- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •1.1 A Clockwork Orange: Meaning and Form in Context
- •1.3 Compound and Noun Phrase Ambiguities
- •1.6 Word Building 3: Tohono O'odham
- •1.7 Word Building 4: Tohono O'odham
- •1.9 Morphophonology 2: Turkish
- •1.10 Morphophonology 3: -ity Affixation (English)
- •2.1 Reverse Transcription
- •2.2 Transcription: Monosyllables
- •2.4 Special Topic 1: Phonetic Variation (English /t/)
- •2.6 Writing Systems: Japanese
- •3.1 Phonological Rules 1: English Past Tense
- •3.3 Phonological Rules 3: Tohono O'odham
- •3.4 Phonological Rules 4: Zoque
- •3.5 Phonological Rules 5: Japanese
- •3.6 Phonological Rules 6: Japanese
- •3.9 Special Topic 3: Phonetic Variation (French Vowels)
- •3.10 Special Topic 4: Liaison (French)
- •4 Syntax
- •4.2 English Syntax 2: Simple NPs, VPs, and PPs
- •4.4 English Syntax 4: Tree and Sentence Matching
- •4.5 English Syntax 5: Possessive NP with a PP
- •4.6 English Syntax 6: Verb-Particle versus Verb-PP Structure
- •4.7 English Syntax 7: S-Adverbs versus VP-Adverbs
- •4.8 English Syntax 8: Arguing for Syntactic Structure
- •4.10 Simple Sentences 2: Tamil
- •4.11 Simple Sentences 3: Tohono O'odham
- •4.12 Simple Sentences 4: Yaqui
- •4.13 Simple Sentences 5: Dyirbal
- •4.14 Simple Sentences 6: Japanese
- •4.15 Complex Sentences 1: Japanese
- •4.16 Complex Sentences 2: Modern Irish
- •4.17 Morphosyntax 1: Telugu
- •4.19 Morphosyntax 3: Classical Nahuatl (Aztec)
- •4.20 Morphosyntax 4: Merkin
- •4.22 Special Topic 2: Reflexive (English)
- •4.23 Special Topic 3: Reflexive (Russian)
- •4.24 Special Topic 4: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •4.25 Special Topic 5: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •5 Semantics
- •5.1 Compositional and Noncompositional Meanings
- •5.2 Ambiguous Words
- •5.4 Homophony and Polysemy
- •5.5 Evaluative and Emotive Meaning
- •5.6 Special Topic: Grammaticalization of Semantic Properties
- •6 Language Variation
- •6.1 Pronouns: English
- •6.2 British English
- •7.2 Indo-European to English 2
- •8.1 Identifying the Message
- •8.2 Communication Breakdown
- •8.3 Literal/Nonliteral Use
- •8.4 Indirectness
- •8.5 "Unclear Reference" of Pronouns: English
- •8.6 Performative Verbs versus Perlocutionary Verbs
- •8.7 Proverbs
- •8.8 Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement: English
- •8.9 Major Moods 1: Finnish
- •8.10 Major Moods 2: Copala Trique
- •8.11 Major Moods 3: Mandarin Chinese
- •8.12 Pragmatics: Navajo
- •9 Psychology of Language
- •9.1 Speech Errors
- •1 How to State Phonological Rules
- •2 The Role of Distinctive Features in Phonological Rules
- •3 Transcription Key
- •4 Chart of Distinctive Features
- •5 Some Phrase Structure Rules for English
- •6 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication
- •7 Major Moods
- •8 Index of Languages
- •Bibliography
Name
Section
2.4 Special Topic 1: Phonetic Variation (English /t/)
The phoneme /t/ in English has six allophones, whose conditioning environments are summarized in the following table. (See Linguistics, pp. 90-93.) After examining the table, answer questions A and B.
Articulatory |
Phonetic |
Conditioning |
Example |
description |
symbol |
environment |
words |
Released, aspirated |
[t |
when syllable-initial |
tin [thin] |
Unreleased, preglottalized |
[It] |
word-final, after a |
kit [khr7t] |
|
|
vowel |
|
Glottal stop |
[?l |
before a syllabic n |
kitten [khl?n] |
Flap |
m |
between vowels, when |
pitted [phirid] |
|
|
the first vowel is |
|
|
|
stressed (approximate |
|
|
|
environment) |
|
Alveopalatal stop |
|
syllable-initial before r |
truck [tpk] |
Released, unaspirated |
|
when the above |
stint [strnt] |
|
|
conditions are not met |
|
|
|
first |
|
Questions
A.Identify the variant of /t/ in each word below. For some dialects of English the "conditioning environments" described in the table are not descriptively adequate and require modification. Check to see if in your dialect any adjustments need to be made in the environments.
Word |
Variant of It/ |
Conditioning environment |
1.after
2.beautiful
3.embitter
L
-c.
c
0
n
e
H
7
a
CU
4.that
5.cotton
6.cent
7.Burt
8.built
9.butler 10. Burton 11. substance 12. atoms 13. result 14. phonetics 15. revolt 16. antler 17. settler 18. try
19. attitude
20. article
In the spaces provided, write your rules for changing It/ to [th], [It], [?l, [r], [l], and [t], respectively. You may want to refer to appendix 1 for instructions on how to write phonological rules.
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Name
Section
25 Special Topic 2: Transcription (Vowels before /J/)
Questions
Write the following words containing the phoneme I/,. using the transcription system given in appendix 3 and in Linguistics (review pp. 97-100).
A. 1. |
boor |
6. dear |
|
2. |
bore |
7. |
fir |
3. |
poor |
8. |
mire |
4. |
care |
9. |
sewer |
5. |
car |
10. mirror |
|
B. l , tier |
6. |
lawyer |
|
2. |
Bayer |
7. |
earn |
3. merry |
8. |
lower |
|
4. |
marry |
9. |
sour |
5. |
Mary |
10. seer |
|
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