2 (Suggested answer)

1. …the effect of new technology on communication.

2. …are perfect for building a corporate culture especially where employees rarely meet together in person.

3. …the benefits are enormous – especially in a world that is changing.

4. …that some people feel threatened by the democratizing effect of new technology on communication.

Listening 4

1. home teleworking

2. mobile teleworking

3. telecottage

4. small offices shared by employees of one particular firm

5. working part-time at home and part-time at the office

Reading 2

Reading comprehension

Exercise 1

1F

2F

3T

4T

5T

6F

7T

8T

Listening 5

(Suggested answers)

1. Tony and Bob have a cordial informal relationship. Tony is an overseas sales rep and Bob is the Export Sales Manager. They are talking about problem Tony encountered on a visit to a client in Copenhagen.

2. Mr. Allen is very friendly and informal but is superior to Barry and Susanna, who are new to the company. Mr. Allen is probably office manager and the other two are clerical staff. Mr. Allen is explaining who is who in the office.

3. Mr. Green behaves very much as Martin’s boss ( he is quite authoritarian). Mr. Green is probably the transport manager and Martin is a driver. They are talking about Martin collecting someone at the airport.

4. Geoff is more experienced and probably senior to Mandy. They have an informal relationship. They are probably commercial artists or designers. She’s asking him to evaluate some work she has done.

5. Tony is junior to Mrs. Lang, she is his boss and they have a fairly formal relationship. We can’t tell what their jobs are. They are talking about Tony having time off on Friday.

Listening 6

The actual political and economic situation. Infrastructure Religion/language

4. geography/history 5. culture/customs 6. families

Language in use 2

Exercise 1

1e

2h

3f

4a

5g

6i

7b

8c

9j

10d

Exercise 2

1a

2g

3j

4e

5c

6i

7b

8h

9l

10f

11k

12d

13m

Unit II

Listening 1

1

1. body and facial gestures

2. eye contact

3. body contact or proximity

4. clothing and physical appearance

5. the quality of speech

2

1. communication	3. categorized	5. common	7. false
2. technical/short	4. closeness	6. controlled	8. volumes

Reading 1

Pre-reading

1d

2f

3b

4h

5i

6a

7g

8c

9e

Reading comprehension

Exercise 1

1. …the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages.

2. …gesture and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact.

3. …significantly across cultures and different settings within cultures.

4. …four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space.

5. …punctuality and willingness to wait, the speed of speech and how long people are willing to listen.

6. …determine a participant’s degree of attention or involvement, the difference in status between communicators, and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator.

7. …such indicators as direction of lean, body orientation, arm position, and body openness.

8. …the hands, arms or body, and also include movements of the head, face and eyes, such as winking, nodding, or rolling ones' eyes.

9. …interest, attention, and involvement.

Exercise 2

1F

2T

3F

4F

5T

6F

7T

Exercise 3

Non-verbal communication has different systems: kinesics, paralanguage, chronemics, oculesics, etc. Each of the systems has its own features. Kinesics system is communicated through gestures, facial expression and mimic. Facial expression and eye contact play a significant role in non-verbal communication. Gestures are also of great importance. Paralanguage is characterized by the quality of the voice and shows a person’s feelings and mood. Voice can be quiet, excited, annoyed.

So both verbal and non-verbal communications are closely connected. Non-verbal communication completes and enhances verbal communication.

Language in use 1

Exercise 1

1B	3A	5C	7D	9D	11A	13A	15C
2C	4B	6A	8B	10A	12C	14B	16A

Exercise 3

1b

2e

3g

4h

5d

6a

7f

8c

Exercise 4

1d	3a	5b	7e	9m	11g	13h	15l
2k	4f	6n	8c	10o	12j	14i

Task 5

1 lying 2 preparing to move into action 3 uncertainty 4 a negative reaction

5 defensiveness 6 superiority 7 disapproval 8 approval

Reading 2

Reading comprehension

1 be aware 2 Notice 3 practise 4 seem

5 look 6 visualize 7 feel 8 try

9 fake 10 smile 11 slow 12 monitor

Unit III

Listening 1

1

1 the audience 2 technology 3 run out of time or schedule

4 move around too much 5 fear of fear

2

a) goes b) dry up c) went funny

d) has gone e) went

3

a) up	c) out, of	e) up/down	g) up
b) down	d) out, over	f) about	h) to

Text 1

Pre-reading

1d

2b

3f

4e

5a

6c

Reading comprehension

Exercise 2

1T

2T

3T

4F

5F

6F

7F

8T

9F

10T

Exercise 3

1f	3c	5b	7h	9m	11j	13n
2g	4k	6i	8a	10e	12d	14l

Exercise 4

1. ...public speaking stress, and if you keep just a few principles in mind, speaking

in public will soon become an invigorating and satisfying experience for you.

2. ...most of the times people assemble for a speech because they expect to hear or learn something they did not already know and therefore a speaker must satisfy these expectations.

3. ...to know what group of people will most likely comprise your target audience.

4. ... the level of understanding of that particular audience so as to ensure clarity and interest.

5. ... their time and will think more highly of you as a speaker because of that.

6. ...than having them in your pockets or clenched behind your back where they aren’t in a position to be ready to start working.

7. ... increases, and therefore so does the quality of your presentation.

8. ... set up and in good working order prior to the presentation.

9. ... off topic, offer to answer it after the talk is over.

Writing 1

1. Public speaking may refer to a conference speech, lectures as well as training courses.

2. Research on phobia showed that number one fear is the fear of public speaking, number two is the fear of death.

3. Fear of public speaking influences greatly the success, effectiveness and interest in speech.

4. Fear is a complex of biochemical reactions, which are characterized by the availability of adrenalin in blood.

5. If the aim is well defined, it’s clear what and how to speak.

6. Public speech should be well structured, contain elements of humour and clearly defined aims, besides we should enjoy it.

7. The use of humour and complements in public speech enables to draw the attention of the audience and form positive attitude.

Language in use

Exercise 1

1f	3a	5g	7j	9e	11o	13l	15h
2i	4d	6b	8m	10k	12c	14n

Writing 2

There are some rules which every speaker should know when preparing for public speaking:

• be simple in communication;

• be open and clear in expressing your ideas;

• be specific and laconic;

• be balanced and committed;

• don’t start discussing the topic you are not familiar with;

• don’t memorize the text, you can use notes

And, finally, no one will write your speech better than you do. So prepare your speeches by yourself and always end your speech optimistically!

Unit IV

Listening 1

1b

2c

3e

4a

5d

6f

Reading 1

Reading comprehension

Exercise 1

1c	3e	5k	7f	9b	11j	13h
2m	4i	6n	8d	10g	12a	14l

Exercise 2

1F

2T

3T

4F

5F

6T

7F

8F

Exercise 3

1. When you inform you are sharing knowledge, …

2. Thorough preparation will make you more confident …

3. Your presentation should have a clear, coherent structure …

4. If you have a lot of complex information to explain, …

5. Allow time to practice your presentation …

6. Avoid jargon …

7. When introducing your topic, …

8. Make sure your audience can hear you, …

9. Do not make excuses or comments about the fact …

Language in use 1

Exercise 1

1d	3l	5b	7n	9k	11a	13e	15j
2f	4h	6i	8g	10c	12m	14o

Exercise 2

1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 in, of 6 out

7 with 8 on 9 at 10 up 11 of 12 at

13 with 14 with 15 on, to 16 for 17 with 18 up

Exercise 3

1 Write out	4 flows	7 read	10 prepare	13 Rehearse
2 Review	5 express	8 locate	11number	14 go
3 delete	6 leave	9 want	12 mark	15 make

Exercise 4

Subject/ title of talk Introduction of oneself, job, title, etc Reference to question and/or discussion Reference to the programme for the day Reference to how long you are going to speak for Reference to the visual aids you plan to use The scope of your talk: what is and is not included

1 4 2 4 3 5 4

Exercise 5

3	collect information	6	prepare audio-visual aids
2	formulate objective	1	find about the audience
5	decide on a structure	7	write it out
9	check the language	10	check the room and the equipment
4	organize material	8	practice giving presentation

Exercise 6

1b

2h

3f

4a

5g

6e

7c

8d

Exercise 7

1) thank 2) purpose 3) tell you 4 ) specifically 5 ) to bring you up to date 6) To start with

7) describe 8) Then 9) illustrate 10) After that 11) outline 12 finally 13) sum up 14) concluding

15) interrupt 16) draw your attention 17) you will notice 18) talked 19) pointed out 20) options 21) indicated

22) priority 23) referring 24) expanding 25) move on 26) On balance 27) recommend 28) In conclusion

Reading 2

Language in use 2

Exercise 1

1 Have	3 notice	5 point	7 give	9 show
2 see	4 draw	6 mention	8 put	10 learn

Exercise 2

a)

1 decline, decrease, fall, drop 2 double 3 fluctuate 4 gain, improve, increase, rise

5 halve 6 level off 7 peak 8 plummet

9 recover 10 rocket 11 triple

b)

verb	noun
decline decrease double drop fall fluctuate gain halve improve increase level off peak recover rise triple	a decline a decrease a doubling a drop a fall a fluctuation a gain a halving an improvement an increase a leveling off a peak a recovery a rise a tripling

c)

1 from…to

2 by

3 of

4 at

5 of/at

6 of/at

Exercise 3

1. always drop/ have always dropped

2. rose

3. plummeted

4. had recovered/ recovered

5. have gone up/ have been going up

6. will probably reach/ are probably going to reach

7. rose

8. have increased

9. are still going up

10) will decrease/ are going to decrease

11) level off

12) will improve

Unit V

Listening 2

1 good preparation 2 clear objectives - known to everyone 3 good chair – effective control

4 reaching objectives 5 respect for the time available / time planning

Listening 3

1c 2b 3a

Reading 1

Reading comprehension

Exercise 1

1. ...they're also the way that teams get their work done.

2. ...you don't have to tolerate meetings that accomplish little or nothing.

3. ...any other work activity, the better prepared you are for them, the better the results you can expect.

4. ...prepare for the meeting ahead of time.

5. ...the ideas that the participants bring forward.

6. ...keep meetings focused on the agenda items.

7. …they are getting nowhere or becoming destructive or unproductive.

8. …with ways improvements can be made.

Exercise 3

1a

2j

3h

4i

5f

6d

7g

8c

9e

10b

11k

Listening 4

THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF MEETINGS

1. A purpose: problem-solving ideas-gathering training

2. An agenda showing the list of items to be covered

3. Members - the chairman (or chairperson) to control the meeting - the secretary to keep a record of the proceedings - the other participants

4. A result

5. A record: normally the minutes of the meeting

Language in use 1

Exercise 1

1d	3l	5b	7n	9h	11i	13e	15f
2j	4o	6g	8c	10m	12a	14k

Exercise 2

 

to adjourn a meeting to attend a meeting to brainstorm to cancel a meeting to commence to hold a meeting to over-run to postpone a meeting to reschedule a meeting to wrap up a meeting

to close a meeting go to a meeting working in a group to think of some new fresh ideas to decide that a planned meeting will not happen to begin/start a meeting to be in charge of the meeting to take longer than expected or was scheduled for to hold a meeting at a later time or date than was originally planned. to change the time of a meeting for a reason to end a meeting.

1 attending	3 cancel	5 holding	7 postpone	9 adjourn
2 brainstorm	4 commences	6 over-run	8 rescheduled	10 wrap up

Exercise 3

1 chairperson, conduct	4 minutes
2 agenda, circulate	5 apologies, arising
3 items	6 consensus, casting vote

Speaking

2)

1 consultant 2 organizer 3 agenda

4 circulating 5 venue 6 timekeeper

7 take the minutes 8 allocated the time 9 timetable

10 resolved 11 tactfully 12 digressions

13 early

Listening 5

1

1. Sales are down

2. The sales budget is too low

3. The products are old.

2

• Prevents interruptions.

• Starts the meeting on time.

• States the objective.

• Refers to the agenda.

• Summarizes.

• Asks for comments.

• Introduces the first speaker.

Language in use 2

Exercise 1

1. Introductions

2. Reviewing Past Business

3. Beginning the Meeting

4. Discussing Items

5. Finishing the Meeting

Exercise 4

1

1h

2g

3b

4j

5d

6i

7a

8f

9e

10c

2

1. What we’ve got to do 2. I absolutely agree 3. we ought to move on 4. What do you think 5. I think

6. I’m afraid I don’t agree with you 7. how about 8. could I just come in here 9. In other words 10. let’s recap

Reading 2

Language in use 3

Exercise 2

1d

2c

3d

4a

5b

6d

7c

8c

9b

Exercise 3

1 set	3 postponed	5 attend	7 with
2 forward	4 chair	6 miss	8 chat

Listening 7

1. We seem to have covered everything

We can draw this meeting to a close.

2. Does anybody have anything to add?

Is everyone else clear about what we’ve agreed to do?

3. Meeting 2

4. Meeting 3

5. To make it clear for everyone. It was a decision-taking meeting. Very important

questions were discussed and, probably, there were different suggestions.

Unit VI

Listening 1

Holland Pakistan Senegal Japan

to get something below its price to talk things over to negotiate for everything mutual discussion

Reading 1

Reading comprehension

Exercise 1

1F

2T

3F

4T

5F

6T

7T

8F

9T

Exercise 2

1. …you want to succeed: communication style, personality type, goals.

2. …to convince the other person that it is in their best interest to work together.

3. …hard to create mutually satisfying solutions.

4. …it is safer not to react and better to disappear than to stand up and be noticed.

5. …to have representation for each on your team for a balanced approach to the task at hand.

6. …that they are coming out on top of the agreement, without the negotiator begging or selling.

7. …if both parties are on equal ground.

Exercise 3

Driver b, d, i, l,

Expressive e, f, h, k

Amiable c, j

Analytical a, g

Listening 3

1) 1, 3, 6, 8 are accurate

2) most negotiators are made

4) 50 or 60% of Texaco’s business is with non-native speakers

5) language affects negotiating strategy less than cultural bias

7) PLAS is an industry index

Language in use 1

Exercise 1

1l	3g	5m	7i	9a	11h	13f
2k	4e	6d	8b	10c	12j

Exercise 2

1 tentative solution 2 proposal 3 mediator 4 issue 5 impasse

6 commitment 7 compromise 8 concession (2) 9 confidentiality 10 good faith

Exercise 3

1c

2b

3a

4d

5c

6d

7b

8c

9b

10a

Exercise 4

1h	3m	5n	7e	9f	11g	13i
2b	4c	6d	8o	10a	12j	14k