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ANATOMY

Skeleton

I. Exercises.

ex. 1. Прочтите и запомните неизвестные термины:

vertebra (pi. -ae) позвонок

cranial

facial

spinal column

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

• черепной

• лицевой

• позвоночный столб

• шейный

• грудной

• поясничный

• крестцовый

coccyx

arch

thorax

cartilage

pelvis

ligament

substance

• копчик

• дуга

• грудная клетка

• хрящ

• таз

• связка

• вещество, субстанция

ex. 2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

bone

skull

consist of

part

take part in

trunk

spine

chest

rib

breastbone

side

in the side

on each side

кость

череп

состоять из

часть

принимать участие

туловище

позвоночник

грудная клетка

ребро

грудина

сторона, бок

в боку

с каждой стороны

compose of

be composed of

connect

free

neck

lower extremity

upper extremity

thigh

forearm

shoulder

joint

составлять

состоять из

соединять, связывать

свободный

шея, шейка

нижняя конечность

верхняя конечность

бедро, бедренная кость

предплечье

плечо, плечевой сустав

сустав; совместный

ex. 3. Прочтите и переведите слова и словосочетания:

1. arch: arches, the arch of the vertebra, the arch of the aorta;

2. breastbone: the breastbone is a long bone, the breastbone is in the middle of the chest;

3. extremity: the lower extremity, the upper extremity;

4. shoulder: the right shoulder, the left shoulder;

5. joint: to be connected together by the joints, some bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints, joint experiments;

ex. 4. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

1. рука - верхняя конечность; 2. нога - нижняя конечность; 3. в середине грудной клетки; 4. кости черепа; 5. лицевая часть; 6. кости туловища; 7. в позвоночнике; 8. поясничный позвонок; 9. двенадцатое ребро; 10. соединяться хрящами; 11. соединяться с грудиной; 12. скелет взрослого; 13. скелет ребенка; 14. неорганическое вещество; 15. соединяться суставами; 16. бедро — часть нижней конечности.

ex. 5. Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на выделенные причастия:the student asking some questions; the student asked at the lesson;

1. the doctor examining my sister;

the doctor examined in the X-ray room;

3. the cartilage joining the shoulder and the forearm; the cartilage joined to the shoulder;

4. the young man saving a little girl; the young man saved in an accident;

ex. 6. Переведите причастия:

formed, located, published, called, connected, found, made, said, seen, chosen, taken, kept, spent

ex. 7. Образуйте три формы глагола:

leave, be, begin, come, do, give, go, get, have, hear, know, make, meet, read, see, take, teach, tell, think, write, become, lose, hold, mean

ex. 8. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. These operations are performed by me.

2. Anatomy is taught in practical class.

3. The lecture in Biology is delivered on Monday.

ex. 9. Переведите следующие пары предложений:

1. I write letters. I am written letters.

2. She reads an interesting book. She is read an interesting book.

3. They teach Anatomy. They are taught Anatomy.

4. He told me some interesting news. He was told some interesting news.

ex. 10. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. Нам дают книги.

2. Мне часто задают много вопросов.

3. Операции проводятся хирургами.

4. Учебники пишутся для студентов.

5. Нас часто видят в библиотеке.

6. Курсовые собрания проводятся в конце семестра.

II. Text "The Skeleton".

The skeleton is composed of bones. In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones.

The bones of the skull consist of the cranial and facial parts. There are 26 bones in the skull.

The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the chest (ribs and the breastbone). The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumber and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.

The vertebra is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arch. All the vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spinal column there are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar, five sacral vertebrae and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. The cervical part of the spine is formed by seven cervical vertebrae. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large bodies. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. They have oval bodies.

The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. It is composed of three main parts. The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs. On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are connected with each other and with the seventh rib. But the cartilages of these ribs are not connected with the breastbone. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either. They are not connected with the other ribs, they are free. Each rib is composed of the head, neck and body.

The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. It is connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substance.

II. Text "The Skull".

The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty-six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull that is facial and cranial parts.

The bones of the skull are connected with the cervical vertebrae. The bones of the skull are connected together so firmly that it is very difficult to separate them.

The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the oral cavity and the other is the cavity of the nose. The other two cavities are the orbits. The eyeballs are in the orbits.

ANATOMY

Muscles

I. Exercises.

ex. 1. Запомните произношение следующих слов:

universal - универсальный, общий cell - клетка

fiber - волокно agent - агент, фактор

ex. 2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

muscle - мышца direction - направление, указание

radiated muscle - веерообразная мышца establish - устанавливать

tissue - ткань introduce - вводить

connective tissue - соединительная ткань vessel - сосуд

change -изменять, изменение blood - кровь

weight — вес find (found, found) — находить

divide - делить, разделять find out - обнаруживать

wide - широкий contraction - сокращение determine -определять, устанавливать

ex. 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания:

1. 1. the contraction of muscles; 1. the blood vessel wall; 3. the body weight; 4. connective tissue cells; 5. to determine the blood group; 6. a rapid change;

2. 1. мышцы туловища; 2. мышцы конечностей; 3. определить функцию мышц; 4. кровеносный сосуд; 5. определить артериальное давление; 6. набрать вес; 7. потерять в весе; 8. соединительная ткань; 9. костная ткань; 10. тканевая терапия; И. ввести систему; 12. ввести новый метод; 13. изменить направление; 14. установить термин; 15. установить причину болезни; 16. широкая мышца.

И. Text "Muscles".

In the adult the muscles form about 35% -40% (per cent) of the body weight. The body is composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. According to the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, head and extremities.

According to their form all the muscles are divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles; the free extremities are formed by the long muscles; wide muscles lie on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities are formed by wide muscles.

Some muscles are called according to the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors or according to their direction, for example oblique. Some short muscle, of which stapedius is the smallest muscle in the human body, form facial musculature.

The structure of the muscular fibers is different in different groups of muscles. The muscles consist of a mass of muscle cells. The muscular fibers are connected together by connective tissue. There are many blood vessels and nerves in the muscles. The muscles are the active agents of motion and contraction.

III. Text "Systems of the Body".

According to their functions different organs of the human body are divided into several systems: the bones, the muscular system, the alimentary tract, the respiratory system, the urogenital system, the vascular system, and the nervous system.

The muscles and the bones are under the layer of subcutaneous fat. The muscles are connected with the bones.

The heart and the large blood vessels connected with it, as well as the lungs and the esophagus are in the thoracic cavity. The spleen, the liver and the stomach are in the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity lower than the stomach, the liver and the spleen. The kidneys are on the posterior side of the abdominal cavity.