20 Read the passages from Builder’s Foundation Handbook (by John Carmody, Jeffrey Christian, Kenneth Labs), find additional information to each point given in bold and discuss them:
The foundation of a house is a somewhat invisible and sometimes ignored component of the building. Good foundation design and construction practice means not only insulating to save energy, but also providing effective structural design as well as moisture, termite, and radon control techniques where appropriate.
Factors affecting the choice of foundation type and construction system include site conditions, overall building design, the climate, and local market preferences as well as construction costs. These factors are discussed below.
Site Conditions.The topography, water table location, presence of radon, soil type, and depth of bedrock can all affect the choice of a foundation type.
Overall Building Design.The foundation type and construction system are chosen in part because of appearance factors. Although it is not usually a major aesthetic element, the foundation at the base of a building can be raised above the ground plane, so the foundation wall materials can affect the overall appearance. A building with a slab-on-grade foundation has little visible foundation; however, the foundation wall of a crawl space or basement can vary considerably from almost no exposure to full exposure above grade.
Climate.The preference of foundation type varies with climatic region, although examples of most types can generally be found in any given region. One of the principal factors behind foundation preference is the impact of frost depth on foundation design. In a southern climate the incremental first cost of creating a basement is greater when compared with a slab-on-grade with no significant required footing depth. Buildings with very shallow foundations can be used in cold climates if they are insulated properly.
Local Market Preferences and Construction Costs.The foundation type and construction system are also chosen based on cost and market factors that vary regionally or even locally. These costs reflect local material and labor costs as well as the availability of certain materials and the preferences of local contractors. More subjective factors that influence a designer’s choice of foundation type and construction system are the expectations and preferences of individual clients and the home-buying public. These more subjective market factors and regional preferences tend to increase the availability of materials and contractors for the preferred systems, which in turn makes these systems more cost-effective choices.
21Topics for projects and presentations:
Shallow foundations.
Deep foundations.
Fundex piles.
4. Socket-type foundation.
5. Modern tendencies in foundation laying.
WORD LIST
concrete strip |
foundation бетонный ленточный фундамент |
deep strip foundation |
ленточный фундамент глубокого заложения |
raft foundation |
сплошной фундамент |
piled foundation |
свайный фундамент |
strip foundation |
ленточный фундамент |
pad foundation |
столбчатый фундамент |
stepped strip foundation |
ленточныйфундаментступенчатойформы |
distribute, v |
распределять |
structural load |
нагрузка на конструкцию |
bearing area |
плоскость опоры; несущая поверхность |
bearing capacity |
несущая способность |
failure, n |
разрушение |
expand, v |
вспучиваться |
frost zone |
глубина промерзания (грунта) |
ground level |
уровень грунта |
stability, n |
устойчивость |
drought, n |
засуха |
excavation, n |
выемка грунта; рытьё котлована; экскаваторные работы; земляные работы |
dead load |
собственный вес; постоянная нагрузка |
fixed part |
неподвижная часть/деталь |
plumbing, n |
слесарно-водопроводные работы |
live load |
временная нагрузка; рабочая нагрузка |
wind load |
ветровая нагрузка |
soil, n |
грунт; почва; |
spread, v |
распространить |
depth, n |
глубина |
distance, n |
расстояние |
water table |
уровень грунтовых вод |
total weight |
общий вес |
adjust, v |
регулировать, выверять |
pour, n |
бетонирование, укладка бетонной смеси |
load-bearing wall |
несущаястена |
projection, n |
выступ, выдающаяся часть |
angle, n |
угол |
trench, n |
котлован; траншея |
backfill, v |
засыпка выемки |
concreteslab |
бетонная плита |
mesh, n |
арматурная сетка |
strength, n |
прочность |
brick pier |
кирпичный столб |
isolated foundation |
отдельный фундамент |
sloping site |
местность с уклоном |
expense, n |
расходы, траты |
measure, v |
измерять, мерить |
brick course |
ряд кирпичной кладки |
trial hole |
контрольное отверстие |
strengthen, v упрочнять |
|
bored pile |
буронабивная свая |
concrete core |
железобетонный каркас; цилиндрический образец бетона (вырезаемый из толщи бетонной конструкции - для испытаний) |
driven pile |
забивная свая |
tree trunk |
ствол дерева |
flint, n |
галька, галечник, кремень; мелкозернистый песчаник |
tree roots |
корни деревьев |
auge, n |
бур, бурав |
geological investigations |
напорнаянагрузка геологическиеисследования |
pressure loading |
плита, уложенная вровень |
slab-on-grade |
плита, уложенная вровень |
frost depth |
глубина промерзания |
shallow foundation |
фундамент мелкого заложения |
contractor, n |
подрядчик |
“A good designer isn’t afraid to throw away a good idea.
Being process-oriented, not product-driven, is the most important and difficult skill for a designer to develop”.
Matthew Frederick (architect)
Unit 9
Figure 9.1 Pitched Roof Structure