§ 3. They are mainly used in the function of a predicative.

“He is awake!” Sally cried. (Saxton)

That was all right in the daytime, but while Alice was putting her to bed she grew suddenly afraid. (Mansfield)

When he got into bed, he was sure he’d never fall asleep, and yet he was dog-tired. (Wilson).

... but at the first double knock every window in the street became alive with female heads. (Dickens)

Words of the category of state may be used as objective pre­dicatives.

She wa? saying that she intended to leave him entirely alone again. (Wilson)

Words of the category of state may be sometimes used as attrib­utes. But unlike adjectives they cannot be placed before the words llicy modify. As attributes they may be only used in post-position:

The father and mother dolls, who sprawled very stiff as though they had fainted in the drawing-room, and their two little children asleep upstairs were really too big for the doll’s house. (Mansfield)

§ 4. Words of the category of state can be modified by adverbs of degree:

Sally, who had been half asleep with her head on Eddie’s lap, woke up and began chanting. (Saxton)

Mrs. Gamp’s curtains were drawn close, and Mrs. Gamp was fast

asleep. (Dickens)

He immediately came fully awake. (Heym)

Words of the category of state may take prepositional indirect objects.

“You were afraid of the war?" she asked compassionately. (Heytri) ... but at the first double knock every window in the street be­came alive with female heads. (Dickens)

“Merry,” cried that more prudent damsel, “really I am ashamed of you." (Dickens)

The verb

§ 1. The verb is a part of speech which denotes an action. The verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood. These categories can be expressed by means of affixes, inner flexion (change of the root vowel) and by form words.

Verbs may be transitive and intransitive.

Verbs have finite forms which can be used as the predicate of a sentence and non-finite forms which cannot be used as the pre­dicate of a sentence.

§ 2. According to their morphological structure verbs are divid­ed into:

1. simple (read, live, hide, speak);

2. derived, i. e. having affixes (magnify, fertilize, captivate, undo, decompose);

3. compound, i. e. consisting of two stems (daydream, brow­beat);

4. composite, consisting of a verb and a postposition of adver­bial origin (sit down, go away, give up).

The postposition often changes the meaning of the verb with which it is associated. Thus, there are composite verbs whose meaning is different from the meaning of their components: to give tip — бросать, прекращать; to bring up — воспитывать; to do away — ликвидировать.

There are other composite verbs in which the original meaning of its components is preserved: to stand up, to come in, to go out,

lo put on.

§ 3. The basic forms of the verb in Modern English are: the Infinitive, the Past Indefinite and Participle II: to speak —spoke — spoken.

According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Parti­ciple II are formed, verbs, are divided into three groups: regular verbs, irregular verbs, and mixed verbs.

1. Regular verbs.- They form the Past Indefinite and Parti­ciple II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb, or only -d if the

• tcin of the verb ends in -e.

to want —wanted to unite —united to open — opened to live — lived

The pronunciation of -ed (-d) depends on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced:

[id] after t, d: wanted ['wontid], landed ['laendid];

4. after voiced consonants except d and after vowels: opened ['oupand], played fpleid];

[t] after voiceless consonants except t: worked [wa:kt].

The following spelling rules should be observed:

1. Final y is changed into i before the addition of -ed if it is preceded by a consonant.

to carry — carried to reply— replied

y remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel.

to enjoy — enjoyed

2. If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.

to stop — stopped to plan —planned to sob — sobbed to stir — stirred to submit — submitted

Final r is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel.

to occur —occurred to prefer — preferred to refer — referred

Final r is not doubled when preceded by a diphthong, to appear — appeared

Final I is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed:

to compel — compelled to quarrel — quarrelled

2. Irregular verbs. Here belong the following groups of verbs:

1. verbs which change their root vowel.

to sing — sang — sung to meet — met — met to win — won — won

2. verbs which change their root vowel and add -en for Parti­ciple II.

to speak — spoke — spoken to write —wrote — written to take — took — taken

3. verbs which change their root vowel and add -d or -t.

to sell —sold —sold to bring — brought — brought

4. verbs which change their final -d into -t.

to send — sent — sent to build —built —built

5. verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Indefinite and Participle II.

to put — put — put to set — set — set to shut — shut — shut

6. verbs whose forms come from different stems.

to be — was, were — been to go — went — gone

7. special irregular verbs.

to have — had —had to make — made — made to do —did —done

8. d

   can — could

   must

   ought

   may — might will —would shall—should

   3. Mixed verbs. Their Past Indefinite Mild their Participle II is of the irregular

   efective (anomalous) verbs.

is of the regular type, type:

to show — showed — shown to sow — sowed — sown

§ 4. According to the syntactic function of verbs, which depends ■ in the extent to which they retain, weaken or lose their meaning, llicy are divided into notional verbs, auxiliary verbs and link verbs.

1. Notional verbs-are those which have a full meaning of their mwii and can be Used without any additional words as a simple predicate. Here belong such verbs as to write, to read, to speak, In know, to ask.

Ricky surrounded her with great care and luxury. (Stern)

She knew what he was thinking. (Galsworthy)

2. Auxiliary verbs are those which have lost their meaning and tire used only as form words, thus having only a grammatical

3. function. They are used in analytical forms. Here belong such verbs as to do, to have, to be, shall, will, should, would, may.

1 don’t recollect that he ever did anything, at least not in my time. (Galsworthy)

Their father... had come from Dorsetshire near the beginning of the century. (Galsworthy)

But all this time James was musing... (Galsworthy)

He would have succeeded splendidly at the Bar. (Galsworthy)

4. Link verbs are verbs which to a .smaller or greater extent have lost their meaning and are used in the compound nominal predicate.

The house was too big. (Galsworthy)

The old face looked worn and hollow again. (Galsworthy) Manson no longer felt despondent, but happy, elated, hopeful. (Cronin)

In different contexts the same verb can be used as a notional verb and an auxiliary verb or a link verb:

...She turned her head sullenly away from me. (Collins) (notional

VERB)

She... turned deadly pale. (Collins) (link verb)

No one was there to meet him. (Lindsay) (notional verb)

She was not a ten-year-old girl any more... (Dreiser) (link verb) This evening Bathsheba was unusually excited, her red cheeks and lips contrasting lustrously with- her shadowy hair. (Hardy) (LINK VERB)

There is a special group of verbs which cannot be used without additional words, though they have a meaning of their own. These are modal verbs such as can, may, must, ought, etc.

A slow swell of feeling choked the little boy’s heart. Though he could not, dared not question the consul’s strict command, its purpose lay beyond his comprehension. (Cronin)

“We ought to have stayed in Italy,” he said. “We ought never to have come back to Manderley.” (Du Maurier)

The same verb in different contexts can be modal and auxiliary.

I crouched against the wall of the gallery so that I should not be seen. (Du Maurier) (auxiliary verb)

I don t honestly think Lady Crowan was exaggerating when she said something should be done in your honour. (Du Maurier)

(MODAL VERB)

I had no idea she would do that. (Du Maurier) (auxiliary verb)

I le needed a cook. Why couldn’t she apply for the job? But Morris would not hear of it. (Prichard) (modal verb)