§ 35. With the expressions to be sorry, to be glad the infini­tive is used only if the subject of the sentence represents at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the infinitive.

Chapter IX THE ADVERB

§ 1. The adverb is a part of speech which expresses some cir­cumstances that attend an action or state, or points out some characteristic features of an action or a quality.

The function of the adverb is that of an adverbial modifier. An adverb may modify verbs (verbals), words of the category of state, adjectives, and adverbs.

Annette turned her neck lazily, touched one eyelash and said: “He amuses Winifred.” (Galsworthy)

And glancing sidelong at his nephew he thought... (Galsworthy) For a second they stood wi'th hands hard clasped. (Galsworthy) And now the morning grew so fair, and all things were so wide awake. (Dickens)

The man must have had diabolically acute hearing. (Wells) Harris spoke quite kindly and sensibly about it. (Jerome)

§ 2. As to their structure adverbs are divided into:

1. simple adverbs (long, enough, then, there, etc.);

(^) derivative adverbs (slowly, likewise, forward, headlong, etc.); (The most productive adverb-forining suffix is -ly. There are also some other suffixes: -wards, -ward; -long, -wise.)

3. compound adverbs (anyhow, sometimes, nowhere, etc.);

4. composite adverbs (at once, at last, etc.).

§ 3. Some adverbs have degrees of comparison.

1. If the adverb is a word of one syllable, the comparative degree is formed by adding -er and the superlative by adding -est.

fast — faster — fastest hard — harder — hardest

2. Adverbs ending in -ly form the comparative by means of more and the superlative by means of most.

wisely —more wisely —most wisely beautifully — more beautifully — most beautifully

3. Some adverbs have irregular forms of comparison!

well — better — best badly — worse — worst much — more — most little — less — least

§ 4. According to their meaning adverbs fall under several groups:

1. adverbs of time (to-day, to-morrow, soon, etc.);

2. adverbs of repetition or frequency (often, seldom, ever,

never, sometimes, etc.);

3. adverbs of place and direction (inside, outside, here, there,

backward, upstairs, etc.);

4. adverbs of cause and consequence (therefore, consequently,

accordingly, etc.);

5. adverbs of manner (kindly, quickly, hard, etc.);

6. adverbs of degree, measure and quantity (very, enough, half, too, nearly, almost, much, little, hardly, rather, exceedingly, quite, once, twice, firstly, secondly, etc.).

Three groups of adverbs stand aside: interrogative, relative

and conjunctive adverbs.

Interrogative adverbs (where, when, why, how) are used in

special questions.

Conjunctive and relative adverbs are used to introduce subor­dinate clauses.^I

Some adverbs are homonymous wi-th prepositions, conjunctions^II and words of the category of state.^III

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