Early christian and byzantine architecture

Read the text:

(§1) The art characteristic of the developed Byzantine Empire can be traced back to the period just before the reign of Justinian, c. AD 500. The style had enormous influence on both East and West. Early Byzantine art may to some extent be regarded as Roman art transformed under influence of the East. It reached a high point in the 6^th century, rose again for a short time to new heights during the 11^th and 12^th centuries and still survives among Greek or orthodoxcommunities.

(§2) The dominant Byzantine art was architecture. As in Early Christian times, the two chief types of church were basilican and the vaulted centralized church with its separate components gathered under a central dome. Of the latter type, the chief examples are SS Sergius and Bachus (526, Constantinople), San Vitaly (526-547, Ravenna).

(§3) The outstanding example of a basilica which combined the longitudinal qualities of the basilica with the centralized volume of the martyrion was the church of Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople. It was constructed in a short span of five years (532-37) during the reign of Justinian. Hagia Sophia is without a clear antecedent in the architecture of late antiquity, yet it must be accounted as culminating several centuries of experimentation toward the realization of a unified space of monumental dimensions. Throughout the history of Byzantine religious architecture, the centrally planned structure continued in favor.

(§4) Brick was the main material used for the construction of Byzantine churches. It was covered externally with plaster and internally with thin marble and mosaics above. Byzantine decoration was flat and incised in contrast to the bold modeling of western surfaces.

(§5) The historian Procopius wrote of the great church: “Through the harmony of its measurements it is distinguished by the indescribable beauty”.

(§6) By the 9^th century, the Byzantine style was wide spread throughout the countries of the Near East and eastern Europe, where the Greek and Orthodox religion was followed and was beginning to appear in Russia (the Cathedral of St Sophia in Kiev, Figure 1.1). These Byzantine churches followed the plan of a Greek cross, that is, a central domed space with four short square arms (evolved c. 7^th century). This form of church eventually became almost universal, focusing in the brilliantly lit central space dissolved mystically into the dark screens and galleries in the arms of the cross.

(§7) Examples are to be seen in the small Metropolitan Cathedral in Athens and at churches in Daphni, Salonica, and Stiris.

(§8) Secular architecture in the Byzantine Empire has left fewer traces. Foremost among these are the ruins of the 5th-century walls of the city of Constantinople, consisting of an outer and an inner wall, each originally studded with 96 towers. Some of these can still be seen.

Assignments:

1. Present phonetic reading of §§ 3, 6.

2. Explain the expressions in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you.

3. Suggest the Russian equivalents:

can be traced back; enormous influence; to reach a high point; Early Christian times; a central domed space; in the arms of the cross; the reign of Justinian; to some extent; the church of the Holy Wisdom; by the 9^th century; to follow the plan of a Greek cross; to cover externally and internally; flat and incise; to become universal.

4. Give the English equivalents:

нашей эры, под влиянием Востока, достигнуть высшей точки в развитии, православные общины, базиликальный и центрические типы, церковь святой Софии, покрывать штукатуркой, мозаикой; неописуемая красота, ярко освещенное пространство, главный материал, может быть отнесен к периоду, появляться в России, широко распространяться.

5. Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-8):

1. When was Constantinople established?

2. Why did the Byzantine style influence greatly both the East and the West?

3. When did this style develop?

4. When did this style come to Russia?

5. How far did this style spread?

6. What was the dominant Byzantine art form?

7. What are the two chief types of churches of Byzantine period?

8. What can toy say about Byzantine decoration?

6. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1. The style had enormous influence on the West.

2. It was Roman art transformed under influence of the East.

3. The dominant Byzantine art was architecture.

4. In Byzantine architecture there was only one type of church.

5. Stone was the main material used for the construction of Byzantine churches.

6. Hagia Sophia is a palace.

7. Byzantine architecture of the period of Hagia Sophia was markedly concerned with mathematics.