- •1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter of stylistics and its basic notions.
- •2. General scientific background of linguo-stylistics. Information theory and stylistics. The definition of information. Different types of information.
- •3. Information theory and linguistics. The major types of information from a linguo-stylistic prospective.
- •4. The principal model of information transfer. Its constituents.
- •5. The principal model of information transfer. Basic processes involved. Information loss and accumulation.
- •6. Types and kinds of stylistics.
- •7. Basic notions of stylistics: language, speech activity, and speech; syntagmatics and paradigmatics; marked and unmarked members of stylistic opposition.
- •8. Basic notions of stylistics: style, individual style; norm; variant, context.
- •9. Linguistic vs stylistic context, other types of context.
- •10. Em and sd.
- •11. Foregrounding: the evolution of the notion, major types.
- •12. The theory of image. The image structure, types of images.
- •13. Style and meaning. Types of connotations.
- •14. Forms and varieties of language. The notion of received standard.
- •15. Basis for the stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary; stylistic and functional style.
- •16. См. 17, 18, 19, 20
- •17. Stylistic potential of neutral words.
- •18. Literary words and their stylistic functions.
- •19. The interrelations between archaic word, historic words, stylistic and lexical neologisms.
- •21. The notions of em and sd on the syntactic level.
- •22. General characteristics of the English syntactical expressive means.
- •23. Syntactical em based on the redundancy of elements of the neutral syntactic model.
- •24. Syntactical em based on the violation of word order of elements of the neutral syntactic model.
- •25. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of several syntactic constructions within the utterance.
- •26. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of forms and types of syntactic connections between words, clauses, sentences.
- •27. Syntactic sd based on the interaction of the syntactic construction meaning with the context.
- •28. General characteristics of the English semasiological means of stylistics.
- •29. Classification of figures of substitution. Em based on the notion of quantity an em based on the notion of quality.
- •30. General characteristics of figures of substitution as expressive means of semasiology.
- •31. General characteristics of figures of combination as stylistic devices of semasiology.
- •32. Figures of quality: general characteristics.
- •33. Figures of quantity: hyperbole, meiosis.
- •49. Major paradigms of literary text interpretation.
- •50. Hermeneutic, logical, psychological perspectives of the literary text interpretation.
- •51. Basic notions of literary text interpretation: textual reference and artistic model of the world. Fictitious time and space.
- •52. Basic notions of the literary text interpretation. Text partitioning and composition. Implication and artistic detail.
- •53. The notion of the author in the narrative text. Internal and external aspects of the author’s textual presence.
- •54. The notion of the point of view. Types of point of view.
- •55. The narrator in the literary text. Types of narrators.
- •56. Approaches to fictional character within the framework of modern text interpretation.
- •57. Major classifications of literary text characters.
- •58. Methods of characterization of the literary text personage.
- •59. Perceptive semantics of the literary text. The notion of “split addressee”. Major criteria for the differentiation of literary text addressees.
- •60. Reader-in-the-text as a literary text construct. Typology of “in-text” readers.
- •61. Linguistic signals of addressee-orientation. Cognitive mechanisms of their formation and functioning, their typology.
13. Style and meaning. Types of connotations.
Word meaning - constant relations between the object (as a referent or an idea about a referent), the notion named and the name itself: its sound form and contents, or the reflection of the object or notion in our mind. (V.I. Shakhovsky)
Grammatical – refers our mind to relations between words or to some forms of words or constructions bearing upon their structural functions in the language-as-a-system. (Galperin)
Lexical – refers the mind to some concrete concept, phenomenon, or thing of objective reality, whether real or imaginary. Can be denotative and connotative.
Denotative represents the most important aspect of communication because it refers to the notional basis of information conveyed by the speaker to the listener; establishes correlation between the name (word) and the object, phenomenon, process or qualification of concrete reality or thought as such, which is detonated by the word;
Connotative – refers to socio-cultural and personal associations of the sign Conveys information about the situation and the participants of communication; Does not exist independently of denotation but simultaneously with it
Сonnotative meaning may be of 4 types:
- functional stylistic meaning which is the result of the constant usage of the word in definite speech spheres: foe, maiden – in poetry, chap – colloquial.
- evaluative meaning which bears reference to things, phenomena or ideas through the evaluation of the denotate: e.g. The concept “dwelling” is represented:slum, house, building, barrack, hut, mansion, palace, etc.
- emotive meaning which expresses the speaker’s emotional attitude to the denotate (chit, puppet, jade) e.g. “She sounds a bit of a swine”, the boy said. Oh! Hell! Damn! Bloody!
- expressive meaning which does not refer to directly to things or phenomena of the objective reality, but to the feelings and emotions of the speaker; aims at intensification of the meaning – both emotional and logical; it either increases or decreases the expressiveness of the language. e.g. pig-headed – ‘very stubborn and obstinate’ (speaking of a man – cockerel, bully, buck)
14. Forms and varieties of language. The notion of received standard.
In sociolinguistics a variety is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, accents, registers, styles or other sociolinguistic variation, as well as the standard variety itself. Variation at the level of the lexicon, such as slang and argot, is often considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called registers), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties themselves
Dialect is a regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. Although the words dialect and accent are sometimes used interchangeably in everyday English speech, linguists and scholars define the two terms differently. Accent, in technical usage, refers only to differences in pronunciation, especially those associated with geographic or social differences. Dialect, which refers to differences in syntax, morphology, and vocabulary, as well as pronunciation, is the broader term.
Most languages have a standard variety; that is, some variety that is selected and promoted by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are more prestigious than other, nonstandard varieties and are generally thought of as "correct" by speakers of the language. Since this selection constitutes an arbitrary standard, however, standard varieties are only "correct" in the sense that they are highly valued within the society that uses the language.
An idiolect is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person." An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers, and in the case of multilinguals, various languages.