Passive voice

Simple

Present

am

is

are

+ III (V-ed)

never, seldom, rarely, sometimes, often,

as a rule, usually, always, every day (week …)

I am asked at every lesson.

The text is usually translated in written form.

Past

was

were

+ III (V-ed)

yesterday,

the day before yesterday,

lastyear (month …),

two weeks ago,

when I was young

in 1998

I was invited to the party yesterday.

The work was done last week.

Future

will be

+ III (V-ed)

tomorrow,

the day after tomorrow,

nextweek (month …),

in a week,

in 2008

I will be invited to the conference tomorrow.

The letters will be sent in two days.

Continuous

Present

am

is +being

are

+III (V-ed)

now,

right now,

at the moment

He is being examined now.

The letter is being typed at the moment.

Past

was

+being

were

+III (V-ed)

at 3 o’clock yesterday,

from 5 till 7 yesterday,

the whole day yesterday,

when he came back

The experiment was being carried on at this time yesterday.

Future

---

---

---

---

Perfect

Present

have

+been

has

+III (V-ed)

just,

ever, never,

already, yet,

since, for,

thisyear,

recently, lately,

1. I have just been examined.

2. These machines have never been produced at this plant.

3. A lot of new houses have been built recently.

Past

had +been

+III (V-ed)

beforeanother action in the past

by 7 o’clock yesterday,

after

Before he came the work had already been finished.

The specimen had been tested by 5 o’clock yesterday.

Future

will have +been

+III (V-ed)

by 7 o’clock tomorrow,

by the end of the month,

by the time she comes

The tests will have been done by the end of the month.

Modal Verb

Examples

ability

can (could)

to be able to

I can speak English.

She could swim when she was 14.

She is (was/ will be) able to do it without our help.

permission

may (might)

to be allowed to

May I come in?

We might take any book we liked.

They are (were/ will be) allowed to use these tools.

obligation, duty

must

I must work hard to become a good specialist.

obligation from outside

to have to

Pupils have to wear a uniform.

advice, mild obligation

should

You should read this book.

advice, mild obligation

ought to

You ought to be more attentive.

obligation, compulsion

asking for instruction

shall

You shall do it immediately.

Where shall I put these books? What shall I do?

to be to

He is to come at 5.

prohibition

must not не можна

You must not smoke here.

necessity

need

must

have to

The TV needs repairing.

We must/have to leave now or we’ll miss the plane.

lack of necessity

needn’t

don’t need /don’t have to

You needn’t write down your translation, you may do it orally.

She doesn’t need/doesn’t have to work as her husband has a well-paid job.

criticism

could

might perfect

should infinitive

ought to

You could have done it. (But you didn’t do it.)

You might have phoned. (But you didn’t phone.)

You should have written the exercise. (But you didn’t write exercise.)

You ought to have warned her. (But you didn’t warn her.)

probability

can't не можливо

could

may можливо

might

must напевно

He can’t be wrong. (I’m sure he is not wrong.)

He could/may/might be wrong. (Perhaps he is wrong.)

He must be wrong. (I’m sure he is wrong.)