- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •1.1 A Clockwork Orange: Meaning and Form in Context
- •1.3 Compound and Noun Phrase Ambiguities
- •1.6 Word Building 3: Tohono O'odham
- •1.7 Word Building 4: Tohono O'odham
- •1.9 Morphophonology 2: Turkish
- •1.10 Morphophonology 3: -ity Affixation (English)
- •2.1 Reverse Transcription
- •2.2 Transcription: Monosyllables
- •2.4 Special Topic 1: Phonetic Variation (English /t/)
- •2.6 Writing Systems: Japanese
- •3.1 Phonological Rules 1: English Past Tense
- •3.3 Phonological Rules 3: Tohono O'odham
- •3.4 Phonological Rules 4: Zoque
- •3.5 Phonological Rules 5: Japanese
- •3.6 Phonological Rules 6: Japanese
- •3.9 Special Topic 3: Phonetic Variation (French Vowels)
- •3.10 Special Topic 4: Liaison (French)
- •4 Syntax
- •4.2 English Syntax 2: Simple NPs, VPs, and PPs
- •4.4 English Syntax 4: Tree and Sentence Matching
- •4.5 English Syntax 5: Possessive NP with a PP
- •4.6 English Syntax 6: Verb-Particle versus Verb-PP Structure
- •4.7 English Syntax 7: S-Adverbs versus VP-Adverbs
- •4.8 English Syntax 8: Arguing for Syntactic Structure
- •4.10 Simple Sentences 2: Tamil
- •4.11 Simple Sentences 3: Tohono O'odham
- •4.12 Simple Sentences 4: Yaqui
- •4.13 Simple Sentences 5: Dyirbal
- •4.14 Simple Sentences 6: Japanese
- •4.15 Complex Sentences 1: Japanese
- •4.16 Complex Sentences 2: Modern Irish
- •4.17 Morphosyntax 1: Telugu
- •4.19 Morphosyntax 3: Classical Nahuatl (Aztec)
- •4.20 Morphosyntax 4: Merkin
- •4.22 Special Topic 2: Reflexive (English)
- •4.23 Special Topic 3: Reflexive (Russian)
- •4.24 Special Topic 4: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •4.25 Special Topic 5: Reflexive (Japanese)
- •5 Semantics
- •5.1 Compositional and Noncompositional Meanings
- •5.2 Ambiguous Words
- •5.4 Homophony and Polysemy
- •5.5 Evaluative and Emotive Meaning
- •5.6 Special Topic: Grammaticalization of Semantic Properties
- •6 Language Variation
- •6.1 Pronouns: English
- •6.2 British English
- •7.2 Indo-European to English 2
- •8.1 Identifying the Message
- •8.2 Communication Breakdown
- •8.3 Literal/Nonliteral Use
- •8.4 Indirectness
- •8.5 "Unclear Reference" of Pronouns: English
- •8.6 Performative Verbs versus Perlocutionary Verbs
- •8.7 Proverbs
- •8.8 Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement: English
- •8.9 Major Moods 1: Finnish
- •8.10 Major Moods 2: Copala Trique
- •8.11 Major Moods 3: Mandarin Chinese
- •8.12 Pragmatics: Navajo
- •9 Psychology of Language
- •9.1 Speech Errors
- •1 How to State Phonological Rules
- •2 The Role of Distinctive Features in Phonological Rules
- •3 Transcription Key
- •4 Chart of Distinctive Features
- •5 Some Phrase Structure Rules for English
- •6 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication
- •7 Major Moods
- •8 Index of Languages
- •Bibliography
Name
Section
3.9 Special Topic 3: Phonetic Variation (French Vowels)
Examine the following- data from French and answer questions A-D. (Assume that /e/ -/c/, /o/ Is/, and /o/ -131 form three pairs of allophones.)
|
French form |
|
English gloss |
1. |
/bate/ |
beautk |
"beauty" |
2. |
/bel/ |
belle |
"beautiful" |
3. |
/PO/ |
Peu |
"small amount" |
4. |
/ p k / |
peur |
"fear" |
5. |
/mo/ |
mot |
"word" |
6. |
/mx/ |
mort |
"death" |
Questions
A.In what environment do /e/, /o/, and /o/ occur? (Hint: Look at syllable structure.)
B.In what environment do /c/, /5/, and 131 occur? (Hint: Again, look at syllable structure.)
C.According to the following chart, what single feature distinguishes /e/, 101, and /o/ from /E/, 151, and /3/?
Back |
|
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
Round |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Tense |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
D. The word bgte "beast" is pronounced [bet]. What role do you think the symbol A is playing here? (Hint: Note that the fmal orthographic e is not pronounced. Also, an alternative spelling in an earlier stage of French was bette.)
Name
Section
3.10 Special Topic 4: Liaison (French)
Examine the data in list I and answer question A; then consult the data in list I1 in order to answer questions B-E.
List I |
|
|
|
French orthography |
Pronunciation |
English gloss |
|
petit |
[~atil |
"little" |
|
vous |
[VUI |
"YOU'' |
|
premier |
[~ r a m k I |
"first" |
|
comment |
[k3mii] |
"(adv.) how" |
|
nous |
[nu] |
"we" |
|
mangez |
[m53el |
"(you pl.) eat" |
|
List I1 |
|
|
|
French orthography |
Pronunciation |
English gloss |
|
petit morceau |
[patimmo] |
"little bit" |
|
petit avion |
[patitavj9] |
"little |
airplane" |
vous avez |
[vuzave] |
"you |
have" |
vous buvez |
[vubyve] |
"you |
are drinking" |
premier etage |
[pramj~retag] |
"first |
floor" |
premier garqon |
[pramjegars5] |
"first |
boy" |
comment allez-vous |
[k3miitalevu] |
"how |
are you (lit. going)?" |
comment venez-vous |
[k3miivanevu] |
"how |
are you coming?" |
nous avons |
[nuzav3] |
"we have" |
|
nous buvons |
[nubyv9] |
"we are drinking" |
|
mangez-en |
[m53ezii] |
"(you pl.) eat some (of it)" |
|
mangez-la (la pornrne) |
[mii3ela] |
"(you |
PT.) eat it (the apple)" |
Questions
A.Compare the orthographic representations in list I with the phonetic representations ("Pronunciation" column); ignore the vowels. How do the phonetic representations consistently differ from the orthographic ones?
B.How do the data in list I differ from the data in list II?
C.Describe what appears to be conditioning the change(s) that you noted in question B.
D.On the basis of your hypothesis in question C, provide the underlying representations for the words in list I (i.e., the phonemic representation indicated by / 1). (See Linguistics, pp. 121-124.)
1.petit
2.vous
3.premier
4.comment
5.nous
6.mangez
E. Provide evidence to support your answer in question D.
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