Section 2

1. Read and translate the following text:

Properties of metals (I)

Let us see why metals have come to play so large a part in man’s activities. Wood and stone are both older in use, yet to a considerable extent they have been supplanted by the metals. The cause of the increasing use of metals is to be found in their characteristic properties, such as: strength, or ability to support weight without bending or breaking; combined with toughness, or ability to bend rather than break under a sudden blow; resistance to atmospheric destruction; and malleability, or ability to be formed into desired shapes. Malleability of a metal is also known as its ability to deform permanently under compression without rupture. It is this property which allows the hammering and rolling of metals into thin sheets.

Metals can be cast into varied and intricate shapes weighing from a few ounces to many tons. Their plasticity, or ability to deform without rupture, makes them safe to use in all types of structures, and also allows their formation into required shapes through forging and other operations.

Metals also possess the important property of being weldable. Of all the engineering materials only metals are truly weldable and repairable. Other materials used in engineering constructions, including glass, stone, and wood, usually are destroyed when the structure is no longer usable. On the other hand, an unusable bridge, ship, or boiler made of metal usually is cut into easily handled sections, put in a furnace, remelted, cast, and finally worked in the making of a new ship, bridge, or boiler.

All of this represents a remarkable combination of properties possessed by no other class of materials. Some metals also possess additional, special properties, two of which are power to conduct electric current and the ability to be magnetized. The selection of the proper metal or alloy for a given use is an important part of the practice of metallurgy. Because iron and steel are used in larger quantities than any of the other metals, it is common practice to divide metallurgical materials into ferrous, or iron-bearing, and nonferrous, or those containing no iron, or only small proportions of iron.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

діяльність людини, бути заміщеним металом, супротив, згинання, поломка, ковкість, атмосферне руйнування, складні форми, піч, декілька унцій, проводити електричний струм, з іншого боку, сплав, спеціальні властивості, залізомісткий.

3. Make word combinations from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

considerable	constructions
to support	electric current
atmospheric	sheet
thin	shape
intricate	materials
engineering	destruction
to conduct	extent
metallurgical	weight

4. Put verbs in brackets in Passive form. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Wood and stone already (to supplant) by the metals.

2. The cause of the increasing use of metals (to find) in their characteristic properties.

3. Many years ago malleability of a metal (to know) as its ability to deform permanently under compression without rupture.

4. The metals (to use) safe in all types of structures due to plasticity.

5. Metals can (to cast) into varied and intricate shapes.

6. Stone usually (to destroy) when the structure is no longer usable.

7. Some metals (to magnetize).

8. Unusable bridge, ship, or boiler made of metal usually (to cut) into easily handled sections, (to put) in a furnace and (to remelt).

9. Iron and steel (to use) in large quantities.

10. Metallurgical materials (to divide) into ferrous and non-ferrous.

5. Answer the following questions:

1. Why were wood and stone supplanted by metals?

2. What are the characteristic properties of metals?

3. Why is metal considered more repairable than stone and wood?

4. What property allows the rolling of metals into thin sheets?

5. What is a malleability?

6. Can wood and stone be welded?

7. Can wood and stone be used for conducting electric current?

8. How are all metals divided?