1.Pr. S. is formed from the Infinitive without “to”.

In 3rd person singular the ending –s is added.

In the interrogative and negative the auxiliary do(does)is used

-regular activities and events typically with adverbials such as always, seldom, often, every day

- hobbies, habits, customs, opinions, feelings

-universal truths and generalizations

-time-tables, working hours

-instructions, sport commentaries, declarations

-historic present

-informal story-telling (jokes, anecdotes)

-in suggestions, offers, invitations

-in subordinate clauses of time and condition

2.Pr.C. is formed with the help of the auxiliary be

and the Participle 1 (-ing) of the main verb.

The Pr.C. is used to denote

-action in progress

-action having a dynamic character

-action of universal frequency to convey a feeling of irritation, criticism

-pre-arranged, planned, intended future actions

-background actions in informal story-telling

3.P.S. is formed by adding -ed to the regular verbs

Is used to denote

-a single event fact of the past typically with adverbials such as ago, yesterday, the other day, last year

-a succession of single past events

-repeated, habitual past action

-reported present-time action

4.P.C. is formed with the help of the auxiliary was/were

and the Pr.Participle(-ing) of the main verb, is used to denote

-action in progress at a definite moment in the past or during a definite period of time in the past

- past action of universal frequency to convey a feeling of irritation, criticism

-reported present-time action in progress

5.Pr.P. is formed with the help of the auxiliary have/has

and the P. Participle of the main verb(ed)

Is used to denote

-action completed in the past but connected in their result with the present

-incomplete actions that started in the past and are still happening in the present with emphasis on the result of the activity

6.Pr.P.C. is is formed with the help of the auxiliary have/has been and the Pr. Participle of the main verb(-ing) is used to denote

-an action that started at some moment in the past, continued over the period of time and is still happening now or has just stopped with results

7.P.Perf. is formed with the help of the auxiliary had and the P.Participle of the main verb (ed) is used to denote

-a past action completed before another past action or before a moment in the past

8.P.Perf.C. is formed with the help of the auxiliary had been and the Pr. Participle of the main verb(ing)is used to denote refers to earlier past activities of certain duration that were either still in progress at a given later time in the past or completed by that time.

9.F.S. is formed with shall/will + Infin. of the main verb.

Is used to denote

-a predicted future action

-an action which the speaker regards as possible tohappen in F

-a spontaneously action

-an enquiry for instruction

-refusals, resistance and typical behavior

10.F.C. is formed with the F.S. Tense of the auxiliary to be and the Pr. Participle of the main verb(ing)

-an action that will be in progress at a definite moment or during a certain period of time in F

-to talk about events that are a result or a part of an arangement in advance

-a speaker’s prediction concerning a F situation

-a F action which is part of a regular routine, which doesn’t need any special arrangement

11.F.P. is formed with the F.S. of the auxiliary to have and the P. Participle of the main verb(‘gone’)

Is used to denote

-an action viewed as completed by a definite F moment or before another F action

-with stative verbs it denotes an action lasting over certain of time up to given F moment

F.P.C. is formed with the F.Perf. Tense of the auxiliary to be and the Pr. Participle of the main verb(ing)

-an action lasting for a period of time up to or including a certain F moment

[By the end of the year they’ll have been working there for 10 years]

12. Pr.C. and Pr.S. have same features. they both happen at present moment and use in informal story-telling in background actions.

But Pr.C. is used to denote the prosess, frequency and planed actions in future and Pr.S. to show a fact, regular activities, habitual actions, time-table and offers.

P.S denote 1. single event, fact in past. 2. a succession of single past event 3.habitial actions in past

P.C. denote 1.action, during definite moment in past

2.unusual frequency 3.polite reqest

They both use in sequence of tences

13. As compared to the Pr.Perf.,the Pr.Perf.C tense is used to express action in progress, that started at some time in the past, and continued over a period of time, still happening now. And Present Perfect tense means actions that completed in the past. However, this time have a similarity. They connected of result with the present.

14. As compared to the Past simple tense. The present perfect tense is used to denote actions completed in the past but connected in their result with the present. Past simple tense is used to express a single events, facts or state in the past.This both times are used to express actions that happened in the past and that actions are completed.

15. As compared to the Past Simple tense. The Past Perfect tense is used to denote a past action completed before another past action or before a moment in the past. The Past simple tense is used to express a single events, facts or state in the past. Moreover, from a succession of single past events, facts, or states. This both times are used to express actions that happened in the past and that actions are completed.

16. As compared to the Past Cont. tense, The Past Perf.Cont.tense is used to express an action that happened in progress, or during a definite of time in the past and this action happened earlier than another action in the past.

Similar to the Past Cont. tense and The Past Perf.Cont.tense these both tense-forms denote a past action in progress at a definite moment.

17. future actions 1.Future simple

2. The present Cont. tense. Is used for fixed plans and personal arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. The future meaning of the Pr.Cont. is made clear by the time reference and is frequently associated with verbs of movement (go, come, fly, arrive) but other groups of verbs are used. ( My Dad is flying to Paris tonight.)

3. The present simple tense. Is used to express a definite future arrangement in a more formal language.(it is timetables, routines, schedules) It is describes fixed events which do not depend on the speaker’s plans or intentions. (Next term starts on April 6)

18. “To be going to + infinitive” construction

1) To talk about intentions concerning things already decided or plans that have already been made. (We are going to get a new car soon) 2)To make predictions about a future situations which already has signs or causes in the present.(Look at that tree! It’s going to fall) 3)To express a decision or a firm determination.(I’m going to ask for a rise next month)

20. In English the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause depends on that of the verb in the principal clause. This adjustment of tense –forms is called The Sequence of tenses.

Rules of S.of t. 1. A present or future tense in the principal clause may be followed in the subordinate by any tense is required by the sense. 2. A past tense in the principle clause must be followed by a past tense in the subordinate clause.

(Tense depends on time relations)

- action is simultaneous => Past Simple, Contin.

- action is prior or lasted a certain time before => Past Perfect, Past per cont

- action refers to a future moment=> Future in the past

Adverbials and demonstrative pronouns change

(today,tonight=> that day, here=> there, now=> then, ago=> before, the day after tomorrow=> in two days’ time)