239f in myotubular myopathy, 240, 240f

in nemaline rod myopathy, 240, 241f in neuromyotonia, 246

open, 234

in paramyotonia congenita, 247 in polymyositis, 245, 246f technical limitations of, 234

Muscle fiber(s), 230–231 fast-twitch/type II, 231, 231f pacemaker, 233 slow-twitch/type I, 231, 231b super-fast, 231

tonic, 231 Muscle relaxants

for dystonia, 192 for fibromyalgia, 151

for greater occipital neuralgia, 149 for low back pain, 153

Muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), in myasthenia gravis, 235

Muscular dystrophy. See also specific types

Becker’s, 238 Duchenne’s, 237–238 Emery-Dreifuss, 238

facioscapulohumeral, 240–241 limb-girdle, 241–242

Musculocutaneous nerve, 207f, 227f–228f, 229t Musicogenic seizures, 86

Mutism, in frontotemporal dementia, 161 Myalgia paresthetica, 218

Myasthenia(s) congenital, 236 familial infantile, 236

Lambert-Eaton, 135, 136t, 236–237 transitory neonatal, 236

Index

335

Index

336

Myasthenia crisis, 235b Myasthenia gravis, 234–236

autoimmune, 234 diagnostic testing for, 235 edrophonium test in, 235 electromyography of, 235 epidemiology of, 234 muscle biopsy in, 235

nerve conduction studies of, 235, 235f paraneoplastic, 135, 136t, 234 pathophysiology of, 234

prognosis of, 236

serum antibodies in, 235 symptoms of, 234–235 with thymoma, 234–236 treatment of, 235–236

Myasthenic syndromes, 234–237. See also specific types pediatric, 236

MYCN gene, and neuroblastoma, 126 Mycobacteria, 252–253

Mycobacterium leprae, 253. See also Leprosy Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 252–253. See also Tuberculosis Mycophenolate

for myasthenia gravis, 235

for paraneoplastic syndromes, 135

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 111–112, 222 Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), 206, 225, 225b Myelination disorders, 104–118. See also specific types Myelin basic protein, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Myelin onion bulbs, 220, 220f, 282

Myelitis, transverse, 107 Myelomeningocele, 274

Myelopathia centralis diffusa, 115–116 Myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke, 55 Myoclonic dystonia, 190b, 190t

Myoclonic epilepsy benign, 93–94 juvenile, 94 severe, 94

Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF), 95t Myoclonic seizure(s), 89

neonatal, 90

Myoclonic seizure syndromes, 95, 95t Myoclonus

in Alzheimer’s disease, 158

in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 eyelid, with absence seizures, 95b

palatal, 21–22

in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Myokymic discharges, on EMG, 233

Myopathy. See Muscle(s), diseases of; specific types Myotilin, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 241, 242t Myotonia congenita, 248

differential diagnosis of, 248t Myotonic conditions, comparison of, 248t Myotonic discharges, on EMG, 233, 233b Myotonic dystrophy, 238–239

adult-onset, 239 congenital-onset, 239 diagnostic testing for, 239 differential diagnosis of, 248t electromyography of, 239 muscle biopsy in, 239, 239f prognosis of, 239

subtypes of, 238 symptoms of, 239, 239f

treatment of, 239 type I, 238

type II, 238

Myotubularin mutations, 219b, 219t, 240, 240b Myotubular myopathy, 239–240

autosomal dominant, 239 autosomal recessive, 239 diagnostic testing for, 240 muscle biopsy in, 240, 240f prognosis of, 240

subtypes of, 239–240 symptoms of, 240 X-linked, 240

Myringotomy, for labyrinthitis, 54 Mysoline. See Primidone Myxopapillary ependymoma, 127

N

Nabumetone, for chronic headache, 144 N-acetylaspartate (NAA)

in Canavan’s disease, 115

in vanishing white matter disease, 116

Naegleria, 264

Naloxone, for opioid dependence, 181 Naltrexone

for alcohol dependence, 179 for opioid dependence, 181

Naproxen, for chronic headache, 144 Naratriptan, 140t

Narcan (naloxone), for opioid dependence, 181 Narcolepsy, 167–168

diagnostic testing in, 168 hallucinations in, 168 pathophysiology of, 167 symptoms of, 167–168 treatment of, 168

Nasal bundle, 38f injury of, 38, 38f

Nasal step of Ronne, 38, 38f Nasopharyngeal electrodes, 80

Nausea, with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Near triad reflex, 44, 44b

Neck pain, 153f

in brachial plexopathy, 208 in C6 radiculopathy, 211b

Negative seizure phenomena, 84 Neglect

contralateral tactile, 5

in striatocapsular syndrome, 9 tactile, 5, 15

visual, 42–43

Neisseria meningitidis, 249, 250t

Nemaline rod myopathy, 240 muscle biopsy in, 240, 241f pathophysiology of, 240 prognosis of, 240 symptoms of, 240

Nembutal. See Pentobarbital

Neocortical temporal foci, of complex partial seizures, 86 Neonatal convulsions, benign familial, 98

hemiplegic migraine with, 138

Neonatal-infantile convulsions, benign familial, 98–99 Neonatal seizures, 90–91

causes of, 90–91, 90t focal clonic, 90 multifocal clonic, 90

myoclonic, 90 “subtle,” 90 subtypes of, 90 tonic, 90

Nerve(s), 229t. See also specific nerves diagnostic testing of, 204–207

disorders of, 203–228. See also specific types physiology of, 203–204

Nerve biopsy, 206–207

in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies, 206, 220, 220f

in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 in cryoglobulinemia, 228

diagnostic applications of, 206 in giant axonal neuropathy, 221f procedure for, 206–207

sites for, 206 supportive uses of, 206

tissue preparation for, 207 Nerve conduction studies, 204–206

of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 222 of acute motor axonal neuropathy, 223

of acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, 223 of anterior interosseous syndrome, 212 axonopathic, 205b

of brachial plexopathy, 209

of carpal tunnel syndrome, 211

of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 of Cockayne’s syndrome, 286

of complex regional pain syndrome, 150 of cryoglobulinemia, 228 demyelinating, 205b

of femoral nerve syndromes, 218 of giant axonal neuropathy, 221

of hereditary neuropathy with predilection to pressure palsies, 220–221

of inclusion body myositis, 244 involving spinal cord, 206

of Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223 motor, 204–205, 205f

of multifocal motor neuropathy, 225 of myasthenia gravis, 235, 235f

of neuromyotonia, 246

of peroneal nerve syndromes, 218

of posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 of radial nerve injury in brachium, 216 sensory, 205–206

technical considerations in, 206

of ulnar nerve entrapment at elbow, 213 of ulnar nerve entrapment at wrist, 215 Nerve growth factor, and neuroblastoma, 126

Nerve root(s), 229t compression of, 152

noncompressive, painful diseases of, 152b Nervi erigentes, 34

Neuralgia, post-herpetic, 257, 257b Neurasthenia, 151

Neuritic plaque, in Alzheimer’s disease, 155–156 Neuroacanthocytosis, 191, 193

Neuroanatomy, 1–54. See also specific anatomical structures

Neuroblastoma, 125–126 genetics of, 126 histology of, 125–126 location of, 125 pediatric, 125b, 126 prognosis of, 126 symptoms of, 126

Neurocutaneous syndromes, 275–278. See also specific types Neurocysticercosis, 264, 264f

Neurocytoma, central, 129 Neurofibrillary tangles

in Alzheimer’s disease, 155, 155f

in herpes simplex virus infection, 256 Neurofibroma, 134–135

diffuse, 135

histology of, 134, 135f location of, 134 multiple, 134 plexiform, 135 solitary, 134 subtypes of, 134–135 symptoms of, 135 treatment of, 135

Neurofibromatosis type 1, 275

café au lait spots in, 275, 275f diagnostic criteria of, 275b diagnostic testing for, 275

magnetic resonance imaging of, 275, 276f pathophysiology of, 275

symptoms of, 275 type 2, 275–276

diagnostic criteria for, 275b diagnostic testing for, 276 histology of, 275 pathophysiology of, 275 symptoms of, 275

Neurofibromatosis 1 gene (NF-1), 275 Neurofibromatosis 2 gene (NF-2), 275

and meningioma, 124, 275b

Neurogenic syndromes of water imbalance, 16t Neurohormonal/magnocellular nuclei, 17 Neurohypophysis, 16f, 18f

Neuroimaging. See specific modalities and disorders

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 202t Neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome, 208b Neuromuscular junction hypotonic disorders, 289 Neuromuscular transmission, 230, 231f Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease), 110–111 Neuromyotonia (Isaac’s syndrome), 245–246

diagnostic testing for, 246 HIV-related, 246 paraneoplastic, 136t, 245 subtypes of, 245 symptoms of, 246 treatment of, 246

Neuromyotonic discharges, on EMG, 233 Neuron(s)

cerebellar, types of, 18, 19f cortical, types of, 1, 2f spiny, 11

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 95t, 284–285 adult, 285

diagnostic testing for, 285 early-infantile, 285 histology of, 284 intrauterine, 290 juvenile, 285 late-infantile, 285 subtypes of, 285 symptoms of, 284

Neuronal spreading depression, 139 Neurontin. See Gabapentin

Index

337

Index

338

Neuroophthalmology, 37–47 Neuropathy(ies). See also specific nerves

acquired, 221–228 alcoholic, 178, 178b diabetic, 293–294 hereditary, 218–221

with a predilection to pressure palsies, 220–221

HIV-related, 261, 261b

in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t traumatic and compression, 210–218

Neuropeptide Y, in aspiny neurons, 11 Neuropil thread, in Alzheimer’s disease, 155 Neurosyphilis, 255

meningovascular, 255 parenchymatous, 255

Neurotology, 49–54

anatomy in, 48f, 49–50, 49f pathophysiology in, 50–54

Neurotoxins, 267t Niacin

for fibromyalgia, 151

for MELAS syndrome, 69 for stroke prevention, 62 Niacin deficiency, 113, 301t

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) ubiquinone oxidoreductase flavoprotein-1, in Alexander’s disease, 114

Nicotinic acid deficiency, 301t Niemann-Pick disease, 285t, 297t Nimodipine, for vasospasm, 65 Nipride, 296

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), in Huntington’s disease, 193 Nocturnal eating/drinking behavior, 170

Nodose ganglion, 33t

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 293 Non-REM parasomnias, 170

Non-REM sleep, 165, 165b, 165f, 166 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

for Alzheimer’s disease prevention, 158 for anterior interosseous syndrome, 212 for carpal tunnel syndrome, 211

for chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 for chronic headache, 144–145

detoxification, in chronic headache, 146 for greater occipital neuralgia, 149

for low back pain, 153 for migraine, 140

side effects of, 140

for tension-type headache, 141

for ulnar nerve entrapment, 213, 216 Norepinephrine

in complex regional pain syndrome, 150 from locus coeruleus, 28

Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 35–36, 163 dementia in, 36, 155, 163

diagnostic testing for, 36, 163 epidemiology of, 35, 163 mechanisms of, 35 pathophysiology of, 163 prognosis of, 36, 163 symptoms of, 36, 163 treatment of, 36, 163

Nortriptyline, 174t

Notch 3 protein, in CADASIL syndrome, 67 Nothnagel’s syndrome, 23, 23b

Nucleoside metabolism disorders, 285–287 Nucleus accumbens, 11–12

Nucleus ambiguus, 26, 26f Nucleus basilis of Meynert, 1, 11 Nucleus cuneatus, 26, 26f Nucleus gracilis, 26, 26f Nucleus interpositus, 45 Nucleus of Darkschewitsch, 44

Nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, 11 Nucleus of Roller, 45

Nucleus proprius, 30

Nucleus proprius hypoglossi, 45 Nucleus raphe magnus, 29

Nucleus reticularis pontis, 29, 44, 164

Nutritional disorders, 299–301. See also specific types Nutrition-related demyelinating disorders, 112–113 Nystagmus

Bruns’, 46f–47f ictal, 46f–47f

localized syndromes of, 46, 46f–47f with palatal myoclonus, 22

in Parinaud’s syndrome, 45 retraction, 23

seesaw, 46f–47f

O

Obersteiner-Redlich zone, ephaptic transmission at, 148, 148b Obstructive sleep apnea, 166, 168

Obturator nerve, 209f, 227f, 229t Occipital epilepsy, benign, 96–97

Occipital intermittent rhythmic delta activity (OIRDA), 82 Occipital nerves, 149f

damage to, 149

Occipito-parieto-temporal junction, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84

Ocular apraxia, in Balint’s syndrome, 43 Ocular ataxia, in Balint’s syndrome, 43

Ocular motor cranial nerves, 43, 43f. See also specific nerves Ocular motor system, 43–47

inherited disorders of, 46–47 Ocular sensory system, 37–43 Oculomotor artery, 39f

Oculomotor nerve (CN III), 32, 43, 43f disorders/syndromes of, 34t ganglion of, 33t

palsy of, 43–44

Oculomotor nucleus, 21, 43–44, 43f pathophysiology in, 44

Ohtahara’s syndrome, 94b Olanzapine, 172t

as alternative in drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for Alzheimer’s disease, 158

for Lewy body dementia, 163 Olfaction, 4

Olfactory cortex, 10f Olfactory hallucinations, 4

in temporal lobe seizures, 85 Olfactory tract, 39f Oligoastrocytoma, 123

Oligoclonal bands, in multiple sclerosis, 108 Oligoclonal gammopathy, 225 Oligodendroglioma(s), 122–123

anaplastic, 122–123 benign, 123

calcifications in, 122, 122f diagnostic testing for, 122 epidemiology of, 122 genetics of, 120b, 122, 122b grading of, 122

histology of, 122, 122f location of, 122 prognosis of, 123 treatment of, 122

Olivopontocerebellar degeneration (OPCD), 188–189 Olivospinal tract, 30f

Ondansetron, for multiple sclerosis, 109 Ondine’s curse, 167b

One-and-a-half syndrome, 23, 25, 44–45 Opalski cells, 194, 195f

Ophthalmic artery, 39, 43f Ophthalmodynia, 143 Ophthalmologic syndromes, 23 Ophthalmoplegia

in Miller-Fisher syndrome, 223 in myotubular myopathy, 240 in sarcoidosis, 298

Ophthalmoplegic migraine, 138 Opioids

abuse and dependence, 181 symptoms of, 181 treatment of, 181

acute intoxication, 181 biochemical effects of, 181 and dementia, 155

detoxification, in chronic headache, 146 for migraine, 140

overuse of, and chronic headache, 144 for restless legs syndrome, 169 withdrawal from, 181

Oppenheim, useless hand sign of, 106 Opponens digiti quinti, 213f Opponens pollicis, 210f, 229t

in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211

Opportunistic infections, in HIV infection, 261–262 Opsoclonus, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Optic chiasm, 38f, 39–40, 39f

anterior lesions of, 39, 39f blood supply of, 39

body lesions of, 39 decussation of, 39 lateral lesions of, 40

pathophysiology in, 39–40 Optic disk, 38–39

blood supply of, 38 pathophysiology in, 38–39

Optic nerve (CN II), 32, 39, 43f blood supply of, 39, 39f intracanalicular segment of, 39 intracranial segment of, 39, 39f intraocular segment of, 39 intraorbital segment of, 39 pathophysiology in, 39 subdivisions of, 39

Optic nerve atrophy

in Canavan’s disease, 115

in vanishing white matter disease, 115

Optic nerve sheath fenestration, for pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Optic neuritis, 39

in Devic’s disease, 110

in multiple sclerosis, 106–107, 110 retrobulbar, 106–107

visual evoked potentials in, 41f

Optic neuritis ischemic optic neuropathy, 32 Optic neuropathy

anterior ischemic, 38–39 visual evoked potentials in, 42

Optic radiations, 40–41 pathophysiology in, 41

Optic tracts, 16f, 38f, 40 blood supply of, 40

nongeniculate projections of, 40 pathophysiology in, 40

Oral appliances, for sleep breathing disorders, 169 Oral contraceptives

and ischemic stroke, 56

and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 63 Orbitofrontal cortex, 7

as focus of complex partial seizures, 86 Organ failure, and dementia, 154

Organic acid disorders, 279b Organ of Corti, 33t, 49

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, 281–282 Orthostatic hypotension

in Parkinson’s disease, 185 treatment of, 185

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 250b Osteogenesis imperfecta, arterial dissection in, 70 Otic ganglion, 33t

Otic zoster, 257 Otoacoustic emissions, 50b Oval window, 49f

Oxaprozin, for chronic headache, 144 Oxcarbazepine, 102t

Oxidative phosphorylation disorders, 287 Oxybutynin, for bladder dysfunction, in multiple

sclerosis, 109

Oxygen inhalation, for cluster headache, 142, 145 Oxytocin, 17t

P

p53 gene

and astrocytoma, 119, 120f and oligodendroglioma, 122

Pacchionian corpuscle, 205t Pacemaker muscle fiber, 233 Pachygyria, 269

Pachymeningitis, idiopathic hypertrophic, 267 Pain disorders, 137–153. See also specific types Paint brush appearance, of spinal tumor, 131 Palatal myoclonus, 21–22

diagnostic testing for, 22 symptoms of, 22

Pallid breath-holding spells, 99 Pallidotomy

for dystonia, 192

for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Palmaris longus, 210f, 214f Palmaris longus tendons, 210f Pancerebellar syndrome, 20 Pancoast’s tumor, 208

Pancreatitis, in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 278 PANDAS infection syndrome, 191, 193

Panic attacks, 175 Papez, circuit of, 7, 7f

Papillary ependymoma, 127 Papilledema, 38

with pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Papillitis, in multiple sclerosis, 106 Papillomacular bundle, 38f

injury of, 37, 37b, 38f Paracusis, 51

Paradoxical embolism, 58 Paraflocculus, 20f

Index

339

Index

340

Parahippocampal gyrus, 7 Paralimbic cortex, 2, 7 Paralysis. See specific types

Paramedian pontine reticular formation, 29, 29b, 44–45

Paramedian raphe, 24f

Paramyotonia congenita, 246b, 247, 248t Paraneoplastic syndromes, 135–136

diagnostic testing for, 135 epidemiology of, 135

Lambert-Eaton myasthenia in, 135, 136t, 236 myasthenia gravis in, 135, 136t, 234

with neuroblastoma, 126 neuromyotonia in, 136t, 245 pathophysiology of, 135 prognosis of, 136

subtypes of, 136, 136t thymoma, 234b treatment of, 135

Paranoid schizophrenia, 170b Paraplegia(s), spastic

conditions with, 197b hereditary, 197–198, 271b

Paraplegic cerebral palsy, 288 Paraproteinemic neuropathies, 225–228

Parasitic infection, 264–265. See also specific types Parasomnia(s), 170–171

non-REM, 170 REM, 170

transitional, 170–171

Parasympathetic regulation, by hypothalamus, 16b Paraventricular nucleus, 16f, 17, 18f

Paresis, general, 255 Paresthesia(s)

in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211 in femoral nerve syndromes, 218 in multiple sclerosis, 106

in restless legs syndrome, 169

in ulnar nerve entrapment, 213, 215 Parietal eye field, 46

Parietal heteromodal association areas, 5 dominant-sided lesions of, 5, 5b nondominant-sided lesions of, 5

Parietal lobe, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Parinaud’s syndrome, 22f, 23, 44–45, 271

Parkin gene, 183 Parkinsonism, 190t

in cortical-based ganglionic degeneration, 188 drug-induced, 202

in Huntington’s disease, 194 lesions causing, 12

in Lewy body dementia, 162–163, 186b

in multiple system atrophy, 189, 189b, 189f treatment of, 163

Parkinson’s disease, 183–186 autonomic dysfunction in, 186 deep brain stimulation for, 187 dementia in, 161, 185

versus Alzheimer’s disease, 159t dyskinesia in, 185–186

dystonia in, 185–186, 190, 190t epidemiology of, 183

familial, 184t genetics of, 183, 184t histology of, 183

pathophysiology of, 183, 184f restless legs syndrome in, 169, 185

risk factors for, 183

side effects of medications in, management of, 186–187 surgery for, 186–187

symptoms of, 185

treatment-induced hallucinations in, 186 treatment of, 185–187, 186t wearing-off/freezing phenomenon in, 185

Parosmia, 4 Paroxetine, 174t

Paroxysmal choreoathetosis nonkinesigenic, 190t

with spasticity and ataxia, 190t

Paroxysmal disorders, nonseizure, in children, 99 Paroxysmal hemicrania, 142–143

chronic, 145 pathophysiology of, 143 symptoms of, 142–143 treatment of, 143

Pars compacta, 12

in Parkinson’s disease, 183, 184f Pars opercularis, 5, 5b

Pars reticulata, 12, 22 Pars triangularis, 5 Partial seizures, 82–86

complex, 85–86

versus absence seizures, 85t with frontal lobe focus, 86

with mesial temporal cortex focus, 85–86 with neocortical temporal focus, 86 pathophysiology of, 85

pediatric, 98–99 symptoms of, 85

diagnostic testing for, 86 EEG findings in, 86 pediatric, 95–99

simple, 82–85

with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex focus, 84 with frontal operculum focus, 84

with insula cortex focus, 84 motor, 82–84

with occipito-parieto-temporal junction focus, 84 with parietal lobe focus, 84

pediatric, 95–98

with premotor cortex focus, 84 with primary motor cortex focus, 84 with primary visual cortex focus, 84 sensory, 84–86

with supplementary motor area focus, 84 symptomatic manifestations of, 83f

with temporal lobe focus, 84–85 treatment of, 101f

Parvocellular nuclei, 17 Parvocellular pathway, 40

Patent foramen ovale, and ischemic stroke, 56 Paxil (paroxetine), 174t

Pectineus muscle, 217f Pediatric hydrocephalus, 35 Pediatric seizures, 91–99 Peduncular hallucinosis, 22–23

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, 19, 28, 164 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, 113–114, 198, 198b

diagnostic testing for, 114 histology of, 114, 114f pathophysiology of, 113–114 prognosis of, 114 symptoms of, 114, 114t treatment of, 114

Pellagra (niacin deficiency), and Marchiafava-Bignami disease, 113 Pemoline, for multiple sclerosis, 109

Penicillamine, for Wilson’s disease, 195 Penicillin(s), for syphilis, 254

Penicillin G, for syphilis, 255 Penile erection, 34

in REM sleep, 166 Pentobarbital abuse, 179

Pentobarbital drip, for status epilepticus, 89t Pergolide, for Parkinson’s disease, 186t Perihypoglossal nuclei, 28, 45

Perilymphatic duct, 49f Perimesencephalic hemorrhage, 62 Periodic breathing, 99

Periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges (PLEDs), 81f, 82 Periodic limb movement disorder, 169

pathophysiology of, 169 symptoms of, 169 treatment of, 169

Peripheral nerve(s), organization of, 204f Peripheral nerve hypotonic disorders, 289

Peripheral nervous system tumors, 134–135. See also specific types

Peripheral sensory dermatomes, 227f–228f Periventricular heterotopia, 269, 269f Permax. See Pergolide

Peroneal nerve, 227f, 229t anatomy of, 218f

compression syndromes of, 218, 218b conduction studies of, 205, 218

Peroneus brevis, 229t Peroneus longus, 229t Peroxins, 283

Peroxisomal phytanoyl-CoA deficiency, 282–283 Peroxisome(s), disorders of, 282–283 Peroxisome ghosts, 283

Perphenazine, and tardive dyskinesia, 201 Perseverative automatism, 85

Perseverative behavior, in frontotemporal dementia, 161 PET. See Positron emission tomography

Petechial rash, 255b

Phakomatoses, 275–278. See also specific types subependymal giant cell astrocytoma with, 121

Phencyclidine (PCP), 181–182 acute intoxication, 182 biochemical effects of, 181 treatment for dependence, 182

Phencyclidine, withdrawal from, 182 Phenelzine, 174t

Phenobarbital, 102t

detoxification, in chronic headache, 146 for status epilepticus, 89t

Phenylacetate, for urea metabolism disorders, 282 Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, 279 Phenylalanine-restricted diet, 279 Phenylbutazone, for chronic headache, 144 Phenylketonuria, 279

diagnostic testing for, 279 pathophysiology of, 279 prognosis of, 279 symptoms of, 279 treatment of, 279

Phenytoin, 103t

for myotonia congenita, 248 for neuromyotonia, 246

for pediatric seizures, 99 for status epilepticus, 89t

Pheochromocytoma, in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 278 Phobia(s), 175

social, 175 specific, 175 treatment of, 175

Phonic tics, 192

Phosphate, abnormal levels of, 301t Phosphofructokinase deficiency, 243

Photic stimulation, in electroencephalogram, 80 Photomyoclonic response, in EEG, 80 Photoparoxysmal response, in EEG, 80 Photoreception, 37, 37f

Phrenic nerve, 207f

Phytanic acid, in Refsum’s disease, 282–283 Pial arterial network, 38

Pick body(ies), 160–161, 160f Pick cells, 160–161

Pick’s disease, 160–161. See also Frontotemporal lobar degeneration “Pie in the sky” visual defects, 41

Pimozide

for tic disorders, 193

for trigeminal neuralgia, 148 Pineal gland, 11f

in arousal/sleep, 164 Pineal tumors, 125

histology of, 125

pediatric, by occurrence, 125b Pineoblastoma, 125

epidemiology of, 125 genetics of, 125 histology of, 125 prognosis of, 125 treatment of, 125

Pineocytoma, 125

histology of (rosettes), 125, 125f prognosis of, 125

treatment of, 125

PINK1 gene, in Parkinson’s disease, 183 Piroxicam, for chronic headache, 144 Pituitary apoplexy, 133

Pituitary hormones, 17, 17t Pituitary stalk, 39f

Pituitary tumor(s), 132–133. See also specific types Plantar digital nerve, 227f

Planum temporale, 6

Plaques, in Alzheimer’s disease, 155–156 Plasmacytoma(s), monoclonal gammopathy with, 226 Plasmapheresis

for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112

for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 225 for cryoglobulinemia, 228

for Devic’s disease, 110

for Guillain-Barre syndrome, 223–224

for Marburg’s variant of multiple sclerosis, 111 for multiple sclerosis, 109

for neuromyotonia, 246 for Refsum’s disease, 283

Plasmodium falciparum, 264 Platelet-derived growth factor-

and astrocytoma, 119, 120f and oligodendroglioma, 122

Plavix. See Clopidogrel

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 121 epidemiology of, 121

histology of, 121 location of, 121 treatment of, 121

Index

341

Index

342

Plexopathies, 207–210. See also specific types proximal diabetic, 206, 294

Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis, with glucocorticoid therapy, 132

POEMS syndrome, 226 Poland syndrome, 248t Polio, 259

Polio-related syndromes, 259

Poliosis, in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 268 Polyarteritis nodosa, 76, 226b

Polydipsia, psychogenic, 16t Polymicrogyria, 269

Polymorphic delta activity, in EEG, 81 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 76, 76b Polymyositis, 245

diagnostic testing for, 245 muscle biopsy in, 245, 246f pathophysiology of, 245 symptoms of, 245 treatment of, 245

Polysomnography

in chronic fatigue syndrome, 151 in fatal familial insomnia, 266 in fibromyalgia, 151

in Lewy body dementia, 162 in narcolepsy, 168

in REM sleep behavior disorder, 170 Pons, 23–25, 24f

motor output centers of, 23 pathophysiology in, 25

sensory input centers of, 23–25

Pontine accessory ocular motor nuclei, 44–45 Pontine auditory hallucinosis, 51b

Pontine fibers, loss in multiple system atrophy, 189, 189f

Pontine locked-in syndrome, 24f, 25, 113 Pontine nuclei, 18, 18b, 24f

Pontine reticular formation, 24f, 28–29, 164 Pontine tracts, 24f

Pontocerebellum, 19

Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes, 164, 166 Porencephaly, 269

Port-wine stain, 278, 278f

Poser criteria, for multiple sclerosis, 107t, 110 Positron emission tomography (PET)

in Alzheimer’s disease, 158 in fibromyalgia, 150

in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 161 in Huntington’s disease, 194

in Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 Postcentral gyrus, 11f

Posterior acoustic stria, 48f Posterior auricular nerve, 32f

Posterior cerebral artery, 15f, 18, 21f, 39f, 40–41, 43f, 57f Posterior choroidal artery, 15f

Posterior ciliary artery, 38 Posterior cingulate gyrus, 7 Posterior cochlear nucleus, 48f Posterior commissure, 10

nucleus of, 44

Posterior communicating artery, 15f, 18, 39f, 43f aneurysm of, 43

Posterior cord injury, 209 Posterior cord syndrome, 32

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, 209f, 228f Posterior funiculus, 30, 30f

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery, 21f

Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome, 216 diagnostic testing for, 216 electromyography of, 216

nerve conduction study of, 216 pathophysiology of, 216 symptoms of, 216

treatment of, 216

Posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus, 17 Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy, 296, 296b Posterior spinal artery, 31f

Posterior spinocerebellar tract, 30f

Posterior tibial nerve, conduction studies of, 205 Posterolateral nucleus of the hypothalamus, 18 Posteromedial central arteries, 39f

Postpolio syndrome, 259 Posttraumatic stress disorder, 175–176

Potassium channel(s), diseases of, 200, 200b, 245, 245b Potassium supplementation, for hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 247 Pouch sign, in carotid dissection, 72f

Prader-Willi syndrome, 289 Pramipexole

for Parkinson’s disease, 186t for restless legs syndrome, 169

Praziquantel, for cysticercosis, 264 Preacher’s hand, 211f

Precerebellar nuclei of reticular formation, 29b Prednisolone, 118t

Prednisone, 118t

for Bell’s palsy, 34

for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, 224 for dermatomyositis, 245

for Devic’s disease, 110 for hearing loss, 50

for multiple sclerosis, 108, 110 for myasthenia gravis, 235

for stiff man’s syndrome, 201 Prefrontal cortex, 4–5

bilateral damage to, effects of, 5t lesions of, 5, 5t

projections to and from, 4 unilateral damage to, effects of, 5t

Pregnancy

migraine in, 139, 141

multiple sclerosis in, 106b, 109, 109b Preictal pseudosleep, 100

Premotor area, 2

Premotor cortex, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 Preoptic nucleus, 16–17, 16f

Preoptic region, 16–17

Presenilin 1, in Alzheimer’s disease, 156, 157b Presenilin 2, in Alzheimer’s disease, 157

Pressure palsies, hereditary neuropathy with predilection to, 220–221

Pretectal nucleus, 44 Primary lateral sclerosis, 197t Primary motor area(s), 2 Primary motor cortex, 1–2

as focus of simple partial seizures, 84 lesions of, 2

somatotopic organization of, 2, 3f stimulation of, 2

Primary progressive aphasia, 161 Primary sensory area(s), 2

subdivision by sensory modality, 3–4 Primary sensory cortex, 3–4

lesions of, 4 stimulation of, 4

Index

343

Index

344

Q

Quaalude (methaqualone), 179 Quadriceps muscle, 229t Quadriplegic cerebral palsy, 288 Quetiapine, 172t

as alternative in drug-induced parkinsonism, 202 for Alzheimer’s disease, 158

for Lewy body dementia, 163 for Parkinson’s disease, 186

Quinine

for malaria, 264

for myotonia congenita, 248

R

Rabies immunoglobulin, 258 Rabies virus, 258

diagnostic testing for, 258 histology of, 258, 258f pathophysiology of, 258 symptoms of, 258 treatment for, 258

Race

and ischemic stroke, 55 and multiple sclerosis, 105

Radial nerve, 207f, 214f, 227f–228f, 229t anatomy of, 216f

compression syndromes of, 216–217 Radial nerve injury in brachium, 216

diagnostic testing for, 216 electromyography of, 216 nerve conductions study of, 216 pathophysiology of, 216 symptoms of, 216

treatment of, 216 Radiation therapy

for adenoma, 133 for astrocytoma, 121

for carcinomatous meningitis, 132 for chordoma, 130

for choroid plexus papilloma, 128 for germinoma, 130

for gliomatosis cerebri, 123

for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, 135 for medulloblastoma, 126

for oligodendroglioma, 122 for pineoblastoma, 125

whole-brain, for metastasis, 131 Radicular artery, 31f Radiculopathy(ies), 152

C6, 211b L5, 218b

lumbar, 152, 152b, 152t

Radionuclide cisternography, in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163

Radiosurgery, stereotactic

for chronic cluster headache, 145 for metastasis, 131

for Parkinson’s disease, 186 for trigeminal neuralgia, 149

Rage, lesions causing, 7, 17 Ragged red fibers

in MELAS syndrome, 68f, 69 myoclonic epilepsy with, 95t

Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, 257

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 166, 166f Rasmussen’s syndrome, 97–98

diagnostic testing in, 98

EEG findings in, 98 neuroimaging in, 98 pathophysiology of, 97 symptoms of, 97 treatment of, 98

Rathke’s pouch, tumors and cysts of, 133, 133b Raymond-Gestan syndrome, 24f, 25 Raymond’s syndrome, 24f, 25

Reactive automatism, 85 Rebound headaches, 144 Reciprocal (Ia) interneurons, 31 Recruitment principle, 232 Rectus femoris muscle, 217f

Recurrent artery of Huebner, 18, 39f Red nucleus, 21–22

connections of, 21, 21b pathophysiology in, 21–22

Reflex(es)

near triad, 44, 44b trigeminal, 25, 25t Reflex seizures, 86, 86b

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 149–150 pathophysiology of, 149

symptoms of, 149 Refsum’s disease, 282–283

diagnostic testing for, 283 histology of, 282 pathophysiology of, 282 symptoms of, 283 treatment of, 283

Reinnervation, EMG findings of, 232–233 Relaxation therapy

for insomnia, 167

for migraine prophylaxis, 141 Remeron (mirtazapine), 174t

Reminyl (galantamine), for Alzheimer’s disease, 158

Remote memory, 154b REM parasomnias, 170 REM sleep, 166, 166f

REM sleep behavior disorder (RSBD), 162, 170 acute-onset, 170

diagnostic testing for, 170 epidemiology of, 170 insidious-onset, 170 pathophysiology of, 170 symptoms of, 170

Renshaw cells, 31

Repositioning maneuvers, for vertigo, 52 Requip. See Ropinirole

Reserpine, for tardive dyskinesia, 202 Restless legs syndrome, 169, 185

diagnostic testing in, 169 iatrogenic, 169 idiopathic, 169 pathophysiology of, 169 secondary, 169

subtypes of, 169 treatment of, 169

Reticular formation, 26f, 28–29 afferents of, 29

anatomy of, 28 efferents of, 29 medullary, 26f, 29, 164

mesencephalic, 22, 28, 164 paramedian pontine, 29, 29b, 44–45 pontine, 24f, 28–29, 164

precerebellar nuclei of, 29b subdivisions and key nuclei of, 28

Reticular thalamic nuclei (RTN), 15 Reticulospinal tracts, 29, 30f Retina, 37–38

diagnostic testing for, 38

fiber bundles of, subtypes of, 37, 38f fiber loss in, 37–38

hypertensive effects on, 296 macular, 41–42 pathophysiology in, 37–38 photoreception in, 37, 37f

Retinoblastoma genetics of, 120b

pineoblastoma with, 125 Retinoblastoma (RB) factor gene

and astrocytoma, 120, 120f, 125b and pineoblastoma, 125

and retinoblastoma, 120b

Retinopathy, in paraneoplastic syndromes, 136t Retraction nystagmus, 23

Retrobulbar optic neuritis, 106–107 Retrocollis, 191

Retroflex tract, 18f

Rett’s syndrome, 291–292 histology of, 292 pathophysiology of, 291–292 prognosis of, 292

symptoms of, 292

Reward center, lateral hypothalamus as, 16 Reye syndrome, 243b

versus acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 112 Rhabdomyolysis, muscle biopsy contraindicated by, 234 Rheumatoid arthritis, 297

pathophysiology of, 297 symptoms of, 297

Rheumatoid factor, 297 Rheumatoid nodules, 297

juvenile, 297

Rhythmic delta activity, in EEG, 82, 82f Rhythmic movement disorder, 170–171 Ribavirin, for arboviruses, 258 Riboflavin, for migraine prophylaxis, 141

Rickettsia, 255–256 Rickettsia prowazekii, 256

Rickettsia rickettsia, 251b, 255–256 Rifampin

for leprosy, 253

for tuberculosis, 252 Rigidity

in Parkinson’s disease, 185, 186t

in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 Rinne test, 50

Risperdal. See Risperidone Risperidone, 172t

for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 for autism, 291

for Lewy body dementia, 163 for tic disorders, 193

Ritonavir, for HIV infection, 260 Rivastigmine, for Alzheimer’s disease, 158 Rizatriptan, 140t

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 251b, 255–256 diagnostic testing for, 256

epidemiology of, 256 pathophysiology of, 255 prognosis of, 256

symptoms of, 256 treatment of, 256 Rolandic epilepsy, 97

diagnostic testing in, 97 EEG findings in, 97, 97f pathophysiology of, 97 prognosis of, 97 subtypes of, 97 symptoms of, 97 treatment of, 97

Roller, nucleus of, 45 Ronne, nasal step of, 38, 38f Ropinirole

for Parkinson’s disease, 186t for restless legs syndrome, 169

Rosenthal fibers

in Alexander’s disease, 114–115 in giant axonal neuropathy, 221

in juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, 121

Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF), 44

Rostral vermis syndrome, 19 etiology of, 19

symptoms of, 19 Round window, 49f Rubella

and acute dissemination encephalomyelitis, 111 intrauterine infection, 290

and multiple sclerosis, 104 Rubrospinal tract, 30, 30f Ruffnian corpuscle, 205t Ryanodine calcium channel, 247b Ryanodine mutations, 242, 242b

S

Saccades, 45–46

in Huntington’s disease, 194

in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 Saccular aneurysm, 78

Saccule, 49, 49f, 50t Sacral agenesis, 274

Saddle anesthesia, in multiple sclerosis, 106 SAH. See Subarachnoid hemorrhage

St. Louis encephalitis, 251t Salt intake, restricted

in Meniere’s disease, 53

in pseudotumor cerebri, 147 Salutary seizures, 3 Sanfilippo’s syndrome, 284t

Saphenous nerve, 217f, 227f–228f

Saposin B, in metachromatic leukodystrophy, 117 Sarcoglycans, in muscular dystrophy, 241, 242f, 242t Sarcoidosis, 298–299

diagnostic testing for, 299 pathophysiology of, 298 symptoms of, 298–299 treatment of, 299

Sartorius muscle, 217f Saturday night palsy, 216

Sawtooth waves, in REM sleep, 166 Saxitoxin, 267t

Scalp electroencephalogram. See also Electroencephalogram in seizures/epilepsy, 80–82

Scapular winging, in brachial plexopathy, 208 Scaritoxin, 267t

Scarpa’s ganglia, 33t, 49, 50t Scheie’s syndrome, 284t

Index

345

Index

346

for posttraumatic stress disorder, 176 side effects of, 174t

for tic disorders, 193

Selegiline, for Parkinson’s disease, 186, 186t Selenium, abnormal levels of, 301t

Sella turcica, 43f Semantic dementia, 161

magnetic resonance imaging of, 161f Semantic memory, 154b

Semicircular canals, 49, 49f, 50t Semilobar prosencephaly, 270

Senile plaque, in Alzheimer’s disease, 155–156 Sensorineural hearing loss, 50

Sensory homunculi, 2, 3f, 4

Sensory nerve conduction studies, 205–206 Sensory neuron(s), types of, 205t

Sensory paralytic bladder, 36t

Sensory testing, in complex regional pain syndrome, 150 Sentinel hemorrhage, 63

Septal nuclei, 11

Septo-optic dysplasia, 270, 270f Septum pellucidum, 10f–11f Seroquel. See Quetiapine Serotonin, biosynthesis of, 165f

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 174t for posttraumatic stress disorder, 176

Serotonin syndrome, 202t Serpentine aneurysm, 78 Sertraline, 174t

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), in monoclonal gammopathy, 226

Setting sun sign, 45

Severe myoclonic epilepsy, 94 diagnostic testing in, 94 EEG findings in, 94 pathophysiology of, 94 symptoms of, 94

treatment of, 94 Sex (gender)

and ischemic stroke, 55 and multiple sclerosis, 105

Sexual function, 34 Sexuality

in Alzheimer’s disease, 157

in frontotemporal dementia, 161 in Kluver-Bucy syndrome, 7

Shagreen patch, in tuberous sclerosis, 277, 277b, 277f Sharp waves

on EEG, 80 on EMG, 233

Shawl sign, in dermatomyositis, 244 Shingles, 257

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headaches with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome, 143

Short-term/anterograde memory, 154b Shoulder abduction, 229t

Shoulder adduction, 229t Shoulder pain, 153f

in brachial plexopathy, 208 Shunt(s)

lumboperitoneal

for normal pressure hydrocephalus, 163 for pseudotumor cerebri, 147

ventricular, for Dandy-Walker malformation, 274 ventriculoperitoneal, for normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163

Shy-Drager syndrome, 188–189

Sialidosis type 1, 95t Sicca syndrome, 299 Sickle cell crisis, 74 Sickle cell disease, 73–74

diagnostic testing for, 74 epidemiology of, 74 pathophysiology of, 73–74 and stroke, 74

symptoms of, 74 treatment of, 74

Simian cytomegalovirus, and multiple sclerosis, 104 Simple febrile seizures, 91

Simple partial seizures, 82–85 motor, 82–84

with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex focus, 84 with frontal operculum focus, 84

with insula cortex focus, 84 with premotor cortex focus, 84

with primary motor cortex focus, 84 with supplementary motor area focus, 84

pediatric, 95–98 sensory, 84–85

with occipito-parieto-temporal junction focus, 84 with parietal lobe focus, 84

with primary visual cortex focus, 84 with temporal lobe focus, 84–85

symptomatic manifestations of, 83f Simultanagnosia, in Balint’s syndrome, 43 Sinemet. See Levodopa-carbidopa Singing, lesions affecting, 6

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of Alzheimer’s disease, 158

in conversion disorder, 176

in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 161 in Lewy body dementia, 163

in Rasmussen’s syndrome, 98 Sjögren’s syndrome, 299 Skeletal muscle, 231, 231b Skew deviation, ocular, 45 Sleep

in cluster headache, 142

electroencephalogram in, 80, 164–166, 165f–166f in fibromyalgia, 151

non-REM/slow-wave, 165, 165b, 165f, 166 normal, 164–166

physiology of, 164

REM (rapid eye movement), 166, 166f stages of, 165–166

distribution of, 166 stage 1, 165f, 166 stage 2, 165f, 166 stage 3, 166

Sleep apnea, 168–169 central, 168 definition of, 168

number of episodes, 168b obstructive, 166, 168

risk factors for, 168 Sleep attacks, 167

Sleep breathing disorders, 168–169 subtypes of, 168

symptoms of, 168 treatment of, 169

Sleep disorder(s), 164–171. See also specific types in Alzheimer’s disease, 158

in Lewy body dementia, 162

Index

347

Index

Sleep hypopnea, 168 Sleep paralysis, 168

Sleep restriction therapy, 167 Sleep spindles, 165f, 166 Sleep terrors, 170

Sleep walking, 170 Slow-twitch motor units, 232

Slow-twitch muscle fibers, 231, 231b Slow-wave sleep, 165, 165b, 165f, 166 Small infarct dementia, 159

Smallpox, and acute dissemination encephalomyelitis, 111 Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, 297t

Smoking, and ischemic stroke, 56 Sneddon’s syndrome, 73

Social phobia, 175

Sodium, abnormal levels of, 301t

Sodium channel(s), diseases of, 246–247, 246b

Sodium chloride, for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 247 Sodium oxybate, for cataplexy, 168

Soleus muscle, 229t

Solitary tract nucleus, 26, 26f Solumedrol, for dermatomyositis, 245 Somatic activity, in REM sleep, 166 Somatization disorder, 174, 174b, 176

pathophysiology of, 176 prognosis of, 176 symptoms of, 176, 176b treatment of, 176

Somatoform disorder(s), 176–177 Somatosensory evoked potentials, 205

in hereditary spastic paraplegia, 198 in multiple sclerosis, 108, 108f

in schizophrenia, 172 Somatosensory systems, 3–4 Somatostatin, in aspiny neurons, 11

Somatotopic ideomotor apraxia, lesions causing, 5 Somatotopic organization

of primary motor cortex, 2, 3f of primary sensory cortex, 3f, 4

of spinal cord gray matter, 31, 31f Somnambulism, 170

Somnogenic systems, 164 Sonata. See Zaleplon

Sonic hedgehog gene, 270, 270b, 274 Sounds, seizures trigged by, 98–99 Spasms, infantile, 92–93

Spastic bladder, 36t

in multiple sclerosis, 109, 109b

in normal pressure hydrocephalus, 36, 163 Spastic dysphonia, 191

Spasticity

in Alexander’s disease, 114–115 in Canavan’s disease, 115 “clasp knife,” 2

in multiple sclerosis, therapy for, 109 in paroxysmal choreoathetosis, 190t in vanishing white matter disease, 115

Spastic paraplegia(s) conditions with, 197b hereditary, 197–198, 271b

Spatial disorientation, lesions causing, 5 Spatial inattention, lesions causing, 5 Special sensory systems, 4

SPECT. See Single photon emission computed tomography Speech prosody, lesions affecting, 6–7

Sphenoid electrodes, 80

Sphingolipid metabolic pathway, 283, 284f Sphingolipidoses, 283–284, 285t, 297t Spike-and-wave discharge, in EEG, 81f

in tonic-clonic seizures, 88, 88b Spina bifida, 274, 301

Spina bifida occulta, 274 Spinal cord, 29–32

connections with reticular formation, 29 gray matter of, 30–31

somatotopic organization of, 31, 31f long tracts of, 29–30, 30f

nerve conduction studies of, 206 pathophysiology in, 31–32 tethered, 274

vascular supply of, 31, 31f Spinal cord injury

incomplete, 31–32 lateral, 209 medial, 209

in multiple sclerosis, 106 posterior, 209

Spinal cord tumors, primary, 131 extradural, 131, 131f extraparenchymal-intradural, 131 imaging characteristics of, 131, 131f intraparenchymal, 131, 131f location of, 131

types of, 131

Spinal malformations, 274 Spinal metastasis, 130

Spinal muscular atrophy(ies), 197t arrested infantile-onset, 197t distal, 198b

infantile-onset, 197t juvenile-onset, 197t type IV, 197t

Spinal trigeminal nucleus, 26 Spinocerebellar ataxia, 198–199

subtypes of, 199, 199t symptoms of, 199

Spinocerebellar tracts, 30, 30f Spinocerebellum, 19 Spino-olivary tract, 30f Spinoreticulothalamic tract, 29 Spinotectal tract, 30f Spinothalamic tract, 24f, 26f

Spinothalamic tract/anterolateral system, 29, 30f Spinous process, 149f

Spiny neurons, 11 dopaminergic inputs to, 11

nondopaminergic inputs to, 11 type I, 11

type II, 11

Spirochetes, 253–255. See also specific diseases caused by

Spironolactone, for hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 248 Spongiform vacuolation, 265, 265f

Spongy degeneration of infancy (Canavan’s disease), 115 Spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 147–148

diagnostic testing in, 147–148 pathophysiology of, 147 symptoms of, 147

treatment of, 148

SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Stabbing headache, idiopathic, 143

Index

disorders associated with, 187b

in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 161 haplotypes of, 161, 161b

in progressive supranuclear palsy, 187 Tay-Sach disease, 285t

Tectospinal tract, 30f Tegretol. See Carbamazepine

Telethonin, in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 242, 242t Temodar. See Temozolomide

Temozolomide

for astrocytoma, 121

for oligodendroglioma, 122 Temporal arteritis, 75–76

diagnostic testing for, 58, 76 epidemiology of, 76

erythrocyte sedimentation rate in, 58, 76 pathophysiology of, 75

prognosis of, 76 and stroke, 58, 76 symptoms of, 76 treatment of, 76

Temporal artery biopsy, 76

Temporal horns, in adult hydrocephalus, 35

Temporal lobe, as focus of simple partial seizures, 84–85 Temporal lobectomy, for seizure control, 102

Temporal pole lesions, 7

Temporomandibular joint disease, versus tension-type headache, 141b

Tensilon test, in myasthenia gravis, 235 Tension-type headache, 141

versus cervical spine disease, 141b chronic, 144–146

diagnostic testing for, 141 pathophysiology of, 141 symptoms of, 141

versus temporomandibular joint disease, 141b treatment of, 141

Tensor tympani acoustic reflex, 49 Teres major muscle, 229t

Terson’s hemorrhage, 63 Tertiary syphilis, 77t, 254f, 255 Tetanus, 267t

Tethered spinal cord, 274

Tetracycline(s), for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 256 Tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor, 279 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 181

Tetrathiomolybdate, for Wilson’s disease, 195 Tetrotoxin, 267t

Thalamic fascicles, 13

Thalamic stimulation, for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Thalamocortical fibers, 1

Thalamogeniculate artery, 15f Thalamoperforate artery, 15f, 18 Thalamostriate vein, 11f Thalamotomy

for dystonia, 192

for multiple sclerosis, 109 for Parkinson’s disease, 187 Thalamotuberal artery, 15f, 18

Thalamus, 11f, 13–15, 13f in arousal/sleep, 164 chemoanatomy of, 15

functional divisions of, 13–15, 14f vascular anatomy of, 15, 15f vestibular, 50

Thenar atrophy, in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211

Theophylline, for spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 148 Thermoregulation, 17, 17b

Theta frequency, in EEG, 80b in REM sleep, 166

in schizophrenia, 171 in tonic seizures, 88

Thiamine

biochemical actions of, 299 deficiency of, 155, 178, 299–300 for maple syrup urine disease, 279 for status epilepticus, 90

Thiotepa, for carcinomatous meningitis, 132 Third occipital nerve, 149f

Third ventricle, tumors of, 128b Thomson’s disease, 248

Thoracic aorta operation, stroke risk with, 55b Thoracic intercostal artery, 31f

Thoracic outlet syndrome arterial, 208b neurologic, 208b venous, 208b

Thoracodorsal nerve, 207f, 229t Thorazine (chlorpromazine), 172t Thrombectomy, for venous infarction, 75 Thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced, 61

Thromboembolic/large artery infarction, 71f Thrombolytic therapy

for ischemic stroke, 58–59 for venous infarction, 75

Thumb abduction, 229t

in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211 Thumb adduction, 229t

in MASA syndrome, 271 Thumb flexion

in anterior interosseous syndrome, 211 distal, 229t

proximal, 229t Thumb opposition, 229t

in carpal tunnel syndrome, 211

Thumb pronation, in anterior interosseous syndrome, 211 Thymectomy, for myasthenia gravis, 236

Thymoma, myasthenia gravis with, 234–236 Thymoma paraneoplastic syndromes, 234, 234b Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adenoma and, 133 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 17t

Tiagabine, 103t

Tibialis anterior muscle, 229t Tibialis posterior muscle, 229t Tibial nerve, 209f, 229t