Экономические

Exercise

I. Translate into Russian:

–inflation: inflation rate; causes of inflation;

consequences of inflation; inflation rises;

inflation reduces;

–stagflation;

–deflation;

–demand and supply: supply of money; supply of goods;

–It may lead to stagflation and then to deflation.

II. Write down the sentences or parts of sentences which describe:

–inflation;

–stagflation;

–deflation.

III. Translate the text into Russian.

UNIT 5

FOREIGN TRADE.

BASIC TERMS IN FOREIGN TRADE

Countries buy and sell various goods as well various services. Goods bought from abroad, such as food, cars, machines, medicines, books and many others, are called visible imports. Goods sold abroad are called visible exports.

Services, such as insurance, fright, tourism, technical expertise and others, are called invisible imports and invisible exports. The total amount of money a country makes including money from visible and invisible exports, for a certain period of time, usually for a year, is Gross National Product, or GNP.

The difference between a country’s total earnings or GNP, and its total expenditure is called its balance of payment.

The difference between what a country receives for its visible exports and what it pays for its visible imports is its balance of trade. If a country sells more goods than it buys, it will have a surplus. If a country buys more than it sells, it will have a deficit.

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I. Find the definitions of the following terms in text and write them down:

–visible imports;

–invisible imports;

–GNP;

–balance of payment;

–balance of trade;

–a surplus;

–a deficit.

II. Underline the correct word in the brackets.

1. Goods sold to other countries, such as food, cars, machines, medicines, books, musical instruments, cassettes, discs and many others, are (visible, invisible) exports.

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2.Services, such as insurance, freight, tourism, technical expertise, medical operations and others sold to other countries are invisible (imports, exports).

3.The difference between total earnings of a country and its total expenditure is called its balance of (payments, trade).

4.The difference between a country’s earnings for its visible exports and expenditure for its visible imports is called its balance of (payments, trade).

5.The difference between a country’s GNP and its total expenditure is called its balance of (payments, trade).

6.The total amount of money a country earns including exports, for a certain period of time, is called (GDP, GNP).

7.The amount of money a country earns for goods and services inside the country is called (GDP, GNP).

8.If a country sells more goods than it buys it will have a (deficit, surplus).

III. Complete the sentences.

1.If a country buys more goods than it sells it will have a …

2.Gross National Product is the total amount …

3.Gross Domestic Product is …

4.Invisible exports and imports are …

5.Visible exports and imports are …

6.A country’s balance of payments is …

7.A country’s trade balance is …

IV. Say what basic terms, used in foreign trade, you remember.

UNIT 6

ENQUIRES AND OFFERS

1. ENQUIRES

Business transactions usually start with enquiries.

As a rule the prospective buyer gets the name and the address of the prospective seller either at an exhibition, from an advertisement in a newspaper, magazine, and thanks to a television or radio commercial. All these channels of information are very important.

Enquiries can be sent by mail, by telex or by fax. Sometimes enquiries can be made orally, by telephone.

In the enquiry the prospective buyer states in what goods exactly he is interested and asks for details on the price and terms of sale.

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Here is a specimen enquiry:

Southern Importers Ltd.

Dane Street

Northam

Southampton S09 4YQ

Dear Sirs,

We are a large record store in the centre of Manchester and would like to know more about the tapes and cassettes you advertised in this month’s edition of Hi Fi News. Could you tell us if the cassettes are leading brand names, or made by small independent companies, and if they would suitable for recording classical music or only dictations and messages?

It would also be helpful if you could send us some samples.

If they are of the standard we require, we will place a substantial order. We would also like to know if you are offerring any trade discounts. We are looking forward to hearing from you in the near future.

Yours faithfully,

J. Allen

Director

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Exercise

I. Find the answers in the text.

1.With what formal letters do business transactions usually start?

2.How can a person or a company learn the name and address of the exporter?

3.How can enquiries be sent?

4.What statements, questions or requests do enquiries usually contain?

II. Sum up what the text says about enquiries in general.

III. Answer the questions about the specimen enquiry.

1.Who wrote this enquiry?

2.How did he introduce his company?

3.How had he learned about Southern Importers Ltd.?

4.In what products was Mr. Allen’s company interested?

5.What detailed information did he want to receive?

6.Did he ask for samples?

7.On what condition did he promise to place a substantial order?

8.What did he say about a trade discount?

9.In what words did he ask the company to send a reply as quickly as possible?

IV. Translate into Russian.

1.We would like to know more about the tapes you advertised in the magazine.

2.Could you tell us if the cassettes are leading brand names?

3.Could you tell us if they are made by small independent companies?

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4.We wonder if they are suitable for recording classical music.

5.We would like to know if they would be suitable only for dictations and messages.

6.It would be helpful if you could send us some samples.

7.If they are of the standard we require we will place a substantial order.

8.We would like to know if you are offering any trade discount.

9.We are looking forward to hearing from you in the near future.

V. Complete the sentences as in the text.

1.We are a large record store in the centre of Manchester and we would like to know more about …

2.Could you tell us if the cassettes are leading brand names or made by small independent companies, and if they …

3.It would also be helpful if you could send …

4.If they are of the standard we require …

5.We would also like to know if you are offering …

6.We are looking forward …

VI. Write a similar letter, changing the address, date and cassettes for videocassettes.

2. OFFERS

After considering the enquiry for some time the prospective seller sends an offer in reply.

The offer usually quotes the price and stipulates terms of delivery, terms of payment, time of delivery and some other necessary details.

Here is a specimen reply-offer:

Dear Mr. Allen,

Thank you for your enquiry of 12 May in which you asked about the tapes we advertised in this month’s edition of Hi Fi News.

The cassettes are ferrous based and high quality chromium dioxide which as you know means they would be suitable for any type of recording. They are Kolby products which is brand name you will certainly recognize. Our prices are low and quite competitive as we are working on a small profit margin, therefore we will not be offering any trade discounts on this consignment.

But we sell a wide range of cassettes and we enclose a pricelist giving you details of trade, quantity, and cash discounts on our other products.

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We have sent, by separate post, samples of the advertised cassettes and other brands we stock. We would urge you to place an order as soon as possible as there has been a huge response to our advertisement.

Thank you for your interest and await your reply.

Your faithfully. B. Lyndon

Southern Importers Ltd. Encl. price-list

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Exercise

I. Complete the sentences, as in the text.

1.After considering an enquiry for some time the prospective seller …

2.The offer usually quotes …

3.Thank you for your enquiry of 12 May in which you asked …

4.They would be suitable for …

5.They are Kolby products which is a …

6.Our prices are low and quite competitive as …

7.Therefore we will not be offering …

8.But we sell a wide range of cassettes and we enclose …

9.We have sent, by separate post …

10.We would urge you to place …

11.Thank you for …

II. Find the answers in the text.

1.What information do offers usually give?

2.How did Mr. Lyndon mention the enquiry received?

3.What did Mr. Lyndon say about the quality of the cassettes?

4.Why did he say he could not give a discount?

5.What did he say about other products of the company?

6.What did they send by separate mail to the record store?

7.What did Mr. Lyndon say about the time limit?

III. Translate the offer into Russian.

IV. Write a similar offer changing the address, dates and cassettes for videocassettes.

BUSINESS TALKS

In the course of making enquiries and offers, the parties very often meet to agree upon one or another question.

Here is a specimen business talk:

SELLER: Well, let’s get started. You now, with this delivery problem I’m sure there’s room for negotiation.

BUYER: Oh, yes, we stressed in our enquiry that we needed the machine urgently. A speedy delivery is of vital importance for us.

SELLER: Well, this is how we see it. We can deliver the machine in ten weeks and install it four weeks after that.

BUYER: Oh, I am afraid these periods are too long. We cannot agree with

you.

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SELLER: These are in fact the usual periods. It’s pretty normal in this kind of operation.

BUYER: When we mentioned speedy delivery we expected you to deliver the machine in 6 weeks at the latest and to install it 3 weeks after that.

SELLER: I see what you mean. But that would be difficult. You see we have a lot of orders to handle at present, and moving just one machine is a major problem. Look, if I can promise you delivery in 7 weeks, does that help?

BUYER: I am afraid I cannot agree to that.

SELLER: Well, you are really asking us for something that is very difficult. I’ve already offered you 7 weeks. I’ll have to consult with my colleagues and let you know our reply this week.

BUYER: I’ve got a proposal .If you deliver the machine in 6 weeks we shall place another order for the second half of year.

SELLER: Well, on that basis I suppose we might be able to look at some kind of arrangement. If fact, if you can promise another order I think we could accept your terms.

BUYER: Very good. Let’s consider it settled. I’ll confirm our next order for the second part of the year in writing tomorrow.

SELLER: I’m very glad we have come to an agreement.

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Exercises

I. Complete the sentences, as in the text.

1.In the course of making enquiries and ofters, the parties very often …

2.Here is a specimen …

3.You know, with this delivery problem I'm sure there's room ...

4.Oh yes, we stressed in our enquiry ...

5.A speedy delivery is ...

6.We can deliver the machines ...

7.When we mentioned speedy delivery we expected you ...

8.We have a lot of orders ...

9.Look, if I can promise you delivery ...

10.I'll have to consult ...

11.If you deliver the machine in 6 weeks ...

12.In fact, if you can promise another order ...

13.I'll confirm our next order …

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