Экономические
.pdfMicroeconomics and macroeconomics
Economics as a science consists of two disciplines that is of microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies individual producers, consumers, or markets. Microeconomics also studies how government activities such as regulations and taxes affect individual markets. Besides microeconomics tries to understand what factors affect the prices, wages and earnings.
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the economy as a whole. It tries to understand the picture as a whole rather than small parts of it. In particular, it studies the overall values of output, of unemployment and of inflation.
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Vocabulary |
microeconomics |
микроэкономика |
macroeconomics |
макроэкономика |
discipline |
дисциплина |
branch |
отрасль, ветвь, отделение |
individual |
индивидуальный, личный |
producer |
производитель, изготовитель |
consumer |
потребитель |
market |
рынок |
activities |
деятельность |
regulation |
правило, регулирование |
government |
правительство |
tax |
налог |
to levy a tax on smth. |
ввести налог на что-либо |
wages |
заработная плата |
to earn |
зарабатывать, получать |
earnings |
заработок, прибыль |
rather than |
скорее чем |
in particular |
в частности, в особенности |
value |
ценность, стоимость |
output |
выпуск продукции |
inflation |
инфляция |
Exercises
I. Translate these sentences into English.
1.В этом семестре у нас будет три лекции в неделю по экономике.
2.Тогда вы хорошо поймете все тексты.
3.Мы будем говорить только об экономике?
4.Каждый месяц у нас будет три-четыре урока по общебытовому английскому языку.
5.Какие тексты мы будем изучать?
6.Мы будем читать статьи из английских газет.
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II. Read and translate these words:
–to produce – producer;
–to consume – consumer;
–to manufacture – manufacturer;
–to manage – manager;
–to employ – employer;
–to export – exporter;
–to import – importer;
–to read – reader;
–to write – writer.
III. Translate these sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the word “to affect”.
1.These regulations affect individual markets.
2.Besides taxes affect individual markets.
3.Many factors affect the prices, wages and earnings.
4.Weather conditions affected the price of many agricultural produce.
IV. Choose the correct articles.
1.Economics as (a, the) science consists of two disciplines.
2.Microeconomics as (a, the) branch of economics studies producers, consumers, or markets.
3.Microeconomics as (a, the) branch of economics studies how government activities affect individual markets.
4.Microeconomics as (a, the) branch of economics attempts to understand what factors affect the prices, wages and earnings.
5.Macroeconomics as (a, the) branch of economics studies the economy as a
whole.
6.Macroeconomics as (a, the) branch of economics studies the overall values of output, unemployment and inflation.
V. Repeat what the text says about:
–microeconomics;
–macroeconomics.
The Economy
The words “the economy” are words we hear or read almost every day. For example, we may be told that “the world economy is in the doldrums,” or “the European economy is making little progress out of recession,” or “the UK economy is beginning to recover,” or “the Scottish economy has held up relatively well during the recent recession”.
But what is meant by the economy? What is an economy? What happens in one? How does an economy work?
The economy is a social mechanism which answers these three questions. The economy means a system for the management, use and control of the money, goods and other resources of a country, community or household.
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Vocabulary |
in the doldrums |
в упадке, в состоянии застоя |
recession |
спад |
beginning |
начало |
to recover |
оживляться, выздоравливать |
to hold up well |
показать себя с хорошей стороны |
relatively |
сравнительно |
management |
управление, менеджмент, |
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умение справляться |
use |
использование, польза |
control |
управление, контроль, |
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регулирование |
community |
семья |
household |
домашнее хозяйство |
Exercises
I. Translate these sentences into Russian.
1.British Airways is to hold trials of a new system of shopping.
2.Travellers will be able to buy various items by ordering them on board the
planes.
3.To my mind such purchases cannot be done yet. The project has not been realized yet.
4.This idea may be realized later.
5.We may be told that the world economy is in the doldrums.
6.We may see such titles as “The economy out of recession” or “The economy is recovering”.
II.Read these words paying attention to the articles:
–the economy;
–the UK economy;
–the Scottish economy;
–the European economy;
–the world economy;
–an economy, economy;
–the Russian economy;
–the French economy;
–the Japanese economy;
–the Chinese economy.
III.Repeat what the titles said about:
–the world economy;
–the European economy;
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–the UK economy;
–the Scottish economy.
IV. Translate these sentences into Russian.
What is meant by “the economy”?
What is an economy?
What happens in an economy?
How does an economy work?
V. Complete the sentences by using the words from the text.
The economy is a social ______ which answers these three questions.
The economy means a system for the _______ of the money, goods and other resources of_____.
Profit
It is essential to distinguish a few different concepts of “profit”.
“Profit” in everyday life means advantage or good obtained from something. Besides it can mean money gained in business.
“Profit” for an accountant means simply the difference between total receipts and total costs.
For the economist “profit” has a much wider meaning. It is the revenue derived from the use of resources minus the opportunity cost of using those resources. The economist attaches a cost to the use of retained earnings, since they could have yielded revenues if used outside the business.
Besides the economist would value the time of ownermanagers in accordance with what they could have earned outside the business.
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Vocabulary |
revenue |
доход |
opportunity cost |
оптимальные издержки/издержки |
it is essential to do smth. |
необходимо сделать что-либо |
to distinguish |
различать, выделять, отличать |
concept |
понятие, идея, концепция |
to obtain |
получать |
accountant |
бухгалтер |
receipts |
денежные поступления, выручка, |
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приход, доход(ы) |
costs |
расходы, стоимость, себестоимость |
wide |
широкий |
to derive |
получать, извлекать |
to attach |
прилагать, относить |
to retain |
удерживать |
retained earnings |
нераспределенная прибыль |
Since |
так как |
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to yield |
производить, давать, собирать |
in accordance with smth. |
в соответствии с чем-либо |
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Exercise |
I. Read these words and make a few sentences of your own. |
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to earn – earner – earnings |
Export earnings |
Retained earnings |
Total earnings |
The money earned 7% interest |
Interest earnings |
To earn a living |
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profit – profitable |
To earn a profit |
Profit margin |
To make a profit |
Profit and loss account |
To sell smth at a profit |
A non- profit organization |
II.Say what Participles are used in the following fragments of sentences:
–advantages obtained from the situation;
–money gained in business;
–revenue derived from securities;
–cost of deriving the revenue;
–cost of using the resources;
–retained earnings;
–operating expenses.
III.Translate these sentences as in the example paying attention to the PERFECT INFINITIVE used after the verb “can/could”:
They could have earned a big sum. –
Они могли бы заработать большую сумму. They could have introduced new freight rates.
They could have yielded higher revenue. They could have earned much more.
The company could have doubled the production. She could have made a report yesterday.
She could have made a better summary. She could have passed her exam earlier.
IV. Translate these sentences as in the example paying attention to the use of the CONDITIONAL MOOD:
The economist would value the time of the owner. –
Экономист оценил бы время, затрачиваемое владельцем.
Or the economist would value the time of the manager. No country would agree to that.
No companies would join the agreement No producer would cut the price so drastically.
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The engineer would not ask you that question.
I would never study Chinese.
V. Make sentences with these verbs following the above pattern:
essential necessary important
It is possible to do something impossible
difficult
–to distinguish four concepts;
–to describe the difference;
–to define the tern;
–to remember the figures;
–to remember the quoted prices;
–to remember the exchange rates;
–to avoid mistakes.
VI. Repeat what the profit means for:
–an economist;
–an accountant;
–a non-professional.
VII. Translate the following definition of the term “profit”.
Profit is often regarded as the difference between the total expenses involved in making or buying something and the total revenue accruing from its sale. This difference could be interpreted as a return on capital and measured in various ways.
VIII. Compare the above definition with the one given in the text. Say which of them seems better to you and why.
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UNIT 2 |
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BANKS |
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Bank generally, a corporation |
Банк – в большинстве случаев |
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formed for the purpose of maintaining |
это объединение, образованное в це- |
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savings accounts and checking ac- |
лях хранения сберегательных счетов |
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counts, issuing loans and credit, and |
и контроля за ними, предоставления |
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dealing in negotiable securities issued |
ссуд и кредитов и проведения опе- |
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by governmental entities and corpora- |
раций с обращающимися ценными |
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tions. By law, banks are usually per- |
бумагами, выпускаемыми прави- |
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mitted to engage in activities and offer |
тельственными |
организациями |
и |
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numerous services incidental to and |
корпорациями. Согласно законода- |
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beyond those listed above, e.g., buying |
тельству, банкам обычно разрешает- |
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and selling gold and silver. Banks earn |
ся заниматься деятельностью и пре- |
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money by investing their customers’ |
доставлять |
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различные |
услуги, |
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deposits. In order to protect the cus- |
сопутствующие |
и |
выходящие |
за |
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tomers against loss, banks are strictly |
рамки перечисленных выше, напри- |
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regulated, and fall into the following |
мер осуществлять покупку и прода- |
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three categories. |
жу золота и серебра. Банки зараба- |
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тывают деньги путем инвести- |
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рования вкладов своих клиентов. |
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Чтобы защитить клиентов от убыт- |
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ков, деятельность банков строго ре- |
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гулируется. |
Банки |
подразделяются |
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на три категории. |
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COMMERCIAL BANK by far, |
Коммерческий банк пока яв- |
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the most common and most unre- |
ляется |
самым |
распространенным |
и |
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stricted type of bank. It is allowed the |
наиболее |
неограниченным |
типом |
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most latitude in the services it offers |
банка. Ему предоставляется наи- |
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and the investment it makes. Its major |
большая свобода в выборе оказы- |
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limitation is that it must keep on re- |
ваемых |
услуг |
и |
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осуществляемого |
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serve a larger percentage of its deposit. |
инвестирования. Его основное огра- |
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This reserve is used to cover the bank’s |
ничение заключается в том, что он |
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daily needs, to guard against a money |
обязан оставлять в резерве больший |
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shortage at the bank and a resulting |
процент своих депозитов, чем другие |
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panic, and to shield the customers |
банки. Этот резерв используется для |
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against the bank’s failure and the con- |
покрытия текущих расходов банка, |
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sequent loss of deposits. |
устранения возможной нехватки на- |
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личности и предотвращения паники, |
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защиты клиентов в случае банкрот- |
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ства банка и вытекающих из этого |
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потерь вкладов. |
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SAVINGS BANK prevalent only |
Сберегательный банк получил |
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on the East coast and in Midwest, this |
распространение |
только на |
восточ- |
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is the least common type of bank. Tra- |
ном побережье и на среднем Западе, |
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ditionally, it developed to encourage |
это наименее распространенный вид |
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frugality among the poorer section of |
банков. Изначально этот вид банков |
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the population, and offered limited ser- |
появился, чтобы стимулировать бе- |
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vices. Its major service was the “time” |
режливость |
среди |
малообеспечен- |
savings account, or deposit, from |
ных слоев населения и предлагал ог- |
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which money, once deposited, could be |
раниченное количество услуг. Его |
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withdrawn only after a set period |
основной услугой было предостав- |
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elapsed or 30 days’ notice was given. |
ление «срочного» сберегательного |
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Its services, however, have been ex- |
счета, или депозита, деньги с кото- |
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panded in some instances. By law a |
рого, будучи вложенными, могли |
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savings bank’s investments are usually |
быть изъяты только по истечении |
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limited to certain corporate and gov- |
определенного срока или после по- |
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ernment bonds and securities. Its ad- |
дачи предварительного уведомления |
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vantages are that it can pay higher in- |
за 30 дней. Услуги такого банка, од- |
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terest rates than commercial bank, has |
нако, в некоторых случаях были |
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certain tax benefits, and can keep a |
расширены. По закону инвестиции |
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smaller percentage of its deposits on |
сберегательного банка обычно огра- |
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reserve. Usually, the bank is owned by |
ничиваются |
определенными корпо- |
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its depositors as creditors whose divi- |
рационными и правительственными |
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dends are paid in form of interest on |
облигациями и ценными бумагами. |
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their accounts. |
Преимущества такого банка заклю- |
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чаются в том, что он может выпла- |
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чивать более высокие процентные |
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ставки, чем коммерческие банки, |
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имеет определенные льготы при на- |
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логообложении и может удерживать |
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меньший процент своих депозитов в |
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резерве. Обычно владельцами банка |
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являются его вкладчики, которые |
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выступают в роли кредиторов, чьи |
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дивиденды выплачиваются в форме |
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процента по их счетам. |
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TAX a rate or sum of money as- |
Налог – это процентная ставка |
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sessed on a person or property for the |
или сумма в денежном выражении, |
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support of the government, and com- |
которыми облагается лицо или соб- |
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monly levied upon assets or real proper- |
ственность для поддержания прави- |
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ty (property tax), or income derived |
тельства, взимаемые с активов, или |
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from wages, etc. (income tax), or upon |
недвижимости (налог на собствен- |
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the sale or purchase of goods (sales tax). |
ность), или |
с заработной платы и |
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т. д. (подоходный налог), или с про- |
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дажи, а также купли товаров (налог |
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на продажи). |
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AD VALOREN TAX (VALUE |
Налог на добавленную стои- |
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ADDED TAX) a tax imposed upon the |
мость – налог на |
разницу между |
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difference between the cost of an asset |
стоимостью продукта для налого- |
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to the taxpayer and the present fair |
плательщика |
и настоящей обосно- |
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market value of such asset; a tax based |
ванной рыночной ценой этого про- |
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on a percentage of the value of the |
дукта; налог основывается на |
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property subject to taxation, as op- |
процентном соотношении стоимости |
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posed to a specific tax, which is a |
собственности, подлежащей налого- |
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fixed sum applied to all of a certain |
обложению, в отличие от специаль- |
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class of articles. |
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ного налога, представленного уста- |
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новленной суммой в отношении всех |
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изделий определенного класса. |
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INCOME TAX a tax imposed |
Подоходный налог – это налог, |
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upon income received which is recog- |
который взимается с полученного и |
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nized for tax purposes by the taxpayers, |
заявленного |
дохода |
налогоплатель- |
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reduced by the allowable deduction and |
щика, за вычетом сумм, разрешен- |
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credits. |
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ных законом, и кредитов. |
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PROPERTY TAX generally, tax |
Налог на собственность – это |
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imposed by municipalities upon own- |
обычно налог, взимаемый муници- |
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ers of property within their jurisdiction |
пальными органами в пределах своих |
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based upon the value of such property. |
полномочий с владельцев собствен- |
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ности, исходя из стоимости этой соб- |
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ственности. Размер такого налога, |
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как правило, не меняется в зависимо- |
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сти от стоимости собственности. |
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SALES TAX a tax generally im- |
Налог на продажи, как прави- |
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posed by state or local government on |
ло, взимается штатом или местной |
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the sale of certain items that are gener- |
администрацией на продажу опреде- |
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ally not for resale. In general, the sales |
ленных видов товара, которые |
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tax is at a set rate regardless of the pur- |
обычно не предназначены для пере- |
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chase price of the property. |
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продажи. В целом налог на продажи |
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устанавливается в |
определенном |
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размере независимо от покупной це- |
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ны собственности. |
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UNIFIED ESTATE AND GIFT |
Федеральный налог, взимае- |
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TAX a federal tax imposed upon the |
мый с чистой стоимости наследства |
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net value of an estate and on gifts of |
и дарений определенных размеров. |
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certain amounts. The transferor is liable |
Даритель несет ответственность за |
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for the gift taxes but if the transferor |
выплату налога на дарения, однако |
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fails to pay the gift tax, the transferee |
если он этого не сделает, то ответст- |
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may be held liable for its payment. |
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венность за выплату налога ложится |
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на получателя. |
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WITHHOLDING TAX |
the |
Налог путем вычетов – это |
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amount of income tax withheld from a |
часть подоходного налога, которая |
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payment of income. For example, an |
удерживается из выплаты дохода. |
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employer is required to withhold taxes |
Например, |
работодатель должен |
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from an employee’s salary when |
the |
удержать налог из заработной платы |
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salary is paid to the employee’s salary when the salary is paid to the employee. The amount withheld is a credit against the amount of income taxes that the employee must pay on income earned for the taxable year.
INTEREST in commercial law, consideration paid for the use of money loaned or forbearance in demanding it when due. Interest is a means of compensation, and expresses a formula consisting of the amount charged (a percentage), the amount loaned, and the time involved.
INTEREST RATE the amount of interest paid, usually expressed as a percentage of the amount of the underlying debt.
работника по ее выплате. Удерживаемая сумма является кредитом против суммы подоходных налогов, которые работник должен выплатить с дохода, заработанного в течение налогового года.
Процент – в торговом праве встречное удовлетворение или компенсация, выплачиваемая за пользование денежной ссудой, или воздержание от права требования этой суммы по наступлении срока ее возвращения. Процент – это средство компенсации, он выражает формулу, состоящую из выплачиваемой суммы (процента), суммы ссуды и времени показателей.
Процентная ставка – сумма выплачиваемого процента, обычно выраженная в виде процента с суммы долга.
VARIOUS SERVICES OF BANKS Banker’s services cover an enormous range of activities today. A full list would include:
1. Current account services
They are extended to anyone whom banks regard as reliable. A new depositor should be recommended by his employer or should present a reference. If this proves satisfactory the bank will accept a deposit from him which will be entered in his current account.
A cheque book will then be issued free of charge. Once the customer has received his cheque book he may use the cheques to order the banker to pay our sums of money from his current account. Money is being paid into and paid out of the account as often as the customer finds convenient.
2. Deposit account services
Companies and individuals can deposit cash resources that are not needed at present. They need it or after a certain period in case of time deposit.
3. Savings account services
It enables small savers to put money away for particular purposes, for example for holidays.
4. Other services:
–foreign exchange;
–foreign exchange transactions;
–services in foreign trade payments;
–discounting bills of exchange;
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