21. The sequence of tenses may not be observed:

-if the object clause expresses general truth.

-if the action in object clause refers to what is believed to be a regular occurrence or existing fact.

-when the point of reference for the past tence in the principal clause is the moment of speech

-if the statement is still up to date when we report it

-in political language. note: we usually change the tence if the action in the pricipal clause is out of date or may be untrue.

22. Indirect statements

There are two ways of relating what a person said: direct & indirect. In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words: He said: I have lost my keys.

In indirect statements are typically introduced by following reporting verbs:add ,claim ,insist ,tell ,say, answer ,feel, suppose ,hope ,deny...Reporting verbs 'say' & 'tell' the most frequently used. Exclametions become statements in indirect speech and exlamation mars disappears. Exclametions beginning with 'What..'/'How' can be reported by 'exclaim'/'say that'. Eg.He said,'What a wonderful day!'

In some cases an exclametion is reported by a simple sent. Express in the idea of the original sent. and preserving its wording. 'Yes'&'No' answers are expressed by an elliptical sentence consisting of the subject and an appropriate axiliary verb:He said,'Can u swim?'and i said,'No'.

23. A direct question > indirect questions

1.A direct question is retendet by a subordinate object clause in a complex narrative sentence. Inoter words,it becomes part of a statement and there`s no invertion in the reported question. Eg. What`s the time? I asked.I just asked what the time was. 'Is there a cafe?' Joe asked if/whether there was a cafe. Special and general questions are joined to the reporting phrase, which is the principal clause, by what, when, how, which or by if/whether. 2.A direct question become a subordinate object clause of a complex indirect question, where the main clause is 'Do u know..','Could u tell me..' ect.<Do u know if there`s a public phone?>

24.Indirect imperatives

Exact communicative meaning of an imperative are an order, a request -they reported with the help of an infinitive construction. Eg. Be careful!

The above communicative meaning usualy expressed by questions like: Would you..? Why not..?

The reported requests usually use 'ask'; He told me to give him some mohey.

The verb 'suggest' can`t be formed with the help of infinitive. 'Let`s reported by 'urge/advise'<The boss said,'let`s...

Verbs taking the inf.<advise, invite,offer,warn>. Verbs taking the gerund<apologize for,mind,suggest.>

about a person, thing.The word order is characterized by inversion expect for the question to the subject of sentence. e.g. Where do you live?

3) Imperative(побудительное)-sentences express commands. Eg. Speak louder, please.

4) Exclamatory(восклицательное)-sentences express ideas emphatically. e.g.What a situation! Fire!