- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •1.1 A Clockwork Orange: Meaning and Form in Context
- •1.3 Compound and Noun Phrase Ambiguities
- •1.6 Word Building 3: Tohono O'odham
- •1.7 Word Building 4: Tohono O'odham
- •1.9 Morphophonology 2: Turkish
- •1.10 Morphophonology 3: -ity Affixation (English)
- •2.1 Reverse Transcription
- •2.2 Transcription: Monosyllables
- •2.4 Special Topic 1: Phonetic Variation (English /t/)
- •2.6 Writing Systems: Japanese
- •3.1 Phonological Rules 1: English Past Tense
- •3.3 Phonological Rules 3: Tohono O'odham
- •3.4 Phonological Rules 4: Zoque
- •3.5 Phonological Rules 5: Japanese
- •3.6 Phonological Rules 6: Japanese
- •3.9 Special Topic 3: Phonetic Variation (French Vowels)
- •3.10 Special Topic 4: Liaison (French)
- •4 Syntax
- •4.2 English Syntax 2: Simple NPs, VPs, and PPs
- •4.4 English Syntax 4: Tree and Sentence Matching
- •4.5 English Syntax 5: Possessive NP with a PP
- •4.6 English Syntax 6: Verb-Particle versus Verb-PP Structure
- •4.7 English Syntax 7: S-Adverbs versus VP-Adverbs
- •4.8 English Syntax 8: Arguing for Syntactic Structure
- •4.10 Simple Sentences 2: Tamil
- •4.11 Simple Sentences 3: Tohono O'odham
- •4.12 Simple Sentences 4: Yaqui
- •4.13 Simple Sentences 5: Dyirbal
- •4.14 Simple Sentences 6: Japanese
- •4.15 Complex Sentences 1: Japanese
- •4.16 Complex Sentences 2: Modern Irish
- •4.17 Morphosyntax 1: Telugu
- •4.19 Morphosyntax 3: Classical Nahuatl (Aztec)
- •4.20 Morphosyntax 4: Merkin
- •4.22 Special Topic 2: Reflexive (English)
- •4.23 Special Topic 3: Reflexive (Russian)
- •4.24 Special Topic 4: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •4.25 Special Topic 5: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •5 Semantics
- •5.1 Compositional and Noncompositional Meanings
- •5.2 Ambiguous Words
- •5.4 Homophony and Polysemy
- •5.5 Evaluative and Emotive Meaning
- •5.6 Special Topic: Grammaticalization of Semantic Properties
- •6 Language Variation
- •6.1 Pronouns: English
- •6.2 British English
- •7.2 Indo-European to English 2
- •8.1 Identifying the Message
- •8.2 Communication Breakdown
- •8.3 Literal/Nonliteral Use
- •8.4 Indirectness
- •8.5 "Unclear Reference" of Pronouns: English
- •8.6 Performative Verbs versus Perlocutionary Verbs
- •8.7 Proverbs
- •8.8 Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement: English
- •8.9 Major Moods 1: Finnish
- •8.10 Major Moods 2: Copala Trique
- •8.11 Major Moods 3: Mandarin Chinese
- •8.12 Pragmatics: Navajo
- •9 Psychology of Language
- •9.1 Speech Errors
- •1 How to State Phonological Rules
- •2 The Role of Distinctive Features in Phonological Rules
- •3 Transcription Key
- •4 Chart of Distinctive Features
- •5 Some Phrase Structure Rules for English
- •6 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication
- •7 Major Moods
- •8 Index of Languages
- •Bibliography
Name
Section
8.77 Major Moods 3: Mandarin Chinese
The following sentences illustrate the form that the major moods take in Mandarin Chinese. Analyze the sentences, and answer questions A-D.
Chinese is a tone language; that is, each word is uttered at a characteristic pitch level or with a characteristic pitch change. The tones are indicated with diacritic marks over the vowels. The diacritic - over a vowel indicates a high tone; the diacritic 'indicates a rising tone; the diacritic indicates a falling-rising tone; the diacritic 'indicates a falling tone.
|
Mandarin Chinese sentence |
English gloss |
|
1. |
4i!L@%fiO |
"He |
is a teacher." |
|
Tg shi jiaoyuan. |
||
2. ($3)%=B! |
"Buy |
the books!" |
|
|
(Ni) miii shti! |
||
3. |
i$mtk? |
|
|
|
Ni yao shkn-mo? |
"What do you want?" |
|
4- |
4&6F!J%E%o |
"He is not coming to America." |
|
|
TB bu dao MCi-guo lai. |
||
5 - Z%+%E$? |
|
|
|
|
Wang-Xisnsheng 1ai ma? |
"Is Mr. Wang coming?" |
|
6. |
z%*%o |
"Mr. Wang is coming." |
|
|
Wang-XiBnsheng lai. |
||
7. |
$%G+q? |
"Do you have any books?" |
|
|
Ni ybu shii ma? |
||
8. |
i-*%%? |
"Who sells pens?" |
|
|
Shei mai bi? |
||
9- %G#o |
"I have books." |
||
|
W6 ybu sha. |
||
10. ($3)B4&m! |
"Look at them!" |
||
|
(Ni) kin tg-men! |
||
11. &wtk? |
"What is this?" |
||
|
Zhe shi shen-mo? |
||
12. %i/lim'Ei%o
W6-men shub Zhbng-guo- hua.
13- 4&flliQ&i%+@i%?
T5-men shu6 bu shub Zhbng-guo-hua?
14.(@) i%+rni%!
(Ni) shub Zhbng-guo-hua!
15.i&ill%$%%?
NI-men mai bu mai bi?
16.i&ill%%E$? T5-men mai bi ma?
17.zg+o
Zhe shi shfi.
18.(4&) *!
(Ni) lai!
19- E ~ K = B o
Wb yao mSii shii.
20.i&ERE$?
Ni kin w5 ma?
21.i&.111&1'.7Rfl10
T5-men bu wen w6-men.
22- 4&illE#?
Ni-men kan shei?
23. 4&@&E%B?
Ni shi bu shi jiioyuan?
"We speak Chinese."
"Do they speak Chinese?"
"Speak Chinese!"
"Do you (pl.) sell pens?"
"Do they sell pens?"
"This is a book."
"Come!"
"I want to buy books."
"Are you looking at me?"
"They didn't ask us."
"Who(m) did you (pl.) look at?" "Are you a teacher?"
24- iiMl&BEfllo
T5-men bu kan w6-men. "They are not looking at us."
25. E$E4%flo
W6 bu kan ni-men. "I am not looking at you."
Questions
A.1. Which sentences are in the interrogative mood? That is, which ones are associated with the answerhood condition? List them by number.
2. Describe two ways in which yeslno questions can be formed in Chinese.
3.How are wh-questions formed in Chinese? (In English, wh-questions are those formed with interrogative pronouns such as who(m), what, and so forth.)
B.1. Which sentences are in the imperative mood? That is, which ones are
associated with the compliance condition? List them by number.
2.What is the nature of the grammatical f o m that signals the imperative mood in Chinese?
C.Which sentences are in the declarative mood? That is, which ones are associated with a truth condition? List them by number.
D.Does word order appear to be important in Chinese? Be specific.