Index

758 Index

Acquired viral infections,

Acute surgical abdomen, 377,

Airway, Breathing, Circulation

abdominal pain and, 405

389–404

(ABC) principle, 83, 136

Acral-lentiginous melanoma,

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

ATLS course and, 551

536

cadaveric donor and, 708

hemodynamically stable

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint,

causes of, 97

patient and, 137

injury to, 603

kidney transplantation and,

trauma care and, 623

ACTH. See Plasma

713

AJCC. See American Joint

adrenocorticotropic

Acute variceal bleeding, 366

Committee on Cancer

hormone

Adenocarcinomas, 244

staging system

Actinic keratoses, SCC and,

esophagus and, 210

Alcohol

530, 531

Adequate tissue perfusion,

cadaver donor and, 743

Activated protein C, severe

criteria for, 134

cancers and, 178

sepsis and, 134

ADH. See Antidiuretic

trauma and, 559–560

Activated prothrombin time

hormone

Alcoholic cirrhotics, bleeding

(aPTT), 13

Adjuvant therapy, lung cancer

in, 366

UFH and, 519

and, 255

Aldosterone suppression

Acute appendicitis, CT scan of,

Adnexal disease, pain and,

test, Conn’s disease and,

391

382

329

Acute cellular rejection,

Adrenal adenoma, Conn’s

ALG. See Antilymphocyte

kidney transplantation

disease and, 330

globulin

and, 715

Adrenal gland,

Alkalinizing solutions, acid-

Acute cholecystitis, 392–395,

pheochromocytoma and,

base abnormalities and,

394

330

74

CT scan of, 395

Adrenal vein sampling, Conn’s

Alkalosis, 78

early v. delayed surgery in,

disease and, 329

Alphaand beta-blockade,

396–397, 440–441

Adult respiratory distress

pheochromocytoma and,

management of, 439

syndrome. See Acute

333

ultrasound of, 394

respiratory distress

a-TNF. See Anti-a-tumor

Acute deep vein thrombosis

syndrome

necrosis factor

(DVT), chronic DVT v.,

Advanced Cardiac Life Support

Altered neurologic status,

516

(ACLS), guidelines

stroke and, 305

Acute dissection, CT of, 296

burn care and, 623

Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient,

Acute diverticulitis,

MODS and, 83

93

management for,

Advanced Trauma Life Support

Ambulatory 24-hour

algorithm for, 457

(ATLS)

esophageal pH

Acute epididymitis, 697–698

course, ABC mnemonic and,

monitoring, 209

Acute gastric dilation, 400

551

Amebic abscess, 416

Acute pancreatitis, 395

guidelines for, TBI and, 565

American Academy of

Acute pericarditis,

Adverse effect, intervention

Neurosurgery (AAN)

antiinflammatory agents

and, 37

brain trauma and, 558

and, 302

AFP levels, testis cancer and,

classification system for

Acute pyelonephritis, 677–678

703

concussion, 559

flank pain and, 670

Afterload, 88

American Cancer Society,

risk factors for, 678

Age, P Tx and, 721

screening mammogram

Acute respiratory distress

AIDS, abdominal pain and, 405

and, 348

syndrome (ARDS), 90

Air plethysmography (APG),

American College of

criteria for, 91

CVI and, 522

Cardiology/American

fracture fixation and, 611

Airway. See also Advanced

Heart Association

Acute salpingitis, 399

Trauma Life Support

(ACC/AHA) guideline,

Acute scrotum, 694

burn patient and, 623

surgery and, 9

management of, 703

hemodynamically stable

American College of Radiology

Acute spinal cord transection,

patient and, 137

Breast Imaging and

neurogenic shock with,

inhalation injury and, 626

Reporting Database

129

trauma and, 551

System (BIRADS), 349

Index 759

American Joint Committee

lower gastrointestinal

surgical site infections and,

on Cancer (AJCC)

bleeding and, 368

13, 15

staging system, 345, 346,

stroke and, 311

vancomycin, 113

462

Angiosarcoma, 415

wounds and, 102, 112

M categories in, 346

Angiotensin-converting

Anticholinergic therapy,

sarcoma and, 543, 544

enzyme (ACE)

hyperreflexia and, 663

T categories in, 346

inhibitors, kidney

Anticoagulation therapy, 13. See

Aminoglycosides, 113

transplantation and, 715

also Coumadin; Warfarin

Amnionic fluid, neonate and,

Ankle brachial index (ABI),

emboli and, 685

649

503

Anticonvulsants, TBI and, 577

AMPLE mnemonic, trauma

Ankle joint, anatomy of, 615

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH),

and, 551, 552

Ankle sprains, 616

63

Amylase as marker, P Tx and,

Anorectal abscess

Antiinflammatory agents, acute

722

antibiotics and, 471

pericarditis and, 302

Anal canal, tumors of, 476, 477

surgical management of,

Antilymphocyte globulin

Anal fissure, 473–474

algorithm for, 472

(ALG), OLTX and, 737

Anastomosis. See also Primary

undrained, complications of,

Antimicrobial agents, activity

anastomosis

472

of, 114–115

OLTX and, 746

Anoscopy, lower

Antiplatelet therapy, stroke

Anastrozole, breast cancer and,

gastrointestinal bleeding

and, 314

347

and, 368

Antireflux surgery, 221–222

Anesthesia

Anterior dislocations of

Antrectomy, peptic ulcer

cancer examination and, 183

glenohumeral joint,

disease and, 365

CEA and, 318, 319

602–603

Anus, anatomy of, 469

hernia and, 497

Anterior thoracotomy, cancer

Aortic arch, contrast

pheochromocytoma and, 333

staging and, 248

angiography and, 312

Aneurysm(s), 288–289. See also

Anti-a-tumor necrosis factor (a-

Aortic dissection, 289, 300

Visceral aneurysms

TNF), Crohn’s disease

Aortic insufficiency, 269–270,

of carotid artery, 186

and, 451

275

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

Antibiotic prophylaxis, 13, 99

Aortic root abscess,

360

clean contaminated surgery

endocarditis and, 266

growth rates of, 429

and, 103, 105

Aortic stenosis, 269

Iliac, 386

secondary survey and, 555

triad of symptoms for, 269

imaging studies and, 428–429

Antibiotics. See also

valve replacement and, 275

rupture, risk factors with,

Cephalosporins;

Aortic valve replacement, 277

430

Clindamycin;

selected series of, 278, 279

surgical repair of, 429–430

Cyclosporine;

Aortic valves, 265

of thoracic aorta, types of,

Erythromycin; Flagyl;

Aortoenteric fistula,

288

Penicillin

gastrointestinal bleeding

Aneurysmal disease of major

abdominal pain and, 404

and, 360

arteries, 386

abdominal sepsis and, 106

APG. See Air plethysmography

Angina pectoris, 286

acute epididymitis and, 698

Appendicitis, 389–391

elective surgery and, 6

anorectal abscess and, 471

Appendix epididymis, 679

Angiodysplasia, 371–372

contaminated surgery cases

Appendix testis, 679

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

and, 105–106

aPTT. See Activated

359

diarrhea and, 459

prothrombin time

Angiography

dirty surgery cases and,

ARDS. See Acute respiratory

AAA and, 428–429

106–107

distress syndrome

abdominal masses and, 412

diverticulitis and, 456

Arsenic

acute head injury and,

glycopeptide, 113

sarcoma and, 541

572–573

open fractures and, 597

SCC and, 531

coarctation of aorta and, 330

OPSI and, 421

Arterial blood gas (ABG),

congenital heart disease and,

preoperative, 101–107

burns and, 626

261

pyelonephritis and, 677

Arterial duplex ultrasound, 505

760 Index

Arterial insufficiency, swelling

Azathioprine

Benign bile duct strictures, 443

and, 514

Crohn’s disease and, 451

Benign biliary obstruction, 437

Arterial vasculature, resistance

OLTX and, 737

Benign breast disease,

and, 88

Aztreonam, dirty cases and, 107

classification of, 340

Arteriography, gastrointestinal

Benign dilatable strictures, 231

bleeding and, 364

B

Benign diseases, colorectal,

Arteriosclerotic renovascular

Bacteremia, sepsis and, 125

471–476

hypertension, 684

Bacterial gastroenteritis, 378

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Arteriovenous malformations

Bacterial infection, OLTX and,

(BPH)

(AVM)

748

differential diagnosis for,

GI tract and, 371

Bactrim, cystitis and, 666

657–659

lower gastrointestinal

Balloon angioplasty, carotid

evaluation and treatment of,

bleeding and, 367

stenosis with, 322

algorithm for, 658

Arthropathies, 590–592

Balloon distention tests, 209

LUTS and, 657

Ascending cholangitis, 395

congenital heart disease and,

medical management drugs

Ascending colon cancer, 464

262

for, 661

Aspirin

Bandaging, lymphedema and,

Benign stone disease, 435

mechanical valves and, 282

525

Beta blockers, ischemic heart

peptic ulcer disease and, 365

Barbiturate coma, 583

disease and, 298

stroke and, 314

Barbiturates, ICP and, 583

Bicarbonate, buffer system and,

Asymptomatic Carotid

Barium enema

75

Atherosclerosis Study

pneumaturia and, 667

Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia,

(ACAS), stroke and, 312

sigmoid diverticulitis and,

Conn’s disease and, 330

Atheroembolic events, carotid

393

Bile, neonate and, 648

artery and, 308

Barium esophagogram

Biliary atresia, 444

Atherosclerosis, 287

esophageal motor disorders

pediatric liver

aneurysms and, 288

and, 229

transplantation, 751

ischemia and, 500

esophageal strictures and,

Biliary disease, 210

stroke and, 308

231

Biliary obstruction, causes of,

ATN. See Acute tubular necrosis

Barium swallow, 210

443

Atresias, neonate intestinal

achalasia and, 226

Biliary obstruction with normal

obstruction and, 654–655

esophageal swallowing

hepatocyte’s, 437

Atrial septal defect, 271

disorders and, 206

Biliary sepsis, 437

Atypical hyperplasia, 340, 341,

Barret’s esophagus, 224–225

Bilirubin metabolism, 444

351

treatment of, medical v.

jaundice classification and,

future breast cancer and, 353

surgical, 220

434–435

lobular carcinoma in situ

Barrier precaution, 107

Bimanual examination, oral

and, 336

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC),

cavity and, 183

Audit filter, alcohol and, 560

clinical subtypes of,

Biochemical screening, SNS

Autoimmune collagen vascular

529–530

and, 58–59

disease, abdominal pain

Basal energy expenditure

Bioethical principles

and, 405

(BEE), 49

clinical decision making and,

Autonomy, bioethics and,

Base deficit, 75

149–158

152–153

Base excess, 75

summary of, 158

Avascular necrosis of femoral

BCC. See Basal cell carcinoma

Biofeedback, urinary

head, hip dislocation

Beck’s triad, 291

incontinence and, 663

and, 610

pericardial tamponade and,

Biopsy. See also Core needle

AVM. See Arteriovenous

126

biopsy; Vacuum assisted

malformations

Bed rest with elevation, CVI

core biopsy; Wire

Avulsion fracture, 592

and, 523

localized excisional

Avulsion of biceps tendon, 604

BEE. See Basal energy

biopsy

Avulsions of quadriceps

expenditure

breast, 353

tendon, 612

Beneficence, bioethics and,

techniques for, 338

Axillary dissection, 345

153–154

DCIS and, 349

Index 761

excisional, melanoma and,

postoperative, 148

Body fluid(s)

535

P Tx and, 729

compartments, 64

full thickness

questions addressed in, 137

electrolyte composition of, 62

melanoma and, 535

surgical, 136–148

Body water, distribution of,

SCC and, 532

Bleeding time, coagulation and,

normal, 66

incisional

143

Bone. See also Fracture(s)

sarcoma and, 543

Bleomycin, testis cancer and,

fracture patterns of, 593

skin lesions and, 529

702

gross anatomy of, 592–594

punch, skin lesions and, 529

Blindness, DM and, 720

metastases, sarcoma and, 543

skin lesions and, 180, 181,

Blind segmental colectomy, 371

scan, cancer staging and, 248

529

Blood. See also Coagulation;

Bone fracture. See Fracture(s)

techniques, 184–185

Complete blood count

Botulinum toxin, achalasia and,

Biopsy prostate, serum PSA

clotting, 12

227

and, 658

Blood-borne infection, 146

Bowel

Biostatistical tests, 29, 30

Blood color, indications from,

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

Bipolar electrocoagulation

141

360

device, gastrointestinal

Blood flow, lower extremity

obstructed, vascular

bleeding and, 362

and, 500

compromise of, 403

BIRADS. See American College

Blood loss. See also Crystalloid

Bowel sounds, intestinal

of Radiology Breast

infusion

obstruction and, 401

Imaging and Reporting

GI bleeding and, 373

Bowen’s disease (SCC in situ),

Database System

pelvis and, 610

SCC and, 532

B-lactam antibiotics, 112

Blood pressure. See also

BPH. See Benign prostatic

B-lactam ring, 112

Hypertension;

hyperplasia

Bladder

Hypotension

Brachial cleft cyst, 182

abnormalities of, 668

monitoring, thoracic aorta

Brain, arterial anatomy of, 307

fistula on, 458

and, 300

Brain death

Bladder drainage technique

pheochromocytoma and, 333

cadaver donor and, 708, 743

enteral drainage technique v.,

Blood product infusion. See also

criteria, 709

728

Crystalloid infusion

TBI and, 585–586

P Tx and, 725, 727

hypovolemic shock and, 122

Brain Injury Foundation, head

Bladder emptying. See Voiding

pediatric patient and, 641

injury care and, 558

Bladder neck

Blood products, 145, 146

Brainstem examination, 566–567

injection, hyperreflexia and,

Blood tests

BRCA gene, breast cancer and,

663

abdominal pain and, 384–385

352

operative suspension of,

flank pain and, 689

Breast

urinary incontinence

Blood transfusions, 13, 136

abscess, 347

and, 663

bleeding and, 138

locally advanced breast

Bladder perforation, hematuria

hemorrhagic shock and, 356

cancer v., 336

and, 664

hypovolemic shock and, 122

common complaints about,

Blalock-Taussig shunt, 262

secondary survey and, 555

337

Bleeding. See also Blood;

surgical procedures and, 13,

edema, 347, 348

Coagulation;

16

evaluation, surgeon and, 337

Diverticular bleeding

Blood type, P Tx and, 721

pain, 337

colorectal malignancy and,

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 97

reconstruction, 343

461

bleeding and, 145

secretions, 350

emergency management of,

renal dysfunction and, 96

Breast cancer. See also

algorithm for, 140

Blood volume

Tamoxifen

hemoptysis and, 236

age-based estimation of, 641

doxorubicin and, 347

minor, rectum and, 370

changes, CVI and, 522

early stage, 336, 341–347, 346

patient history and, 12–13,

hypovolemic shock and, 122

locally advanced, 346

139

Bloody discharge. See also

operable, inoperable v., 347

physical examination and,

Nipple discharge

van Nuys Prognostic Index

139

malignancy and, 350

and, 350

762 Index

Breast conservation,

Burn care

Angiosarcoma; Breast

mastectomy v., 344, 345

initial approach to, algorithm

cancer; Cancer

Breast disease, 335–354

for, 622

screening; Carcinoma;

pathologic classification of,

language of, 623–624

Chemotherapy; Duke’s

341

principles of, 623

cancer staging system;

Breast self exam (BSE), 339. See

Burn centers

Esophageal carcinomas;

also Palpable breast mass

admission criteria to, 628

Lymph node(s); Primary

Breathing

postburn period and, 627

tumor; Staging system;

hemodynamically stable

Thyroid cancer; Specific

patient and, 137

C

cancer types

hemoptysis and, 236

CABG. See Coronary artery

alcohol consumption and,

trauma and, 551

bypass grafting

178–180

Breslow depth, melanoma and,

Cadaveric donor(s). See also

ampullary, 442

536

Kidney transplantation;

anal, staging for, 476

Bright red blood per rectum

Organ placement

in colon polyp, 465

(BRBPR), 356

organization; Organ

Duke’s cancer staging

Bronchial artery embolization,

transplantation;

system, 462

hemoptysis and, 239–240

Pancreas transplant

duodenal, 442

Bronchial lavage, hemoptysis

alone; Pancreas

follicular, 197

and, 239

transplantation

gallbladder, 439

Bronchogenic carcinomas, 234

evaluation of, OLTX and,

head, sites of, 189–197

Bronchoscopes, vocal cords

742–745

liver metastases and, 413

and, 183

kidney and, 710

rectum, 465

Bronchoscopy, cancer and,

liver transplant, guidelines of

sigmoid colon, 464

184

acceptability as, 744

splenic flexure, 464

Bruits, 328. See also Carotid

organ allocations by, 707–709

testis, 694

bruit; Cervical bruit

pancreas transplants, 721

TNM staging for, 702

audible, 503

demographics of, 724

transverse colon, 464

flank pain and, 687

duct management

Cancer screening, 461

BSE. See Breast self exam

technique in, 726

Carbonate apatite stones, 673

Buckle fracture, pediatric

era of transplant of,

Carcinoma

fractures and, 600

outcome by, 724

of buccal mucosa, 190

Buffer system, 75

technical failures of, 730

Crohn’s disease and, 450

Bundle of His, 266

waiting list, transplantation

in situ, polypectomy and, 465

BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen

and, 707

Cardiac arrhythmias, flank pain

Burn(s), 621–632. See also

CAGE survey, alcohol and, 560

and, 687

Fourth-degree burns;

Calcaneal fractures, 616

Cardiac catheterization, 298

Full excision;

Calcified cysts, 416

chest pain and, 297–297

Hypertrophic scar;

Calcinurin inhibitors, kidney

congenital heart disease and,

Third-degree burns;

transplantation and, 715

261

Total body surface area

Calcium, 147

valve surgery and, 273

depth, 623

acid-base abnormalities and,

Cardiac death, cadaveric donor

assessment of, 624

78

and, 708

emergency department and,

urinary calculi and, 672

Cardiac events, risk

627–630

Calcium oxalate, urinary tract

stratification parameters

first degree, 623

calculus and, 672

for, 7

inhalation injury and, 624,

Calcium oxalate stones, 672–673

Cardiac examination, valve

626

Canadian repair, inguinal

surgery and, 272

size calculation of, 624

hernia and, 488

Cardiac murmur. See Heart

wounds, 623, 624

Cancers. See also American

murmur

curreri formula and, 630

Cancer Society;

Cardiac output, 88

donor autograft and, 629

American Joint

dobutamine and, 90

escharotomy and, 629

Committee on Cancer

Cardiac Risk Index System

excision, 629

staging system;

(CRIS), 8

Index 763

Cardiogenic shock, 127–129,

Centers for Disease Control

Chest. See also Episodic chest

287

(CDC), surgical wound

pain

intrinsic causes of, 126, 127

infection and, 110

examination, swollen leg

treatment algorithm for, 127

Central herniation, 574

and, 512

Cardiomegaly, chest X-ray and,

Central parenteral nutrition, 56,

injuries, trauma and, 552

273

57

pain, 228

Cardiovascular evaluation,

Central pontine demyelinating

differential diagnosis for,

perioperative,

syndrome, serum

286

noncardiac surgery and,

sodium level and, 71

initial evaluation for,

9

Central venous pressure (CVP),

algorithm for, 285

Cardiovascular system, MODS

87

Chest radiograph, 16

and, 86, 87–90

Cephalosporins, 113

burns and, 626

Carotid angioplasty, stenting

Cerebellar herniation, 574

cancer staging and, 248

and, 322

Cerebral contusions, 571

cardiomegaly and, 273

Carotid artery

Cerebral edema, 573

chest pain and, 293

atheroembolic events and,

Cerebral eschemia, 317

congenital heart disease and,

308

Cerebral perfusion pressure

261

contrast angiography and,

(CPP)

melanoma and, 536, 540

311–312

management, ICP and,

neonate intestinal obstruction

Carotid bifurcation,

583

and, 652

atherosclerotic disease

TBI and, 573–574

tumor and, 250

at, 322

Cerebral vascular accident

Chief complaint (CC), 165, 166

Carotid body tumor, 186

(CVA). See Stroke

Child abuse

Carotid bruit, hemoptysis and,

Cerebrospinal fluid

pediatric burn patient and,

236

drainage, TBI and, 587

630, 631

Carotid duplex exam, 322

fistulas, TBI and, 585

spiral fractures and, 592

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA).

intracranial volume and,

Child development,

See also Carotid bruit;

582

physiologic changes in,

Carotid stenosis

Cerebrovascular disease

642

anesthesia technique and,

cervical bruit and, 309

Children. See also Child abuse;

318, 319

stroke resulting from, 323

Infants; Pediatric

stroke and, 314, 315, 317

Cervical bruit, cerebrovascular

bronchoscopes; Pediatric

technique of

disease and, 309

burn patient; Pediatric

death and, 320

Cervical lymph nodes, 182, 183

end-stage liver disease

restenosis and, 320

Cervical mediastinoscopy,

scores; Pediatric surgical

Carotid stenosis, balloon

tumor and, 250

patient

angioplasty for, 322

Cervical spine

caloric requirements in, 637

Catheters, blood loss and,

facet joint dislocations and,

congestive heart failure in,

357–358

618

258–260

CAT scan, chest pain and, 296,

muscle strain injury to, 618

electrolyte requirements in,

297

Charcot’s triad, 436

640

CBC. See Complete blood count

Chemical adrenalectomy,

head injury in, 584

CBD stones. See Common bile

Conn’s disease and, 330

hydrocele in, 698

duct stones

Chemistry profile, chest pain

OLTX for, 751

CC. See Chief complaint

and, 295

protein requirements in, 637

CDC. See Centers for Disease

Chemotherapy

Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP)

Control

breast cancer and, 347

classification of

CEA. See Carotid

colorectal cancer and, 466

hepatocellular function

endarterectomy

esophageal carcinomas and,

in cirrhosis, 740, 741

Cecal carcinoma, 390

213

Chimerism, OLTX and, 737

Cecal volvulus, 460

sarcoma and, 544

Chloramphenicol, 113

Cecum cancer, 464

SCLC and, 255

Chlorhexidine soap, hand

Cefoxitin, dirty cases and, 106

seminoma and, 702

washing and, 108, 109

Cellcept, P Tx and, 730, 732

testis cancer and, 703

Cholangiocarcinoma, 443

764 Index

Cholecystectomy, 438

Clean operative cases,

Colonic disease, 450

acute cholecystitis and, 394

antibiotics and, 102

Colonic diverticula, 455

CBD stones and, 439

Clindamycin, 113

Colonic hemorrhage. See also

Cholecystitis, 435

Clinical guidelines. See Practice

Lower gastrointestinal

Choledochal cysts, 444

guidelines

bleeding

Cholelithiasis, 438, 439

Clinical outcomes, nutritional

management for, 368

Choriocarcinoma, 700

support and, 43

Colonic perforation, 388

TNM staging for, 702

Clonidine suppression test,

Colonoscopy

Chromosomal defects, neonate

pheochromocytoma and,

angiodyspladia and, 372

and, 650

329

Crohn’s disease and, 450

Chronic constrictive

Clopidogrel (Plavix), stroke

diverticulosis and, 455

pericarditis, 291

and, 314

lower gastrointestinal

Chronic fissure, 473–474

Closed head injury

bleeding and, 368, 369

Chronic lymphedema, sarcoma

surgical indications in, 577

pneumaturia and, 667

and, 541

treatment of, 574, 575,

Colorectal atresias, neonate

Chronic rejection. See also

576–584

and, 645

Organ transplantation

Clostridium infection, 459

Colorectal cancer, 461

kidney transplantation and,

enteral feeding and, 57

metastatic, therapy for, 466

716

CO2, buffer system and, 75

preoperative

Chronic stable angina pectoris,

Coagulation, 12–13. See also

evaluation for, 463

286

Coumadin; Heparin;

staging for, 463

Chronic urinary tract infection,

Warfarin

recurrences, therapy for, 466

stone formation and, 674

disorders, preoperative

screening for, 461

Chronic venous insufficiency

management of, 14

Colorectal obstruction, 403

(CVI), 521–524

phases of, 136–137, 138

Comminution fracture, 592

treatment for, 523–524

screening tests, abnormality

Common bile duct (CBD)

Cigarette smoking, 11. See also

causes in, 144

stones, LFT and, 439

Tobacco

Coagulation cascade activation,

Communication, focused

Circle of Willis, stroke and, 307,

coagulation and, 137

surgical examination

308

Coagulopathy, hemoptysis and,

and, 168

Circulation. See also Collateral

236

Compartment pressure, burn

circulation

Coarctation of aorta, 328, 330

wounds and, 629

hemodynamically stable

vascular etiology of, 333

Compartment syndrome, 589,

patient and, 137

Colitis, infectious colitides v.,

597–599

Circulatory system. See also

459

tibial fractures and, 613

Circulation

Collateral circulation, circle of

Complete blood count (CBC),

damage to, 589

Willis and, 308

13

Cirrhosis, 737

Colles’ fracture, 608

hemoptysis and, 237

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

Colloid solutions, 145, 146

hemorrhagic shock and, 356

360

postburn period and, 627

preoperative, 143

of liver, 444

Colon, 446–477

Complex congenital heart

Cisplatin. See Platinol

anatomy of, 447–449

disease, 328

Clark classification of tumor

arterial supply to, 448

Complex lesions, 260

depth, melanoma and,

functions of, 448

Compliance, ventilatory modes

536, 538

posterior aspects of, 447

and, 92

Claudication, 501, 502. See also

venous drainage of, 449

Complicated gastroesophageal

Intermittent

Colon cancer. See also

reflux (GER), treatment

claudications

Ascending colon cancer;

algorithm for, 219

management of, algorithm

Bright red blood per

Compound fractures, 595

for, 504

rectum

Compound nevi, 533

Clavicular fractures, 603

algorithm for, 464

Compression, CVI and, 523

Clean contaminated surgery,

natural history of, 463

Compression fractures, 592

103, 105

Colonic adenomatous polyps,

Compression stockings, CVI

wound closure and, 111

colon cancer and, 466

and, 523, 524

Index 765

Computed tomography (CT).

Congenital Meckel’s

Cranberry juice, urinary tract

See also Head computed

diverticulum of distal

infection and, 676

tomography

ileum, 392

Creatinine phosphokinase

AAA and, 428–429

Congestive heart failure, 257,

(CPK-MB) levels, heart

abdominal masses and, 412

258–260

and, 288

acute appendicitis on, 391

differential diagnosis for,

Cremasteric reflex, testis

brain trauma and, 558

266–271

torsion and, 679

cancer staging and, 248, 250

lower extremity swelling

CRIS. See Cardiac Risk Index

cervical lymph nodes and,

and, 512

System

184

Conjugated bilirubin, 434

Criterion validity, 26

of chest, sarcoma and, 543

Conn’s disease, 326, 329, 330

Crohn’s colitis,

classification, head injury

endocrine etiology of, 328

proctocolectomy with

and, 569

Construct validity, 27

ileostomy and, 452

coarctation of aorta and,

Contaminated surgery cases,

Crohn’s disease, 372, 450–453

330

antibiotics and, 105–106

abdominal pain and, 405

Conn’s disease and, 329

Content validity, 26

management of, algorithm

Cushing’s disease, 329

Continuous veno-veno

for, 451

diverticulitis and, 455, 456

hemofiltration and

medical therapy for, 450–453

epidural hematoma and, 570

dialysis (CVVHD), 97, 98

surgical treatment of,

flank pain and, 691

Contraction, burn wounds and,

indications for, 452

hematuria and, 664

631

Cryoprecipitate, 147

hemoptysis and, 237, 238

Contrast angiography, stroke

hemorrhagic shock and, 356

pancreatic tumors and, 417

and, 311–312

Cryptorchidism, 694, 695, 700

pneumaturia and, 667

Contrast enema, neonate

Crystalline arthropathy, 592

pseudoachalasia and, 227

intestinal obstruction

Crystalloid infusion

sarcoma and, 541

and, 653

hemorrhagic shock and, 356

sepsis and, 125

Contrast esophagogram,

hypovolemic shock and, 122

solitary pulmonary nodules

esophageal swallowing

trauma and, 562

and, 242–243

disorders and, 205–206,

Crystalloid solution, 145

stroke and, 311

206

secondary survey and, 555

TBI and, checklist for, 568

Contusion, hip and, 609

synthetic colloid v., 123

trauma patient and, 556

Core body temperature,

volume replacement and, 138

traumatic flank pain and,

postoperative infection

CSA. See Cyclosporine

680

and, 109

CT. See Computed tomography

tumor and, 250

Core needle biopsy, breast and,

Curreri formula, burn wounds

Concussion, 576

338

and, 630

classification of, 576

Corneal reflex, TBI and, 567

Cushing’s disease, 326, 330

grades of, 559

Coronary angiography, 297–298

endocrine etiology for, 329

Conduit, occlusive disease and,

Coronary artery bypass

CVA. See Stroke

506

grafting (CABG), 299,

CVI. See Chronic venous

Confidentiality, 157, 169

300. See also Graft(s)

insufficiency

Congenital cysts, 416

Cortisol secreting adrenal

CVP. See Central venous

Congenital diaphragmatic

tumors, treatment of,

pressure

hernias, 497

330

CVVHD. See Continuous veno-

Congenital heart disease

Coumadin

veno hemofiltration and

classification of, 258

mechanical valves and, 282

dialysis

physical examination and,

P143T and

Cyanosis, 257, 260

260, 261

COWS acronym, TBI and, 567

Cyclophosphamide, breast

treatment of, 261–262

CPK-MB. See Creatinine

cancer and, 347

Congenital hernias, 497

phosphokinase levels

Cyclosporine (CSA), OLTX

Congenital lesions, head and

CPT. See Child-Turcotte-Pugh

and, 751

neck, 185–186

classification of

Cyst(s). See also Acquired cysts;

Congenitally deformed

hepatocellular function

Congenital cysts

bicuspid valve, 269

in cirrhosis

breast, 335, 338, 415–416

Index 767

vasoactive, shock state and,

Eisenmenger’s syndrome,

Endocarditis, aortic root

89, 133

259–260

abscess and, 266

Drug-seeking behavior, flank

Elbow, muscle strain injuries,

Endocrine response pathways,

pain and, 686

604–605

surgery and, 63

Ductal carcinoma in situ

Elbow joint

Endolarynx, 193

(DCIS), 336, 348–350

dislocations of, 605

Endometriosis, 399

biopsy and, 349

skeletal anatomy of, 604

Endoscope

Duct ectasia, bloody discharge

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

and, 350–351

abdominal pain and, 385

364

Duke’s cancer staging system,

cardiac rhythm and, 273

ulcerative colitis and, 453

462

chest pain and, 295

Endoscopic balloon dilators,

TNM system v., 462

congenital heart disease and,

dysphagia and, 215

Duodenal anastomosis, P Tx

261

Endoscopic botulinum toxin

and, 729, 730

Electrodesiccation and

injection, achalasia and,

Duodenal ulcer, 388

curettage

227

perforation, 390

BCC and, 530

Endoscopic decompression,

Duodenum, gastrointestinal

SCC and, 532

volvulus and, 459–460

bleeding and, 359

Electroencephalogram (EEG),

Endoscopic electrocoagulation,

Duplex ultrasonography (DU)

stroke and, 322

angiodyspladia and,

carotid artery disease and,

Electrolyte(s), 64–65. See also

372

310

Fluid(s); Potassium

Endoscopic sclerotherapy,

CVI and, 522

abnormalities of, 77

Mallory-Weiss tear, 366

DVT and, 516

body fluids and, 62

Endoscopic sphincterotomy

renal artery stenosis, 329

children and, 640

(ES), 439

DU. See Duplex

distribution of, normal, 66

CBD stones and, 439

ultrasonography

imbalance, 70

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS),

DVT. See Deep vein thrombosis

problems of, 67, 69, 70–80

208

Dysphagia, 203, 228

maintenance requirements

Endoscopy, esophageal

algorithm for, 207

for, 65–66

swallowing disorders

Barrett’s esophagus and,

perioperative requirements

and, 206–208

225

of, 66–80

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

endoscopic balloon dilators

SNS and, 51

liver transplantation and, 739

and, 215

surgery and, 80

management options for,

Dyspnea, 11

Elephantiasis, 524

705–706

Dyspnea on exertion, 286

Elevation, lymphedema and,

orthotopic liver transplant

Dysuria, 666–667

525

and, 736

Embolism, stroke v., 306

Enemas. See also Contrast

E

Embolization, gastrointestinal

enema

EBM. See Evidence-based

bleeding and, 364

neonate intestinal obstruction

medicine

Embryonal carcinoma, 700

and, 655

Ecchymoses, bleeding and, 141

Emergency department, burns

Energy, nutrition and, 49–50

ECG. See Electrocardiogram

and, treatment of,

Enteral drainage technique

Echocardiography

627–630

bladder drainage technique

chest pain and, 295

Emergency medical services

v., 728

coarctation of aorta and, 330

(EMS), trauma, 551

P Tx and, 725, 727

Ectopic pregnancy, 399

management, 561, 562

Enteral feeding. See Enteral

ruptured, 386

Emergent colonoscopy. See

nutrition

Edmonton protocol, islet cell

Urgent colonoscopy

Enteral formulas, 52–58

transplant and, 733

EMS. See Emergency medical

categories of, 52–58

Edrophonium test, 209

services

Enteral nutrition, 47

EEG. See Electroencephalogram

Enbloc resection, 424

access for, 47, 48

EGD. See

Endarterectomy. See also

burn wounds and, 630

Esophagogastroduodeno-

Eversion endarterectomy

complications of, 57

scopy

stroke and, 317, 321

pediatric patient and, 638

768 Index

Enterobacteriaceae bacteria,

Esophagectomy with gastric

Exposure, trauma and, 554

pyelonephritis and, 677

replacement, esophageal

External hemorrhoids, 474–475

Ephelides. See Freckles

carcinomas and, 212–213

Extraaxial hematomas, TBI and,

Epidemiologic tests, 29, 30

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

569, 570

Epidermal inclusion cysts, 180,

(EGD), upper

Extracellular fluid volume, 68

182

gastrointestinal bleeding

Extracranial carotid stenosis,

Epidermis, burns and, 623

and, 362

management of,

Epidermoid carcinoma, 477

Esophagoscopy, 226. See also

algorithm for, 315, 316

Epididymitis, testis torsion

Flexible esophagoscope

Extrinsic cardiogenic shock,

and, 679

cancer and, 184

treatment of, 129

Epididymo-orchitis, 697–698

esophageal strictures and,

Extrinsic pathway, PT and, 143

Epidural hematomas, 570

231

Eyeball test (eye opening), 6

Epigastric hernias, 496

Esophagus

responses, trauma and, 554

Epinephrine, shock state and,

cross section of, 201

TBI and, 565

133

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

Eye opening test. See Eyeball

Episodic chest pain, differential

359

test (eye opening)

diagnosis of, 294

ESRD. See End-stage renal

Erythromycin, 113

disease

F

Escharotomy, burn wounds

ES. See Endoscopic

Facet joint dislocations, cervical

and, 629

sphincterotomy

spine and, 618

Esophageal atresia

Etoposide, testis cancer and,

Factor IX concentrate, 147

neonate and, 645

702

Factor VIII concentrate, 147

neonate intestinal obstruction

EUS. See Endoscopic

hereditary hemorrhagic

and, 651

ultrasound

disorders and, 142

Esophageal carcinomas, 210

Eversion endarterectomy,

Familial adenomatous

management, of stage IV, 213

stroke and, 317, 321

polyposis (FAP), 466

phase III treatment trial for,

Evidence

Family history (FH), 5, 165

214

clinical

breast disease and, 338

presenting symptoms of, 211

appraising, 24–29

neonate and, 650

resectable, management of,

study designs and, 24

patient history and, 139

212

using, 23–24

FAP. See Familial adenomatous

staging of, 211

Evidence-based medicine

polyposis

treatment of, 211–212

(EBM), 19

Fasciotomies, compartment

Esophageal dilation, achalasia

algorithm for, 21

syndrome and, 598

and, 227

clinical application of, 21,

FAST. See Focused abdominal

Esophageal diverticula, 227–228

31, 32–39

sonogram for trauma

Esophageal function,

brain injury and, 558

Fatty acid, lipid preparations

assessment of, 206

questions

and, 55

Esophageal manometry, 226,

creating, 38

FDP. See Fibrin degradation

229

elements of, 29, 31, 32

products

antireflux surgery and, 221

relevance of, 19–22

Fecal fat measurement,

swallowing difficulty and,

summary of, 39

malabsorption and, 470

208–209

websites, 40–41

Fecal peritonitis, 456

Esophageal mucosa, layers of,

Evidence-based surgery

Feeding catheter, SNS and, 58

202

practicing, 19–41

Femoral artery aneurysm, 482

Esophageal patency, neonate

objectives in, 19

Femoral head fractures, 609

intestinal obstruction

precepts of, 22–23

Femoral hernia, 480, 481,

and, 651

Examinations, special

484–486

Esophageal strictures, 231

techniques, neck masses

diagnosis of, 485–486

Esophageal swallowing

and, 183–184

surgical treatment of, 486

disorders, diagnostic

Excision, burn wounds and, 629

Fetal development, physiologic

tests for, 205–210

Exercise stress testing, chest

changes in, 642

Esophageal varices,

pain and, 297

Fetal hypothyroidism, 188

gastrointestinal bleeding

Exogenous agents, diarrhea

Fever

and, 360

and, 470

flank pain and, 686

Index 769

management guidelines

management of, 674–667

Focused abdominal sonogram

for, 675–676

musculoskeletal causes of,

for trauma (FAST),

postoperative, 109–110

685

abdomen and, 557

pyelonephritis and, 677

psychological causes of, 686

Focused head injury

wounds and, 101

Flexible esophagoscope, 207

evaluation, 565

FFP. See Fresh frozen plasma

Flexor tendon injuries, surgery

Focused surgical history,

FH. See Family history

and, 607

165–167

Fiberoptic cystoscopy,

Flow cytometric studies, kidney

algorithm for, 166

hematuria and, 664

transplantation, 712

AMPLE survey and, 167

Fiberoptic laryngoscopes, 183

Fluid(s). See also Dehydration;

Focused surgical physical

diverticulosis and, 455

Fluid volume; Water

examination, 167–170

Fibrin clot, 148

balance, surgery and, 80

Follicular lesion, 188

Fibrin degradation products

hemorrhagic shock and, 356

Follow-up, 35

(FDP), 145

hydration, pyelonephritis

Foot sprains, 616

Fibrinogen, 145

and, 677

4–2-1 rule, pediatric patients

Fibroadenomas, 335

imbalance, 70

and, 640, 641

Fibrocystic condition, 336

problems of, 67, 69, 70–80

Fournier’s gangrene, 111

middle-aged woman and, 340

intake, urine volume and, 676

Fourth-degree burns, 624

Fibula, fractures of, 613

loss, hypovolemic shock and,

Fractional inspired oxygen, 93

FIM scores. See Functional

119

Fracture(s), 592–601. See also

Independence Measure

management, pediatric

Calcaneal fractures;

scores

patient and, 642

Compound fractures;

Fine needle aspiration (FNA),

perioperative requirements

High energy fracture of

184. See also

of, 66–80

pelvis; Tibial plateau

Transthoracic fine-needle

resuscitation

fracture; Torus fracture

aspiration

hypovolemic shock and,

ankle, 616, 617

breast and, 338

122

deformities, 599

breast mass and, 339

postburn period and,

displacements, 599

melanoma and, 540

626–627

distal femur, 612

pancreatic tumors and, 417

septic shock and, 121

distal humerus, 605

sarcoma and, 543

sequestration, 66

distal radius, 608

thyroid lesions and, 184

shock and, 135

distal tibia, 616

First branchial cleft sinus, 185

status, 67, 69

elbow, 605

First-pass phenomenon, P Tx

evaluating, 62

femoral shaft, 611

and, 726, 727

SNS and, 51

femur, 609, 612

Fissure, 473–474

surgical patients and, 65

fibula, 613

Fistulas

TBI and, 577

of fifth metacarpal neck, 608

diverticulitis and, 456, 458

Fluid volume. See also

of fifth metatarsal, 617

peritonitis and, 456

Extracellular fluid

forearm, radiographs of,

treatment of, 473–474

volume

606

5a-reductase inhibition, urinary

depletion, diarrhea and, 471

hip, 611

flow and, 659

expanders, types of, 145

of humeral shaft, 604

Flagyl, dirty cases and, 107

overload, aortic insufficiency

patella, 613

Flank pain

and, 270

patterns of, 593

diagnostic studies and,

resuscitation, 145

pediatric, 600

690–691

Fluoroscopy with videotape,

proximal humerus, 603–604

differential diagnosis for,

esophageal swallowing

proximal tibia, 613

671–686

disorders and, 206

proximal ulna, 605

evaluation of, 670–691

Fluorouracil, esophageal

radial head, 605

algorithm for, 672

carcinomas and, 213

of scaphoid, 608

fever with, management

FNA. See Fine needle

shaft of radius, 605

guidelines for, 675–676

aspiration

of shaft of ulna, 605

infected urine and, 674

Focal glomerulosclerosis,

supracondylar humerus,

laboratory studies and,

kidney transplantation

radiographs of, 606

688–690

and, 713

tibial, 613

770 Index

FRC. See Functional residual

Gastrointestinal bleeding,

Gluteus maximus, contusion of,

capacity

355–373, 373. See also

609

Freckles (ephelides), nevi v.,

Lower gastrointestinal

Goiter, thyroid gland and, 182

532

bleeding; Upper

Goodsall’s rule, 473

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), 146

gastrointestinal bleeding

Gout, 592

Full excision, burn wounds

bleeding site in, 361–362

uric acid stones and, 673

and, 629

differential diagnosis for, 359

Graft(s)

Fulminant colitis, 453

initial management of,

endovascular stent, AAA

Functional independence

356–359

and, 428–429, 430

Measure (FIM) scores,

management of, algorithm

infrapopliteal, 508

559

for, 357

prosthetic, renal artery

Functional residual capacity

patient evaluation in,

stenosis and, 333

(FRC), 93

359–361

split-thickness skin, burn

Fungal infection, OLTX and,

upper gastrointestinal

wounds and, 629

748

bleeding, 362

systemic, OLTX and, 737

Furosamide, urine output and,

Gastrointestinal fluid

Graft survival

96

hypokalemia and, 78

deceased donor liver

loss, 67

transplants and, 754

G

volume and composition

living donor liver transplants

Gag reflex, TBI and, 567

of, 67

and, 754, 755

Gallbladder

Gastrointestinal obstruction,

P Tx and, 730

disease, 381

400–403

Grave’s disease, 188

dysfunction, 392–395

Gastrointestinal perforation, 388

Greater saphenous vein (GSV),

Gallstone disease, 437

Gastrointestinal tract,

occlusive disease and,

Gallstone ileus, 385

hypovolemic shock and,

506

Gallstone-induced pancreatitis,

119

Greenstick fracture, pediatric

398

Gaucher’s disease, spleen and,

fractures and, 600

Gangrene, volvulus and, 460

420

Groin, anatomy of, 482–484

Gastrectomy, 365–366

GCS. See Glasgow Coma Scale

Groin hernias, 479–497,

Gastric carcinoma, 365–366

Genital tract

484–494

Gastric content, assessment of,

examination of, flank pain

Nyhus classification of, 34

209

and, 688

Groin masses

Gastric motility, evaluation of,

female, hemorrhagic

differential diagnosis of, 33,

210

conditions of, 390

480–482

Gastric outlet obstruction, 400

Genitourinary tract, acute

workup for, algorithm for,

Gastric ulcers, 365–366, 388

surgical abdomen and,

482

Gastritis, abdominal pain and,

389

GSV. See Greater saphenous

405

GERD. See Gastroesophageal

vein

Gastroduodenal obstruction,

reflux disease

Guidelines for Management

neonate and, 645

GER. See Gastroesophageal

of Severe Head Injury,

Gastroduodenal ulcer disease,

reflux

579

abdominal pain and, 405 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS),

Guidelines. See Practice

Gastroenteritis, 402

552, 554, 565

guidelines

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER),

Glasgow Outcome Scale, TBI

Gynecologic pelvic disorders,

209. See also Complicated

and, 586

399–400

gastroesophageal reflux

Glenohumeral joint

Barrett’s esophagus and, 224

dislocation of, 602

H

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

radiographs of, 602

Halo nevus, 533

359

Gloves, OR and, 107–108

Hand washing, wound

treatment of, 217–218

Glucose

infection and, 108

Gastroesophageal reflux

as marker, P Tx and, 721

Harm, determining, 37–38

disease (GERD), 216–222

nutrition and, 50

Harris-Benedict equation, burn

Gastrografin, neonate intestinal

serum osmolarity and, 69

wounds and, 630

obstruction and, 653

SNS and, 59

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 187

Index 771

HAT. See Hepatic arterial

Helical computed tomography,

Heparin-induced

thrombosis

embolism and, 518

thrombocytopenia (HIT),

Hazard ratios, CABG and, 303

Heliobacter pylori, peptic ulcer

519

HCV. See Hepatitis C virus

disease and, 365

Hepatectomy, 443

Head

Hemangioma, 413

Hepatic adenomas, 413

circumference, pediatric

Hematemesis, 356, 361

Hepatic arterial thrombosis

surgical patient and, 635

Hematochezia, 356

(HAT), OLTX and, 746

elevation, TBI and, 577

Hematogenous infection,

Hepatic flexurecancer, 464

examination, lesions and,

pyelonephritis and, 677

Hepatic jaundice, 435, 444

180–185

Hematologic disorders, 382

Hepatitis, 444

lesions, 177–198

abdominal pain and, 405

abdominal pain and, 405

Head computed tomography,

Hematology, surgical

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), OLTX

TBI and, 586–587

evaluation and, 12–13

and, 738

Head injury. See also Focused

Hematoma, bleeding and, 141

Hepatocellular carcinoma, 414

head injury evaluation;

Hematuria, 664–665

Hepatologist, pediatric, liver

Guidelines for

Hemodialysis

transplantation and, 752

Management of Severe

ESRD and, 705, 706

Hepatoma, 414

Head Injury; Penetrating

renal failure and, 97

Hereditary nonpolyposis coli

head injury; Traumatic

Hemodynamic instability, 382

syndromes (HNPCC),

brain injury

Hemodynamic monitoring, 87

466

CT classification of, 569

Hemodynamic parameters,

Hernia, 35, 480. See also

Head of metacarpal, laceration

shock states and,

Abdominal wall hernias;

of, 608–609

differential diagnosis of,

Groin hernias; Hiatal

Healthcare staff, secondary

131

hernias; Inguinal hernia

survey and, 555

Hemolysis, jaundice and, 435

incisional, 495, 496

Heart, compressive cardiogenic

Hemoptysis, 233, 234–240

indirect inguinal, 484

shock and, 127

causes of, 234

parastomal, 496

Heart chamber enlargement,

diagnostic evaluation for, 236

pelvic floor, 496

chest X-ray and, 273

management of, 238–240

syndromes, 574

Heart murmur, 257–282. See

summary of, 256

TBI and, 574

also Heart valve(s);

Hemorrhage, 137, 306. See also

types of, 222, 223, 497

Intermittent mitral

Acute variceal bleeding;

umbilical, 494

stenosis murmur

Gastrointestinal bleeding

ventral, 494

acquired, 264–282

diverticulosis and, 455

ventral incisional, 494

adults with, diagnostic

hypovolemic shock and, 119

Hesselbach’s triangle, 484

algorithm for, 267

secondary survey and, 555

Hetastarch, 123

diagnosis and treatment of,

trauma and, 551

Hexachlorophene soap, hand

algorithm for, 259

Hemorrhagic disorders,

washing and, 108, 109

diagnostic methods for,

hereditary, factor VIII

Hiatal hernias

272–274

and, 142

treatment for, 224

hemoptysis and, 236

Hemorrhagic/hypovolemic

types of, 222–223

Heart valve(s). See also

shock, 87

High dose dexamethasone

Acquired disease of

Hemorrhagic pancreatitis, 386

suppression test,

heart valves;

Hemorrhagic shock, physical

Cushing’s disease, 329

Congenitally deformed

findings in, 121, 356

High energy fracture of pelvis,

bicuspid valve

Hemorrhoids, 474–475

610

anatomy of, 265–266

differential diagnosis for, 474

High energy lateral

competency, acute changes

management of, algorithm

compression injuries, 611

in, 271

for, 475

Hip joint, 609

prosthesis, types of, 277

Hemostasis, 136–148, 148

dislocations of, 609

replacement, aortic stenosis

Heparin, 13. See also

Hirschsprung’s disease,

and, 275

Unfractionated heparin

neonate and, 645

Heater probe, gastrointestinal

pulmonary embolism and,

intestinal obstruction in, 654

bleeding and, 362

303

Hirsutism, 326

772 Index

History of present illness (HPI),

Hypertension, 325, 333–334

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis,

165, 166

diagnosis and treatment for,

454

History. See Patient history

algorithm for, 327

Ileocolic stenotic disease,

HIT. See Heparin-induced

medications for, 330

primary anastomosis

thrombocytopenia

Hypertensive LES, 230

and, 451

HIV. See Human

Hyperthermic isolated limb

Iliac aneurysms, 386

immunodeficiency

perfusion, sarcoma and,

Imaging studies. See also

virus

544, 547

Computed tomography;

HLA. See Human leukocyte

Hyperthyroidism, 187–188

Duplex ultrasonography;

antigen

Hypertonic saline, hypovolemic

Positron emission

HNPCC. See Hereditary

shock and, 122, 123

tomography scan;

nonpolyposis coli

Hypertrophic scar, burn

Radiographic studies;

syndromes

wounds and, 631

Ultrasonography;

Horner’s syndrome, 566

Hyperventilation

Ultrasound examination;

Hospital admission, flank pain

brain trauma and, 558

Upper gastrointestinal

and, 674

TBI and, 581

contrast studies; Upper

Host, infection in, 100

Hypocalcemia, 78

tract imaging; Upper

Human chorionic

Hypoglycemia, DM and, 720

urinary tract imaging; X-

gonadotropin, testis

Hypokalemia, gastrointestinal

ray examination

cancer and, 700

fluids and, 78

abdominal pain and, 384–385

Human genomics, surgery and,

Hypomagnesemia, 80

aneurysms and, 428–429

150

Hypo-osmolar hyponatremia,

solitary pulmonary nodules

Human immunodeficiency

69

and, 242–243

virus (HIV) infection,

Hypoperfusion, 135

surgery and, 16

444. See also AIDS

occlusive disease and, 308

Immunosuppressants

secondary survey and, 556

Hypopharynx, 191

kidney transplantation and,

Human leukocyte antigen

cancer of, 192

706, 707, 713

(HLA)

Hypophosphatemia, 80

OLTX and, 748, 750

kidney transplantation and,

Hypotension, 72, 87

organ donation and, 709

706, 707

head injury and, 576

P Tx and, 729, 730–732

organ donation and, 709

secondary survey and, 555

renal function and, 716

Hydrocele, 482, 698–699

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad

Immunosuppression

Hydrocephalus, TBI and, 585

axis, 694

islet cell transplantation and,

Hydrochloric acid infusions,

Hypothermia

734

metabolic alkalosis and,

cerebral metabolism and, 583

outcomes according to, P Tx

77

postburn period and, 627

and, 732

Hydronephrosis, flank pain

Hypothyroidism, 187

peritonitis and, 456

and, 671

Hypovolemia, 119, 121,

protocols, OLTX and, 748, 751

Hyperacute rejection, kidney

356–357

SCC and, 531

transplantation, 712

treatment of, 145

Immunotherapies, Crohn’s

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment,

Hypovolemic shock, 119–123

disease and, 451

inhalation injury and,

algorithm for treating, 120

Imuran, P Tx and, 732

626

treatment of, 122

Incisional hernias, 495, 496

Hypercalcemia, 78

Hypoxia

Incontinence. See Urinary

Hypercalcinuria, 674

head injury and, 576

incontinence

Hyperkalemia, 67, 78

secondary survey and, 555

Indirect inguinal hernia, 484,

renal failure and, 96

485

treatment of, 79

I

Induction therapy, OLTX and,

Hypermagnesemia, 80

IABP. See Intraaortic balloon

748

Hypermetabolism, SNS and,

pump

Infants

45

ICP. See Intracranial pressure

caloric requirements in, 637

Hyperparathyroidism,

ICU. See Surgical intensive care

congenital hernias and, 497

hypercalcemia and, 78

unit

congestive heart failure in,

Hyperphosphatemia, 80

Ileal atresias, neonate and, 645

258–262

Index 773

electrolyte requirements in,

Informed consent, 17. See also

International normalized ratio

640

Informed refusal of care

(INR), 143

maintenance fluid rates in,

bioethical principles and, 150

VTE and, 519

640

principles of, 155

International Pancreas

protein requirements in, 637

Informed refusal of care, 156

Transplant Registry

Infection(s). See also Abdominal

Inguinal canal, 483, 484

(IPTR), number of

sepsis; Bacteremia;

Inguinal hernia, 480, 481,

transplants reported,

Bacterial infection;

486–487

719

Hematogenous infection;

decision tree for, 487

Intestinal obstruction, 401. See

Postoperative infection;

laparoscopic repair of, 489

also Neonate intestinal

Remote site infection;

surgical treatment of,

obstruction

Wound sepsis

487–489

Intestinal tubes, small bowel

acute surgical abdomen and,

complications of, 488

obstruction and, 402

389

Inguinal pain, decision tree for,

Intraabdominal pathology,

children and, 186

487

flank pain and, 685

in host, 100

Inhalation injury, burns and,

Intraaortic balloon pump

inflammatory diarrhea and,

624, 626

(IABP), intrinsic

470

Initial assessment, abdominal

cardiogenic shock and,

kidney transplantation and,

pain and, 386

129

713

Initial diagnosis, abdominal

Intraaxial hematomas, TBI and,

lymphedema and, 525

pain and, 385–386

569, 570

OLTX and, 746, 748

Initial stabilization, head injury

Intracranial compliance, TBI

open fractures and, 597

and, 577

and, 579

postoperative

Injury. See also Traumatic injury

Intracranial components,

core body temperature

descriptions, compartment

volume of, 573

and, 109

syndrome and, 598

Intracranial hemorrhages, TBI

wound surveillance

physiologic response to, 63

and, 569, 570

protocol for, 102–103

Injury analysis, pattern of, PE

Intracranial hypertension,

preoperative components of,

v. control in, 515

treatment pathway for,

100

Inotropes, shock and, 132–134

581

principles of, 99–117

Inotropy, 90

Intracranial infections, TBI and,

risk factors for, algorithm in,

INR. See International

585

101

normalized ratio

Intracranial pressure (ICP)

SNS and, 59

Inspection, lesions and, 180,

control techniques for, 581

surgical, antibiotic therapy

181, 182–183

monitoring, indications for,

and, 13, 15

Insulin, pancreas and, 725

578, 579

Infection stones, 673

Intensive care unit (ICU)

TBI and, 573

Infectious colitides, 459

hemodialysis, 97

treatment of, 578, 579–583

Inferior cava filtration device,

renal dysfunction and, 96

Intradermal nevi, 533

521

Intercompartmental pressure

Intrahepatic

Infertility, acute epididymitis

monitoring,

cholangiocarcinoma,

and, 698

compartment syndrome

415

Inflammation of rotator cuff,

and, 598

Intraoperative fluid loss, 67

601

Interferon-alpha 2b, melanoma

Intraoral lesion, biopsy of, 184

Inflammatory arthropathy, 592

and, 540

Intraparenchymal hematomas,

Inflammatory bowel disease,

Intermittent claudications,

570–571

372

vascular disease and,

Intraparenchymal

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

502

hemorrhages, 571

360

Intermittent mitral stenosis

Intraparenchymal ICP

UC and, 453

murmur, 271

monitors, TBI and, 577

urinary calculi and, 673

Internal carotid arteries, stroke

Intraperitoneal neoplasms,

Inflammatory diarrhea, 470

and, 307

400

Inflow, occlusive disease and,

Internal hemorrhoids, 474

Intravenous lipid preparations,

506

Internal hernia, 480

fatty acid content of, 55

774 Index

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

LFTs, evaluation of, 438

Lacunar ligament, 485

abdominal masses and, 412

malignancy and, 442

Ladd’s bands, neonate

bladder tumors and, 680

Jaw pain, 286

intestinal obstruction

hematuria and, 664

Jejunal atresia, neonate

and, 654

Intravenous urography

intestinal obstruction

Laparoscopic excision

ureteral injuries and, 684

and, 652, 653

Cushing’s disease and, 330

ureteral injury and, 665

Joint

spleen and, 420

Intraventricular hemorrhages,

dislocations, 599–600

Laparoscopic gallbladder

571, 572

injuries, 590–592

removal, 445

Intrinsic cardiogenic shock,

Joint capsule, sprain and,

Laparoscopic hernia surgery,

theraputive objective for,

590–591

open hernia repair v.,

128

Justice, 154

490–495

Intrinsic pathway, 143

bioethics and, 152

Laparoscopic incision, Conn’s

PTT and, 143

disease and, 330

Intrinsic renal allograft disease,

K

Laparoscopic Nissen

kidney transplantation

Kasai procedure, 444

fundoplicaton, 221, 222

and, 715

Kegel exercises, urinary

Laparoscopic surgery, open

Invasive monitoring, 87

incontinence and, 663

splenectomy v., 422

indications for, 132

Keratoacanthoma, SCC and,

Laparoscopy

Invasive venous sampling (for

532

abdomen trauma and, 557

ACTH), Cushing’s

Kidneys

laparotomy v.,

disease, 329

cadaveric donor v. live donor

appendectomy and, 392

Involuntary guarding,

and, 710–711

Laparotomy

abdominal pain and, 383

flank pain and, 671

GI bleeding and, 357

Iodophor-based soap, hand

organ donation and, 708

laparoscopy v.,

washing and, 108, 109

prerenal profusion and, 96

appendectomy and, 392

IPTR. See International

Kidney transplantation,

Laplace’s law, 303

Pancreas Transplant

705–716

aneurysm and, 429

Registry

candidate criteria for,

ischemic heart disease and,

Irradiation, sarcoma and, 541

705–707

298

Irrigation, open fractures and,

contraindications for, 706,

Large bladder

597

707

rhabdomyosarcoma,

Ischemia, lower extremity,

ESRD and, 705

urinary tract obstruction

atherosclerotic disease

intermediate period of, 715

and, 688

and, 500

late period of, 715–716

Large bowel disease, initial

Ischemic colitis, 372

post-transplant period of,

work-up for, algorithm

Ischemic heart disease,

711–716

for, 449

286–288, 298–300

P Tx and, 721

Large-bowel malignancy, signs

Islet cell transplant, 732–733

Knee, anatomy of, 611

and symptoms of, 461

IV catheter site, bleeding and,

Knee joint, dislocations of, 612

Large-cell carcinomas, 244

141

Laryngeal nerve, surgery and,

IVP. See Intravenous

L

198

pyelography

Laboratory studies

Larynx, 193

abdominal pain and, 384–385

cancers of, 192

J

acute epididymitis and, 698

parts of, 192

Jaundice, 433–445. See also

bleeding and, 143

Laser therapy, dysphagia and,

Hepatic jaundice;

chest pain and, 295

215

Hepatitis

surgery and, 13, 16

Lawn-mower injuries, foot and,

acute cholecystitis and, 394

Laboratory testing, pulmonary

617

case studies of, 433–434

problems and, 9

LCIS. See Lobular carcinoma in

classification and causes of,

Lactate dehydrogenase,

situ

437

melanoma and, 536, 540

LDLT. See Living donor liver

evaluation of, algorithm for,

Lactated Ringer’s solution, 145

transplant

436

Lacunar infarctions, 306

Left heart catheterization, 273

Index 775

Left inguinal canal, 484

indications for, 738

management of, algorithm

Left lower quadrant pain,

induction and,

for, 368

differential diagnosis for,

immunosuppression for,

massive hemorrhage and,

390

750

370–371

Left upper quadrant abdominal

patient listing for, 740

Lower urinary tract disorders,

pain, differential

pediatric

656–669

diagnosis of, 400

adult OLTX v., 751

case studies of, 656–657

Leg swelling, 511–526, 526

indications for, 752

pain and, 382

management of, algorithm

postoperative monitoring in,

Lower urinary tract symptoms

for, 513

algorithm for, 749

(LUTS), 657–664

unilateral, hemoptysis and,

routine clinical studies for,

Low molecular weight

236

740

heparins (LMWHs), VTE

Leiomyomas, 215

Liver tumor, evaluation and

and, 520, 521

Lentigo maligna melanoma,

treatment of, algorithm

Ludwig’s angina, 186

536

for, 414

Lumbar burst fracture,

Lesions. See also Specfic types of

Living donor liver transplant

radiograph of, 619

lesions

(LDLT), 755

Lumbar hernia, 496

neck, examination algorithm

pediatric population and, 751

Lumbar spine, muscle strain

for, 181

Living donor organ

injury to, 618

LES. See Lower esophageal

transplantation

Lumbar spine injury, 616

sphincter

adult v. pediatrics, 753

Lumpectomy, 349

Leukoplakia, 181

evaluation, 710

Lumpectomy with radiation,

Levels of evidence, 24, 25. See

after implantation, 753

survival and, 343

also Study designs

issues arising with, 709

Lund-Browder chart, burns

LFTs. See Liver function tests

kidney and, 711

and, 624, 625

Ligament of Treitz, bleeding

LMWHs. See Low molecular

Lung biopsy, solitary

site and, 361

weight heparins

pulmonary nodules and,

Lipase as marker, P Tx and, 721

Lobular carcinoma in situ

243, 244

Lipid peroxidation inhibitor,

(LCIS), 351

Lung cancer

SCI and, 559

Localized excisional biopsy,

epidemiology of, 244

Lipid preparations, fatty acid

349

initial symptoms of, 248

content of, 55

Long bone, gross anatomy of,

neoadjuvant therapy and,

Lipodermatosclerosis, CVI and,

594

255

521

Long-term care, valve repair

paraneoplastic syndromes in,

Liver

and, 277

249

coagulation factors and,

Lower endoscopy, Crohn’s

patient history and, 241

144–145

disease and, 450

preoperative pulmonary

hemoptysis and, 236

Lower esophageal sphincter

evaluation, 253, 254

procurement process of, 743

(LES)

prevention of, 244

SNS and, 60

factors affecting, 203

surgical resection of, 255

Liver disease, end-stage

swallowing and, 202, 203

survival by tumor size in,

complications of,

Lower extremity, ischemic,

254

737–739

499–509

TNM descriptors for, 252

Liver failure, 444

Lower extremity duplex scan,

Lung neoplasms. See Lung

cirrhosis and, 737

lymphedema and, 524

cancer

Liver function tests (LFTs)

Lower extremity ischemia,

Lung resection surgery,

bleeding and, 144–145

treatment of, 505–509

pulmonary function

jaundice and, 438

Lower extremity venous

examination, 8

Liver masses, 412–413

duplex scan, embolism

Lungs. See also Lung biopsy;

Liver transplantation, 735–755

and, 517

Lung cancer

contraindications to, 742, 743

Lower gastrointestinal

soft tissue sarcoma

evaluation for, 739

bleeding, 367–373

metastasis and, 546

historic perspective of,

case investigation of,

LUTS. See Lower urinary tract

735–737

372–373

symptoms

776 Index

Lymphedema, 512, 524–525.

Maldigestive steatorrhea, 470

Mean arterial pressure (MAP),

See also Chronic

Malignancy. See also Melanoma

shock and, 87

lymphedema;

bloody discharge and, 350

Mechanical obstruction, 402,

Elephantiasis; Pneumatic

hypercalcemia and, 78

403

compression garments

jaundice and, 442

Mechanical valve, 277

treatment for, 525

microcalcifications and, 348,

Mechanical ventilation

Lymph node(s). See also

349

discontinuation of, 95

Regional lymph nodes

neck mass and, 186

pulmonary management

hemoptysis and, 236

nevi and, 533

and, 92

lung cancer and, 241

papilloma v., 336, 350–351

weaning from, clinical trials

mapping, 345

Malignant cystic tumors of

and, 95

mass, 481

pancreas, resection and,

Meckel’s diverticulum, 367

melanoma and, 540

418

Meconium ileus, neonate

metastases, staging and, 345

Malignant diseases, 461–467

intestinal obstruction

Lymphocytic crossmatch,

Malignant epithelial lung

and, 654

kidney transplantation

tumors, classification of,

Meconium plug syndrome,

and, 712

245

neonate intestinal

Lymphoscintigraphy,

Malignant soft tissue lesion. See

obstruction and, 653, 654

lymphedema and, 525

Sarcoma

Meconium stool, neonate and,

Malignant thyroid lesion, oral

649

M

thyroid hormone and,

Mediastinoscopy, cancer

Macrodantin, cystitis and, 666

188

staging and, 248

Macrolide antibiotics, 113

Mallory-Weiss tear, 366

Medical condition, kidney

Mafenide acetate (Sulfamylon),

gastrointestinal bleeding and,

transplantation and, 706

burn wounds and, 628

360

Medical evaluation, surgical

Magnesium, 80

Malnutrition, 44

evaluation v., 4

Magnesium ammonium

SNS and, 45, 46

Medical history. See also Past

phosphate stones, 673

Mammogram

medical history

Magnetic resonance

abnormal, 337, 338

pediatric surgical patient

angiography (MRA)

diagnostic, 349

and, 635

coarctation of aorta and, 330

screening, death and, 348

trauma and, 551

embolism and, 518

trials, 342

Medical management, valvular

lower extremity ischemia

Mammotome, biopsy v., 349

heart disease, 274–275

and, 505

Mandatory breaths, 92

Medical therapy, type B aortic

renal artery stenosis, 329

Mannitol, brain volume and,

dissections and, 301–302

stroke and, 311, 312

582, 583

Medications

Magnetic resonance imaging

Manual detorsion, testis torsion

medical conditions and, 6

(MRI)

and, 679

patient history and, 139

acute head injury and, 572

Manual lymph drainage,

pediatric patient and, 642

chest pain and, 297

lymphedema and, 525

urinary stones and, 676

Conn’s disease and, 329

MAP. See Mean arterial

Medullary thyroid cancer, 197

lymphedema and, 524

pressure

Melanocytic nevocellular nevi,

neck lesions and, 184

Marfan’s syndrome, 288

532

sarcoma and, 541

Marijuana, 179

Melanoma, 189, 534–541

stroke and, 311

Masses, palpation and, 384

ABCDE mnemonic of, 534

TBI and, 587

Mastectomy, 343, 349. See also

atypical nevi and, 534

Maintenance fluid

Axillary dissection;

disease staging of, 536

calculation of, 641

Breast cancer, early stage

evaluation of, 534

estimating, pediatric patient

breast conservation v., 344,

excision margins for, current

and, 640

345

recommendations of, 539

Major intraabdominal bleeding,

MAST. See Military anti-shock

management of, algorithm

386

garment suit

for, 545

Malabsorption, fecal fat

Maternal history, neonate and,

stage groupings for, 538

measurement and, 470

650

treatment of, 536–538, 540

Index 777

MELD score. See Model for

Microbial factors, infections

MRSA. See Methicillin-resistant

end-stage liver disease

and, 100

Staphylococcus aureus

scores

Microcalcifications,

Multinodular goiter, 183

Melena, 356

MEN IIa. See Multiple

349

syndrome (MEN IIa),

endocrine neoplasia

Micronutrients, SNS and, 51

328

syndrome

Mild head injuries, 576

Multiple organ dysfunction

Menstrual history, breast and,

Military anti-shock garment

system (MODS), 98

337, 338

(MAST) suit, 562

cardiovascular system

Mental rehabilitation, burn

Minute ventilation, 95

dysfunction and, 86,

wounds and, 631

MI. See Myocardial infarction

87–90

Mesalamine, Crohn’s disease

Mitral insufficiency, 266,

diagnostics of, 85–98

and, 451

270–271

management of, 85–98

Mesenteric arteries,

surgery for, 276

pulmonary system

thromboembolic

Mitral insufficiency murmur,

dysfunction and, 90–95

occlusion of, 388

273

shock and, 134

Mesenteric lymphadenitis,

Mitral stenosis, 234, 272, 276

surgical critical care and, 83

abdominal pain and, 405

rheumatic valvular disease

Munchausen syndrome, flank

Mesh repair, inguinal hernia

and, 270

pain and, 686

and, 488

Mitral valve repair, 280

Murmur of postinfarction

Meta-analysis, review article

Mitral valves, 265

ventricular septal defect,

and, 26

Mittelschmerz, 399

271

Metabolic acidosis, 77

Mixed teratocarcinoma, 700

Muscle contusion, 589

Metabolic alkalosis, 77

MMF. See Mycophenolate

knee joint and, 612

Metabolic therapies, ICP and,

mofetil

Muscle lacerations, 589

583

Model for end-stage liver

Muscle strain injuries

Metaiodobenzylguanidine

disease (MELD) scores,

ankle, 615

(MIBG) scanning,

741

musculotendinous junction