III. Exercises.

ex. 8. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. The fibrous bands forming the muscular structure of the heart are divided into two groups.

2. Carrying blood to and from the lungs the vessels of the pulmonary system dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart.

3. Now my sister is receiving the treatment at the surgical department.

4. The semilunar valve of the aorta is the dividing portion at the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle.

ex. 9. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. Средостение, разделяющее легкие, расположено в грудной клетке. The mediastinum separating the lungs is located in the chest cavity.

2. Разделяя легкие, средостение простирается между грудиной и позвоночником. Separating the lungs the mediastinum extends between the breastbone and the spinal column.

3. Плевра, покрывающая легкие и стенки грудной полости, образует плевральную полость. The pleura covering the lungs and the walls of the chest cavity forms the pleural cavity.

4. Покрывая легкие и стенки грудной клетки, плевра образует плевральную полость. Covering the lungs and the walls of the chest cavity the pleura forms the pleural cavity.

5. Эта экспериментальная работа будет проведена на будущей неделе.

6. Эти данные применяются на практике.

7. Меня будут обследовать несколько врачей. 8. В пятницу нам читали лекцию по анатомии.

IV. Text "Aorta".

The aorta is the main vessel of the systemic arteries or the arteries of the general system. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, goes up, and arches over the root of the left lung to the left side of the trunk at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. On its way from the fifth thoracic vertebra to about the level of the last thoracic vertebra it is called the thoracic aorta.

Then it goes down through the diaphragm. From the point of the last thoracic vertebra to the level of the fourth lumber vertebra it is called the abdominal aorta.

It then goes to the border of the fourth lumber vertebra and there it finishes dividing into the left and right iliac arteries.

Inner organs Alimentary Tract

I. Exercises.

ex. 1. Запомните произношение следующих слов:

membraneous — перепончатый duodenum — двенадцатиперстная кишка

pharynx — глотка jejunum — тощая кишка

esophagus - пищевод ileum - подвздошная кишка

pancreas - поджелудочная железа caecum - слепая кишка

gland - железа colon - ободочная (толстая) кишка

salivary - слюнный rectum - прямая кишка

ex. 2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

alimentary - пищеварительный palate - нёбо

stomach — желудок soft palate - мягкое нёбо

intestine — кишечник, кишка hard palate - твердое нёбо

small intestine - тонкий кишечник food - пища, питание

large intestine - толстый кишечник through - через, сквозь, по, в

gallbladder - жёлчный пузырь portion - часть, отдел; порция, доля

important - важный, значительный measure - мера; измерять

tongue — язык tube — труба, трубка; тюбик

coated tongue — обложенный язык

ex. 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

the lower portion of the stomach; let me see your tongue; the intestines are in the abdominal cavity; to measure the length of the bone; the tongue was coated

ex. 4. Переведите следующие предложения:

1. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. 2. The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube. 3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 g. 4. The liver consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. 5. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers. 6. The liver consisting of lobes is covered with a fibrous coat.

ex. 5. Переведите слова на русский язык, а словосочетания с ними -- на английский:

1. mouth (n)

откройте рот; во рту 32 зуба; твердое и мягкое нёбо находятся во рту; open the mouth; there are 32 teeth in the mouth; the hard and soft palate are in the mouth;

2. stomach (n)

желудок - внутренний орган; нижняя часть желудка; желудок состоит из четырех оболочек; the stomach is an inner organ; the lower portion of the stomach; the stomach consists of four coats;

3. tongue (n)

язык — орган вкуса; у больного обложенный язык; разрешите посмотреть язык; the tongue is the organ of taste; the patient has a coated tongue; let me see your tongue;

4. intestine (n)

толстая кишка делится на три части; тонкая и толстая кишка находятся в брюшной полости; the large intestine is divided into three parts; the small and large intestines are in the abdominal cavity;

5. through (prp)

кровь проходит по артериям; пища проходит через глотку в пищевод; проходить по сосудам; the blood passes through the arteries; the food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus; to pass through the vessels

II. Text "The Alimentary Tract".

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 81/2 m (metres) in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder is the large glands of the alimentary tract.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste. The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm in length, 8-9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity of from 2.14 to 4.28 1 (litres).

The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the lower and central portions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. It is divided into caecum, colon and rectum.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The liver is in the right sides of the abdomen. The weight of the liver is 1,500 g.

The gallbladder is a hollow sac lying on the lower surface of the liver.

The pancreas is a long thin gland lying under and behind the stomach.