Тексты для чтения и обсуждения

Вы знаете, когда появился интернет? Кто изобрел электронную почту? Что такое телекс? Кто придумал факс? Прочитайте и переведите следующие тексты на русский язык, в них вы найдете ответы на все эти вопросы. Выполните задания к текстам.

Internet History

The Internet has become such an integral part of our lives, with such powerful capabilities, that it is easy to forget that this technological marvel was created by the long, hard, dedicated efforts of human beings – folks who had a vision of what universal networking could become and worked to make it happen.

The Internet (or internet) is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email.

The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. The public was first introduced to the Internet when a message was sent from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock’s laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles, after the second piece of network equipment was installed at Stanford Research Institute. This connection not only enabled the first transmission to be made, but is also considered to be the first Internet backbone. This began the point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers, and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.

In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, and consequently, the concept of a world-wide network of interconnected TCP/IP networks, called the Internet, was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.

Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol “phone calls”, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF’s very high speed Backbone Network Service, and National Lambda Rail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet’s takeover the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51 % by 2000, and more than 97 % of the telecommunicated information by 2007. Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online commerce, entertainment, and social networking.

1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим словам и выражениям:

Powerful capabilities, technological marvel, integral part, access to computer sites, universal networking, extensive range, human beings, global system, research institute, inter-linked hypertext documents, service providers, information resources and services, near-instant communication, entertainment, to send a message.

2. Составьте словосочетания прилагательное плюс существительное, используя следующие слова.

Integral capabilities

Powerful system

Universal scope

Global part

Electronic networking

Separate mail

Social technologies

Local networks

3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What is internet?

2. What networks does it consist of?

3. What does the abbreviation “www” mean?

4. When did the history of internet begin?

5. What happened in 1982?

6. When was internet commercialized?

7. What is the influence of internet on society nowadays?

8. Do you use internet? How often do you do it? For what purposes do you use it?