6. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the father of the ferrous family?

2. How is iron obtained?

3. How much carbon does blast furnace-produced iron contain?

4. What is the procedure of producing cast iron?

5. What castings are made of cast iron?

6. What is the main constituent of the brass/bronze family?

7. Why is it difficult to produce copper in a really pure state?

8. What is aluminium produced from?

UNIT 4

Section 1

1. Read and translate the following text:

The periodic table of elements (I)

This table shows the known elements in the order of the strength of the electrical charge on their nuclei, or inner portions. Elements in the same column are usually similar chemically. At least 88 of the first 92 elements are found in nature. Elements 93 and above were produced synthetically during and after the development of the atomic bomb.

Elements to the left of the heavy zigzag line are metals. Those to the right are non-metals, although boron, silicon, carbon, selenium, and tellurium are sufficiently metallic in character to be called metalloids.

Elements in the two strips below the main table Abe called rare earths. The upper strip contains the lanthanide series. These elements have such close chemical similarities that separation of some of them has been difficult. Most of the actinide series, lower strip, show radioactivity.

In September 1949 the International Union of Chemistry met at Amsterdam and recommended that tungsten henceforth be called wolfram, columbium be called niobium and beryllium be renamed glucinium. Although chemists in the United States have accepted the change from columbium to niobium, many, if not most, metallurgists have not. The other two suggested changes have not made headway. The Union recommended also that the names of elements 71 and 91 be spelled lutetium and protactinium, respectively. This recommendation has been followed.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

електричний заряд, ядро, виробляти синтетично, атомна бомба, бор, кремній, вуглець, селен, телур, металоїди, віднині.

2. Make up word combinations from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

charge, changes, electrical, to produce, actinide, inner, series, portion, to suggest, synthetically.

2. Put in appropriate modal verbs in the blank spaces. Choose the one that seems to you the most suitable.

1. You _____ learn the places of the elements in the table; it shows the known elements in the order of the strength of the electrical charge on their nuclear.

2. You _____ learn the strength of electrical charges of all elements.

3. You _____ know the strength of electrical charges of 92 elements.

4. Tungsten _____ be called wolfram.

5. Columbium _____ be changed to niobium, this element is used as columbium all over the world.

5. Transform the following sentences into the Simple Past Tense. Make any necessary alterations to ‘time phrases’.

1. The table must show the known elements in the order of the strength of the electrical charge on their nuclei.

2. These elements must be produced synthetically.

3. The tungsten must be called wolfram.

4. The beryllium must be renamed glucinium.

5. You must follow these recommendations.

6. Answer the following questions:

1. How many elements are found in nature?

2. What metals are called metalloids?

3. When was tungsten decided to be called wolfram?

4. How were columbium and beryllium named?

5. Who accepted the change from columbium to niobium?