Совершенные времена (The Perfect Tenses)

Глаголы в формах Perfect (завершенное) выражают действие завершенное, приведшее к определенному результату (или к отсутствию результата). Можно сказать, что с помощью форм Perfect мы подводим итоги определенному периоду времени, определенных действий в настоящий момент - Present Perfect , момент в прошлом - Past Perfect, либо в будущем - Future Perfect.

Настоящее совершенное время (The Present Perfect Tense)

Настоящее завершенное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени (have, has) и третьей формы смыслового глагола. В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательном предложении после вспомогательного глагола ставится отрицание not.

Вспомогательный глагол в данных конструкциях на русский язык не переводится.

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked We have worked You have worked They have worked	Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? Have we worked? Have you worked? Have they worked?	I have not worked You have not worked He has not worked She has not worked It has not worked We have not worked You have not worked They have not worked

Распознавательные элементы Present Perfect:

Действие свершилось к настоящему моменту. Результат действия на лицо. Например: I have written a letter. Я уже написал письмо. Время широко употребляется в разговорной речи со следующими словами: ever (когда-нибудь, когда-либо), never (никогда), already (уже), just (только что), lately (недавно), yet (еще), since (с какого-то момента).

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Exercise 1. Закончите предложения, используя один из подходящих по смыслу глаголов в Present Perfect: break, buy, finish, do, go, go, lose, paint, read, take

1. 'Are they still having dinner?' - 'No, they __________ ' 2. I __________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them? 3. 'Is Tom here?' - 'No, he __________ to work.' 4. ' _____ you _____ the shopping?' - 'No, I'm going to do it later.' 5. 'Where's your key?' - 'I don't know. I__________it.' 6. Look! Somebody__________that window. 7. Your house looks different _____ you _____ it? 8. I can't find my umbrella. Somebody __________ it. 9. I'm looking for Sarah. Where _____ she _____ ? 10. 'Do you want the newspaper?' - 'No, thanks. I __________ it.'

Exercise 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения.

1. What's the time? - Sorry, I have left my watch at home. 2. I can't get into the room. I have lost the key (ключи). 3. It is absolutely dark in the room. Who has turned off the light? 4. I don't see my dictionary on the table. Who has taken it? - It's me. I have put it on the shelf. 5. Where are the students? - They have just left for the library. 6. My sister has always helped me with my English. 7. You have never heard about it, have you? 8. We haven't yet read about it in the newspaper. 9. He hasn't written to her yet. 10. I haven't spoken to him yet.

Exercise 3. Поставьте следующие предложения

а) в вопросительную форму б) в отрицательную форму

1. You have taken my note-book. 2. His sister has passed her examinations. 3. Her brother has entered Moscow University. 4. The children have already had breakfast. 5. The teacher has just come. 6. The students have been busy the whole day. 7. She has translated this article. 8. The delegation has returned home. 9. You have often visited this theatre. 10. They have heard much about it. 11. You have been to St Petersburg (ever).

Exercise 4. Мэри исполнилось 65 лет, ее жизнь была интересной и увлекательной, составьте предложения о Мэри, используя Present Perfect.

1. (she / do / many different jobs) __________________________________ .

2. (she / travel / to many places) She _______________________________ .

3. (she / do / a lot of interesting things) _____________________________ .

4. (she / write / ten books) _______________________________________ .

5. (she / meet / a lot of interesting people) ___________________________ .

6. (she / be / married five times) ___________________________________ .

Exercise 5. В следующих предложениях измените время глагола на Present Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I am eating my breakfast. 2. We are drinking water. 3. He is bringing them some meat and vegetables. 4. You are putting the dishes on the table. 5. They are having tea. 6. She is taking the dirty plates from the table. 7. The children are putting on their coats. 8. The pupils are writing a dictation. 9. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem. 10. I am learning a poem.

Exercise 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. We (to travel) around Europe last year. 2. My father knows so much because he (to travel) a lot. 3. I (to see) Pete today. 4. She (to see) this film last Sunday. 5. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago. 6. I just (to meet) our teacher. 7. The children already (to decide) what to do with the books. 8. Yesterday they (to decide) to help their grandmother. 9. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 10. She (to live) there last year.

Exercise 7. Задайте вопросы, используя Present Perfect.

1. (you ever / be / to South America?) ______________________________ .

2. (you / read / any English books?) ________________________________ .

3. (you / live / in this town all your life?) ____________________________ .

4. (how many times / you / be / in love?) ____________________________ .

5. (what's the most beautiful country you / ever / visit?) ________________ .

6. (you ever / speak / to a famous person?) __________________________ .

7. (you / read / a newspaper recently?) ______________________________ .