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4. Fill in the gaps:

a) authorship identification b) linguistic characteristics c) idiolect d) investigations e) style-markers f) linguistic variation g) authorship attribution

1. The linguist approaches the problem of questioned authorship from the theoretical position that every native speaker has their own distinct and individual version of the language they speak and write, their own __________________.

2. A good understanding of ________________ is very important to the theory and practice of stylistics and authorship identification.

3. In adjudication of authorship, forensic linguists compare specific ________________ with a known group of writings from the suspect.

4. An important role in criminal ______________ is played by forensic linguistics/stylistics.

5. Linguists study the _________________ of documents given some prior stylistic characteristics of the author’s writing extracted from a corpus of known works, e.g., authentication of disputed documents or literary works.

6. In individual style, all __________________ come together to form a stylistic profile.

7. Forensic linguistics, or forensic stylistics discipline subjects written or spoken materials (or both) to scientific analysis for ________________, or determination of speaker.

5. Complete the sentences according to the text:

1. In recent years, practical applications for authorship attribution ….

2. This activity is part of a broader growth within ….

3. Forensic authorship identification is ….

4. Stylistics exploits the two principles of ….

5. Forensic stylistic analysis makes use of stylistic analysis (stylistics) to ….

6. The object of study is ….

6. Translate the sentences paying special attention to Gerund and Participle I forms:

1. Individuals have distinctive ways of speaking and writing, and there exists a long history of linguistic and stylistic investigation into authorship attribution.

2. Practical applications for authorship attribution have grown in areas such as intelligence (linking intercepted messages to each other and to known terrorists), criminal law (identifying writers of ransom notes and harassing letters) etc.

3. This activity is part of a broader growth within computer science of identification technologies, including biometrics (retinal scanning, speaker recognition, etc.), cryptographic signatures, intrusion detection systems, and others.

4. The object of study is the language of a single individual (idiolect), resulting in a description of his or her identifying linguistic characteristics.

5. He was accused of forging the document.

7. Translate into English:

1. Самая актуальная и сложная проблема криминалистического исследования письма в настоящее время - установление авторства.

2. Системы обнаружения вторжений обеспечивают дополнительный уровень защиты компьютерных систем.

3. Одним из отличительных свойств рекламы является высокая вариативность языковых средств.

4. Главная задача лингвистической стилистики - изучение и описание лингвистических характеристик, стилистических признаков и стилистических свойств отдельного текста с целью определения автора.

5. Совокупность особенностей, характеризующих речь отдельного индивидуума, называется идиолект.

6. Стилистический анализ является основой лингвистической экспертизы конфликтного (questioned) текста.

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