• Vocabulary

Task 5. Look at the words below. With your partner, try to recall how they were used in the text:

predictable manner luxury items social identity white-collar jobs primary market social ladder ranging benefit value trapped eliminating enhanced

Task 6. Match column A with column B.

A B 1 a consumption A професійна ієрархія 2 predictable B відкидати, заперечувати 3 to benefit C розшарування 4 a rate of unemployment D соціальна драбина 5 a prestige E втрата суспільного визнання 6 a loss of status F репутація 7 social ladder G рівень безробіття 8 a stratification H приносити користь 9 to reject I прогнозований 10 occupational hierarchy J споживання

Task 7. Fill in the correct words from the previous exercise into the gaps below (not all words are needed).

1. Howvery_______________ youaresometimes!

2. Universitiesnow________ asmanyas15,000studentsperyear.

3. Themovewasdesignedtoenhancehispersonal_______________ .

4. Thisreportwasneverintendedforpublic_______________.

5. Unemployedpeoplestandto_______________ mostfromthesepolicies.

Task 8. Fill in the correct word from the box into the gaps below.

сommodity luxury high-income nation rate unemployment dead-end jobs stratification

1. The worker becomes an ever cheaper__________the more good he creates.

2. I believe that style is the only real _________ item that is really desirable.

3. The World Bank classifies nations on whether they are low, middle or _­­­___ _____ , based on gross ___________ per capita.

4. Their success ___________ in recruiting new staff is very high.

5. The rate of youth __________is 35 % compared to national average of 15 %.

6. There are now six million people working in low paid and often ____ .

7. It's unfortunate that the whole of our education system is riddled with class __.

Task 9. Are the following statements about the text true (T) or false (F)?

1. Economy generally behaves in a way the scientists can expect. T /F

2. Luxury items (cars, swimming pools, yaсhts) stand apart and belong to neither goods nor services. T / F

3. It has taken hundreds of years for the economies of modern high-income nations to socially change. T / F

4. The service revolution has caused a rising rate of unemployment among white-collar workers. T / F

5. Blue-collar workers do workneedingstrengthorphysicalskillratherthanofficework.T / F

6. Until recentlysecretarialworkandnursingwere very much pink-collarprofessions. T / F

7. Dead-end job is a jobin which there is nochanceofprogressingto abetter, moreimportantjob.T / F

8. Inter-generational mobility is a measure of the changes in social status which occurs from the parents' to the children's generation. T / F

9. Occupational mobility depends only on having the talent and social background to get ahead. T / F

10. Highly-developed countries change the occupational hierarchy, creating many more prestigious, well-paid positions. T / F

Task 10. Skim the article from this unit and find words that mean (almost) the same as:

1) a job –

2) unable to change a bad situation or way of thinking –

3) the division of a society into different groups –

4) the tendency to move between places, jobs, or social classes –

5) a system that has different levels through which you can progress –

6) an advantage or good quality that someone or something has –

7) it becomes difficult to see something clearly, often because its edges are not clear if a thing –

8) ideas, opinions or people are similar in some ways but not in every way if they –

9) the type of career, training, or education that someone has had –

10) to get rid of something that is not wanted or needed –

11) to improve something, or to make it more attractive or more valuable –

Task 11. Rearrange the letters to form a word used in the text, then match the word to its definition.

1	omsdniesin		a the process of starting or creating something
2	anieultyiq		b a sudden or major change, especially in ideas or methods
3	iobmtlyi		c the high reputation and respect that someone or something has earned, based on their impressive achievements, quality, etc.
4	lhestaismbetn		d the size of something
5	nemvoetm		e the tendency to move between places, jobs, or social classes
6	levrutoino		f the type of career, training, or education that someone has had
7	oubckrndga		g a change in someone's attitude, opinion, or behaviour, especially over a period of time
8	epseirgt		h norms that are enforced by the formal sanc­tions of the state

Task 12. Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

1. According to the text, the economy operates, for better or worse, in a generally _______________ .

1. predictable manner

2. arrogant manner

3. casual manner

2. Since _______________ the economy has shifted from producing goods to producing services.

1. Afghan War

2. World War II

3. Cold War

3. According to the economists, job inequalities arise from what they call the

"___________labour market."

a) single

b) dual

c) triple

4. Social ______ is the movement of individuals and groups from one social position to another.

1. flexibility

2. chaos

3. mobility

5. _________ mobility depends on the social structure being climbed and how much room there is at the top.

1. Human powered

2. Occupational

3. Social

Task 13. Use the words from the right side to make the expressions with the words from the left side. Then translate them into Ukrainian.

social	Items
luxury	Market
high-income	Nations
white-collar	Force
primary	institution
upward	Jobs
labour	Mobility