- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •1.1 A Clockwork Orange: Meaning and Form in Context
- •1.3 Compound and Noun Phrase Ambiguities
- •1.6 Word Building 3: Tohono O'odham
- •1.7 Word Building 4: Tohono O'odham
- •1.9 Morphophonology 2: Turkish
- •1.10 Morphophonology 3: -ity Affixation (English)
- •2.1 Reverse Transcription
- •2.2 Transcription: Monosyllables
- •2.4 Special Topic 1: Phonetic Variation (English /t/)
- •2.6 Writing Systems: Japanese
- •3.1 Phonological Rules 1: English Past Tense
- •3.3 Phonological Rules 3: Tohono O'odham
- •3.4 Phonological Rules 4: Zoque
- •3.5 Phonological Rules 5: Japanese
- •3.6 Phonological Rules 6: Japanese
- •3.9 Special Topic 3: Phonetic Variation (French Vowels)
- •3.10 Special Topic 4: Liaison (French)
- •4 Syntax
- •4.2 English Syntax 2: Simple NPs, VPs, and PPs
- •4.4 English Syntax 4: Tree and Sentence Matching
- •4.5 English Syntax 5: Possessive NP with a PP
- •4.6 English Syntax 6: Verb-Particle versus Verb-PP Structure
- •4.7 English Syntax 7: S-Adverbs versus VP-Adverbs
- •4.8 English Syntax 8: Arguing for Syntactic Structure
- •4.10 Simple Sentences 2: Tamil
- •4.11 Simple Sentences 3: Tohono O'odham
- •4.12 Simple Sentences 4: Yaqui
- •4.13 Simple Sentences 5: Dyirbal
- •4.14 Simple Sentences 6: Japanese
- •4.15 Complex Sentences 1: Japanese
- •4.16 Complex Sentences 2: Modern Irish
- •4.17 Morphosyntax 1: Telugu
- •4.19 Morphosyntax 3: Classical Nahuatl (Aztec)
- •4.20 Morphosyntax 4: Merkin
- •4.22 Special Topic 2: Reflexive (English)
- •4.23 Special Topic 3: Reflexive (Russian)
- •4.24 Special Topic 4: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •4.25 Special Topic 5: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •5 Semantics
- •5.1 Compositional and Noncompositional Meanings
- •5.2 Ambiguous Words
- •5.4 Homophony and Polysemy
- •5.5 Evaluative and Emotive Meaning
- •5.6 Special Topic: Grammaticalization of Semantic Properties
- •6 Language Variation
- •6.1 Pronouns: English
- •6.2 British English
- •7.2 Indo-European to English 2
- •8.1 Identifying the Message
- •8.2 Communication Breakdown
- •8.3 Literal/Nonliteral Use
- •8.4 Indirectness
- •8.5 "Unclear Reference" of Pronouns: English
- •8.6 Performative Verbs versus Perlocutionary Verbs
- •8.7 Proverbs
- •8.8 Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement: English
- •8.9 Major Moods 1: Finnish
- •8.10 Major Moods 2: Copala Trique
- •8.11 Major Moods 3: Mandarin Chinese
- •8.12 Pragmatics: Navajo
- •9 Psychology of Language
- •9.1 Speech Errors
- •1 How to State Phonological Rules
- •2 The Role of Distinctive Features in Phonological Rules
- •3 Transcription Key
- •4 Chart of Distinctive Features
- •5 Some Phrase Structure Rules for English
- •6 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication
- •7 Major Moods
- •8 Index of Languages
- •Bibliography
3 Transcription Key
Consonants
Labio- |
Inter- |
Dental, |
Alveo- |
|
Bilabial dental |
dental |
alveolar |
Retroflex palatal |
Palatal Velar Glottal |
Stops voiceless voiced
Fricatives voiceless voiced
Afiicates voiceless voiced
Nasals
Liquids lateral nonlateral
Glides
Additional symbols
CY = palatalized consonant (for example, ty = palatalized t)
C' = glottalized consonant (for example, t' = glottalized (or ejective) t) '= glottal stop in some transcription systems
Vowels, unrounded |
|
Vowels, rounded |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
High |
Tense |
i |
|
High |
Tense |
y (ii) |
|
|
|
Lax |
I |
|
|
Lax |
|
|
|
Mid |
Tense |
e (e~) |
|
Mid |
Tense |
0 (6) |
|
|
|
Lax |
E |
d a ) |
|
Lax |
|
|
|
Low |
|
a= |
|
a (a~,au) |
|
|
|
|
Additional symbols V: = long vowel
v = nasalized vowel
= syllabic r. A tick mark under certain resonants (r, l, m, etc.) indicates that the consonant functions as a vowel-like sound.
There are two ways of transcribing the long vowels of English: i, e, o, u and i, er, ou, U. Because diphthongs cannot be represented as a single point on a vowel chart, we represent them in terns of the position of their initial vowel.
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4 Chart of Distinctive Features
Sonorant consonants and glides: (-syllabic, +sonorant)
Consonantal |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
Nasal |
+ |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
Lateral |
- |
- |
|
- |
.- |
Continuant |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
Distributed |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
Corona1 |
+ |
|
+ |
+ |
|
Retroflex |
- |
- |
|
- |
|
Labial |
+ |
- |
|
- |
- |
Anterior |
+ |
+ |
|
- |
- |
High |
- |
|
|
- |
+ |
Back |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
Strident |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
Obstruents: (-syllabic, |
+consonantal, -sonorant) |
||||
Nasal
Lateral Continuant Distributed Coronal Retroflex Labial Anterior High
Back Strident Delayed release (afiicate)
* r is [-consonantal] in English but [+consonantal] in other languages.
Vowels: (+syllabic, -consonantal, +sonorant)
High |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Low |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
- |
- |
- |
+/- |
+ |
+ |
Back** |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
Round |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
|||
Tense |
+ |
- |
|
|
+ |
|
+ |
- |
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
*This symbol represents a low back rounded vowel in English. In other languages it represents a mid lax back rounded vowel.
**The central and back vowels given in the transcription key (appendix 3) all have the feature [+back].