III. Exercises.

ex. 1 Memorize the pronunciation of the following terms:

corpuscle flexibility

erythrocyte reservoir

leucocyte hemoglobin

thrombocyte maximal elasticity

ex. 2 Memorize the meaning of the following words:

fluid - жидкость mild - мягкий, слабый, легкий

place — место range — колебаться; ряд, предел, область

take place - происходить meal - принятие пищи, еда

platelet - пластинка крови feature - характерная черта; особенность

exist - существовать, быть average - равняться в среднем

count - подсчет; подсчитывать volume - объем; емкость; том

mental - умственный, душевный, психический

sound - звук, тон; крепкий, здоровый; глубокий (о сне)

state - сообщать; констатировать, утверждать; состояние

to do (make) smb's blood count - делать (провести) подсчет клеток крови

ex. 3 Define parts of speech of the words in bold type; translate the sentences:

1. Please count from one to ten. 2. You must do the white blood cell count of this patient. 3. You must count how many days on an average we'll spend on this experiments. 4. What is the average temperature in the Crimea during August? 5. The doctor is going to discharge this patient from the hospital because his condition has become good. 6. Why does the wound continue to discharge much blood?

ex. 4 Translate the following indefinite personal sentences:

1. It is known that blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. 2. They say that this patient's health will be restored soon. 3. One knows that pulse rate becomes rapid on physical exertion. 4. It is estimated that his body weight considerably decreased during the prolonged illness. 5. It is known that the increase of the number of leucocytes takes place when a person is ill. 6. They say that the Physiology Chair is going to form a students' scientific society. 7. It is determined that in the man the corpuscles form from 39 to 50 per cent of the blood volume. 8. It is considered that the first heart sound is the longest. 9. One can say that heart sounds are very important in making the diagnosis of a heart disease.

IV. Text "The Corpuscular Elements of Blood".

Blood is a fluid tissue with many various functions. Not only important physiological process takes place in the blood but it determines the activity of widely separated body cells.

Blood is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements which are called red corpuscles or erythrocytes, white corpuscles or leucocytes and blood platelets or thrombocytes.

It is generally considered that no sex differences exist in the count of white corpuscles or leucocytes. The count of leucocytes in the blood of a healthy person is 4,500 to 9,500 per cu mm (cubic millimetre). When the number of white blood

cells is counted after mental or physical exertion, meals and mild activity it may increase.

The red blood cell count may change with age; when the red blood cell count is done after physical exertion and emotions it may increase.

One knows that red corpuscles have two physical features which are very important in the function of respiration. They have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them the possibility to pass through very small capillaries. The discoid form of the corpuscle gives it a maximal surface for a given mass.

The most important part of the red cell is its red colouring substance or hemoglobin which on an average forms about 36% of its mass.

The total blood volume is divided into circulating and reservoir volumes.

The average human blood volume is not less than 7.5% but not more than 10% of the body weight. It is generally stated that the circulating volume averages smaller in the females than in the males. The circulating volume of the blood depends on the changes of the air temperature.

V. Text "The Heart Sounds"

When we listen to the heart we can hear two sounds. The third sound is also heard in some persons.

The first heart sound is the longest one. It is heard at the moment of contraction of the ventricles when the atrioventricular valves close.

The second sound lasts for a shorter period of time. It is heard at the moment when the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves close.

The third sound is heard when the blood is passing from the atria into the ventricles.

The first sound and the second cardiac sounds are heard over all portions of the heart and often over the large vessels. The first heart sound is greater over the surface of the ventricles and it is the greatest over the surface of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The second heart sound is heard loudest over the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Heart sounds are also heard over some portions of the chest. Normally the first heart sound is heard best over the apex of the heart in the fifth costal interspace. The second sound is heard best over the pulmonary artery and the aorta, that is in the second left and right costal interspaces. The aortic sound is normally louder than the pulmonic sound.

The heart sounds are very important in the clinical diagnosis and the doctors determine many cardiac diseases by heart sounds.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN BODY PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RESPIRA TION