ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ: 2HM 
H2M+ + M–.
Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɚɦɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɚɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦ – ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɚɦɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɡɚ Ʉs:
Ks aH2M aM- (ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɡɚ)
ɢɥɢ
Ks=[H2M+][M-] (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɡɚ) Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɨɬ ɞɨɧɨɪɧɨɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɡɚ (pK=-lgKs) ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɦɟɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɤɚɥɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ (ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ – 14, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɚɧɨɥɚ
– 18,75, ɞɥɹ ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɮɨɪɦɚɦɢɞɚ – 27,0, ɞɥɹ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɢɬɪɢɥɚ – 33,3 ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɇ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ) ɨɬ ɪɇ=0 (aH2M 1) ɞɨ ɪɇ, ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪKs ( aM- 1).
ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪKs. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ, ɪKs ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ: CH3COOC6H13 > CH3COOC5H11 > CH3COOC4H9> CH3COOC3H7> CH3COOC2H5 > CH3COOCH3 > CH3COOH > HCOOH.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (İ*) ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɬɚɛɥ.).
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ʉɚ: ɇȺ 
ɇ+ + Ⱥ-,
K ɚ |
[H ][A ] |
|
|
. |
|
|
||
|
[HA] |
|
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ʉb: BOH 
B+ + OH-,
|
[B ][OH ] |
|
K b |
|
. |
|
||
|
[BOH] |
|
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɦɦɢɚɤ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɨɧ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ.
51
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ
ȾɂɗɅȿɄɌɊɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɉɊɈɇɂɐȺȿɆɈɋɌɖ (İ*) ɂ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅɂ ɄɈɇɋɌȺɇɌ ȺȼɌɈɉɊɈɌɈɅɂɁȺ (ɪKS) ɇȺɂȻɈɅȿȿ ȼȺɀɇɕɏ ɇȿȼɈȾɇɕɏ ɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɂɌȿɅȿɃ, ɉɊɂɆȿɇəȿɆɕɏ
ȼ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɏɂɆɂɂ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ |
İ* ɩɪɢ 25°ɋ |
ɪɄs |
ɋɩɢɪɬɵ |
|
|
Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɥ |
32,6 |
17,31 |
ɗɬɚɧɨɥ |
24,3 |
18,54 |
ɧ-ɉɪɨɩɚɧɨɥ |
20,1 |
19,46 |
ɂɡɨɩɪɨɩɚɧɨɥ |
18,3 |
20,30 |
|
|
|
ɗɮɢɪɵ |
|
|
Ɇɟɬɢɥɚɰɟɬɚɬ |
6,7 |
22,50 |
ɗɬɢɥɚɰɟɬɚɬ |
6,0 |
22,83 |
|
|
|
Ʉɟɬɨɧɵ |
|
|
Ⱥɰɟɬɨɧ (ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɤɟɬɨɧ) |
20,9 |
21,40 |
Ɇɟɬɢɥɷɬɢɥɤɟɬɨɧ |
18,4 |
21,53 |
|
|
|
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ |
|
|
ɀɢɞɤɢɣ HF |
84(0°ɋ) |
11,7 |
ɋɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
100,5 |
3,62 |
ɍɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
6,2 |
12,22 |
Ɇɭɪɚɜɶɢɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ |
|
14,45 |
|
57,0 (20°ɋ) |
6,66 |
|
|
|
Ⱥɡɨɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ |
|
|
Ɏɨɪɦɚɦɢɞ |
109,5 |
17,0 |
N,N-Ⱦɢɦɟɬɢɥɮɨɪɦɚɦɢɞ |
36,71 |
23,10 |
Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ |
22,7(-50°ɋ) |
32,72 |
|
|
|
ɋɟɪɭɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ |
|
|
Ⱦɢɦɟɬɢɥɫɭɥɶɮɨɤɫɢɞ |
45,0 |
33,3 |
ɋɭɥɶɮɨɥɚɧ |
42,0 |
25,45 |
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɨɧ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ (NH4+) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɚɛɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ:
NH4+ 
NH3 + H+.
52
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ:
Kɚ |
|
[H ][NH |
3 |
] |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
. |
||
|
|
[NH ] |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 5,5·10-10 (ɩɪɢ |
||||||||
25°ɋ). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ: |
||||||||
K |
|
[H ][B] |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
. |
|
||
ɚ |
|
[BH |
|
] |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ 1923 ɝ. Ȼɪɟɧɫɬɟɞɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɭ. ɗɬɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (Ʉɚ) ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ(Į), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
Į= ɱɢɫɥɨɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ . ɨɛɳɟɟɱɢɫɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Ʉɿ), ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Į) ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ (ɋ) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɪɚɡ-
ɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ: K C Į 2 .
i 1 Į
ɍ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ (Į <0,05, ɬ.ɟ. 5%) ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ Į ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ 1-Į ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ: Ʉɿ = ɋĮ 2 . ɂɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɪɇ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ:
pH = –lg[H+], ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ: pɈH = –lg[Ɉɇ– ].
Ɉɛɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɪɇ + ɪɈɇ = 14 (ɩɪɢ 25°ɋ).
53
ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
HCl |
H+ + Cl– |
ɢɥɢ |
|
NaOH |
Na+ + Oɇ– . |
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ: |
|
[ɇ+] = ɋɚ = [An–] (ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ)
[Ɉɇ– ] = ɋb = [Kat+] (ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ)
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ [ɇ+] ɜ 0,001Ɇ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ HCl:
H2O 
H+ + Oɇ– ; Kw [H ][OH ] 10 14
HCl o H+ + Cl– .
ȼ 0,001Ɇ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ HCl ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ [ɇ+] ɪɚɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ 10–3 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ–1, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ [ɇ+]·[Ɉɇ–] = 10–14
ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ [Ɉɇ–] ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶ-
ɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ [OH ] |
10 14 |
10 11ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1. |
||||||
|
10 |
3 |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
||||
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ [ɇ+] > [Ɉɇ– ] – ɫɪɟɞɚ |
||||||||
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ [ɇ+] ɜ 0,001Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ NaOH: |
||||||||
H2O |
|
|
|
H+ + Oɇ– ; |
Kw [H ][OH ] 10 14 , |
|||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
NaOH o Na+ + Oɇ– . |
||
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɲɟ, ɜ 0,001Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ NaOH ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ [Ɉɇ– ] ɪɚɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ 10– 3 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ– 1, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫ-
ɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ [ɇ+]·[Ɉɇ– ] = 10 – 14 |
ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚ- |
||||
ɰɢɹ |
ɇ+ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ [H ] |
10 14 |
|
10 11ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1. |
|
[ |
] |
|
10 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ [ɇ+] < [Ɉɇ– ] – ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ |
||||
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɋɪɟɞɭ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ [ɇ+], ɚ ɪɇ. |
||||
|
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɇ: ɜ ɜɨɞɟ [ɇ+] = [Ɉɇ–] = 10 – 7 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ– 1, |
||||
|
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɪɇ =7 - ɫɪɟɞɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ. |
|
|
|
|
|
ȼ 0,001Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ HCl: [ɇ+] |
= 10 – 3 |
ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ– 1, ɪɇ = –lg10 – 3 = 3. |
||
ɉɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ 4 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟ-
3 |
|
|
ɧɢɸ [H ] |
10 |
104 10000 ɪɚɡ, |
7 |
||
10 |
|
|
ɪɇ < 7 – ɫɪɟɞɚ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ.
54
ȼ 0,001Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ NaOH: [ɇ+] = 10 – 11 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ– 1, ɪɇ = –lg10 – 11 = 11.
ɉɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ 4 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ [H ] |
|
10 7 |
104 10000 ɪɚɡ, |
|
10 |
11 |
|||
|
|
|
||
ɪɇ > 7 – ɫɪɟɞɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ: ɪɇ = 7 – ɫɪɟɞɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɪɇ < 7 – ɫɪɟɞɚ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ, ɪɇ > 7 – ɫɪɟɞɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ.
ɋɥɚɛɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
CH3COOH 
H+ + CH3COO–
ɢɥɢ
NH3·H2Ɉ 
Oɇ– + NH4+.
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
|
|
[H ] [CH |
COO- ] |
|||
KCH3COOH |
3 |
|
|
; |
||
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
[CH3COOH] |
|||
|
|
|
[OH ] [NH ] |
|||
K NH |
|
|
|
4 |
. |
|
H O |
|
|
|
|
||
3 |
2 |
|
[NH 3 H 2O] |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
||
ɂɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
[H+] ɢ [Oɇ– ]:
[H ] |
Kɚ |
ɋɚ |
|
; |
|
[OH ] |
K |
b |
ɋ |
b |
. |
|
|
|
|
||
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Ʉɚ ɢ Ʉb ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (Ʉɚ) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ (Ʉb) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (Ca) ɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Cb) ɢ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (Į) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ [ɇ+] ɢɥɢ [Ɉɇ– ] ɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
[H ] |
Į Cɚ ; |
|
|
[OH ] |
Į C |
b |
. |
|
|
|
|
ȼ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɥɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ [H+] ɢɥɢ [Oɇ–] ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬɧɟɬɨɥɶɤɨɨɬɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɢɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨɢ ɨɬɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣɤɢɫɥɨɬɵɢɟɟɫɨɥɢɢɥɢɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɟɝɨɫɨɥɢ:
[H ] Ka |
|
Ca |
; |
|
|||
|
|
Cɫɨɥɢ |
|
55
[OH ] Kb |
|
Cb |
. |
|
|||
|
|
Cɫɨɥɢ |
|
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 1 . Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɰɢɚɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ 7,9·10– 10. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ 0,001Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɸ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ HCN ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
|
Į |
|
K a |
7,9 10-10 |
8,9 10 4 , ɢɥɢ 8,9·10– 2%. |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
C |
a |
1 10-3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɧɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɪɚɜɧɚ 100% – Į = 100 – 0,089 = |
|||||||||
= 99,91%. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ [ɇ+] ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ [H ] Į C |
a |
: |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[ɇ+] = 8,9·10– 4·1·10– 3 = 8,9·10 – 7 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ – 1 |
|
|
|||||||
|
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ, ɪɇ = –lg 8,9·10– 7 = 6,05. |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɪɇ 0,4% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ. |
|
|
|||||||
|
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ NaOH ɜ ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1: |
|
||||||||
|
|
C |
|
|
10 W U |
|
10 0,4 1 |
0,1ɦɨɥɶ ɥ-1 , |
|
|
|
|
NaOH |
|
MM |
40 |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
ɝɞɟ: |
ȡ – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH (ɝ/ɫɦ3), ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ |
|||||||||
ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ; W– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, %; ɆɆ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ NaOH, ɝ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ NaOH ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɨ [Ɉɇ– ] =CNaOH = 0,1 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɪɈɇ = –lg 0,1 = 1,0. ɪɇ = 14 – ɪɈɇ = 14 – 1 = 13.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 3 . ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɪɇ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ 10,80?
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɈɇ:
ɪɈɇ = 14 – ɪɇ = 14 – 10,80 = 3,20.
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ, –lg[Oɇ– ] = 3,20, ɢɥɢ lg[Oɇ– ] = –3,20; [Oɇ– ] = 10– 3,2 Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ: [Oɇ– ] = 6,31·10– 4 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1.
Ɋɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ 0,2Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ 3%. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 5. ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ 600 ɦɥ 0,2Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɚɫɶ?
56
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 6. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ 0,01Ɇ, ɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ 4,2%.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 7. ȼɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɪɇ = 7,36) ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɪɇ = 7,53)?
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 8 . ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɪɇ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ 4,8?
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ȼ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ȺaBb, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɟɟ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ:
ĻAaBb 
aAb+ + bBa–.
ɗɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ:
ɉɊ = [Ab+]a·[Ba–]b.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ (S, ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1) ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɉɊ:
S a b ɉɊ |
, |
aa bb |
|
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɉɊ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɉɊ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ:
Ca b Cb a > ɉɊ.
A B
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɉɊ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
Ca b Cb a < ɉɊ.
A B
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɉɊ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 1. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɩɪɢ 20°ɋ ɪɚɜɧɚ 8,0·10 – 9. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɥɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 ɢ ɝ·ɥ-1 ɩɪɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
57
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ:
ĻPbI2 
Pb2+ + 2I– .
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɢɫɤɨɦɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ S ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ S ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ 2S ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 ɣɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɉɊ |
[Pb2 ] [I ]2 |
S(2S)2 |
4S3 . |
|
PbI2 |
|
|
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ, S 3 ɉɊ |
/4 3 |
8 10-9 /4 1,3 10 3 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ- 1 |
|
PbI 2 |
|
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 461 ɝ·ɦɨɥɶ-1. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜ ɝ·ɥ-1 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ: 461·1,3·10 – 3 = 0,6 ɝ·ɥ-1.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2. ȼ 250 ɦɥ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 2,60·10– 5 ɝ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣɮɚɡɨɣɫɨɥɢɢɟɟɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɱɚɫɬɶɸ:
ĻSr3(PO4)2 |
|
3Sr2+ + 2PO43–. |
|
||
|
||
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ |
||
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ: |
|
|
ɉɊSr3(PO4)2 |
[Sr2 ]3 [PO34- ]2 . |
|
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɜ ɝ·ɥ-1 ɢɡ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ: 0,25 ɥ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 2,60·10 – 5 ɝ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ; 1 ɥ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɯ ɝ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ.
|
|
x |
2,60 10 5 1 |
1,04 10 4 ɝ ɥ 1 . |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
0,25 |
|
|
||
ȼɵɪɚɡɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1: |
|||||||||
S |
|
x |
|
|
|
1,121 10 4 |
2,3 10 7 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ-1 . |
||
x |
MSr (PO |
|
|
|
452,803 |
||||
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
) |
|
||||||
|
|
3 |
4 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Ɂɞɟɫɶ MSr3(PO4)2 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹɦɚɫɫɚɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ 452,803 ɝ·ɦɨɥɶ-1.
ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ S ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 3S ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 ɢɨɧɨɜ
ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɢ 2S ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 ɮɨɫɮɚɬ-ɢɨɧɨɜ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɉɊ |
(3S)3 (2S)2 108S5 . |
Sr3(PO4)2
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ S ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɊ:
ɉɊ = 108·(2,3·10– 7)5 = 0,7·10– 31.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 3. ȼɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɜ 0,1Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ?
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ 1. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɜ 0,1Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɜ ɟɟ ɯ . Ɍɨɝɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɡɚɞɚɱɭ 1), ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɬɨɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɯ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɣɨɞɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ
58
2ɯ + 0,1. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ 2ɯ << 0,1, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ 2ɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 0,1 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɢ [I– ] = 0,1 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1.
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɣɨɞɢɞɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɉɊ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɉɊ |
PbI2 |
x (0,1)2 . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ, X |
|
ɉɊ |
PbI |
8 |
10 9 |
8 10 7 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ-1 . |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
(0,1)2 |
|
|
|
0,01 |
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɣɨ- |
||||||||||||||
ɞɢɞɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ 1,3·10– 3/8·10– 7 = 1,6·103 ɪɚɡ. |
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4 . ɋɦɟɲɚɧɵ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ 5·10–3 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ |
||||||||||||||
ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ (ɉɊ |
CaSO4 |
2,5 10-5 )? |
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ |
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. |
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ |
||||||||||||
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ CCa 2 |
ɢ CSO42 ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ |
|||||||||||||||
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ CCa 2 ·CSO42 |
> ɉɊCaSO4 . |
|||||||||||||||
|
|
ɉɪɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ |
||||||||||||||
ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+ ɢ SO42– ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɭɦɟɧɶ- |
||||||||||||||||
ɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ 2,5·10– 3 |
ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ |
|||||||||||||||
C |
2 |
·C |
2 = 2,5·10– 3·2,5·10– 3 |
= 6,25·10 – 6, |
ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ |
|||||||||||
Ca |
|
SO |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɉɊCaSO4 , ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 5. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ 1,16 ɝ PbI2 ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ 2 ɥ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɚɣɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɥɢ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 6 . ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ 2 ɝ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 25°ɋ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 7 . Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤ 0,1 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ 0,3 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ?
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ |
8. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɮɬɨɪɢɞɚ ɜ 0,05Ɇ ɪɚɫ- |
|
ɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ (ɉɊ |
4 10-11 )? |
|
|
|
CaF2 |
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ |
9. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ |
|
6·10– 10. ɉɪɢ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɇ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɡ 1,6·10– 4Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ?
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɥɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, NH4Cl), ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ. ɉɪɢ
59
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ ɫɨɥɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, CH3COOɄ), ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ ɫɨɥɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɫɪɟɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ CH3COONH4), ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ (NH4CN) ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ (NH4F).
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤ ɤɚɤɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɨɥɶ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1 (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ |
1. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ, |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 0,9814 ɝ ɫɨɥɢ. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɥɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɄ |
|
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈ– + Ʉ+. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɭ: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈ– + ɇ2Ɉ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ + Ɉɇ– . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
ɌȺȻɅɂɐȺ ȾɅə ɊȺɋɑȿɌȺ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ ȽɂȾɊɈɅɂɁȺ |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
ɋɨɥɶ |
|
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ |
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɢɞ- |
|
|
[H+] |
|
|
[Oɇ– ] |
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ Ʉɝ |
|
ɪɨɥɢɡɚ h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
K w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K w CBA |
|
|
|
K w K b |
|
|
||||||
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ |
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫ- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
|
K b |
|
|
|
K C |
|
|
K b |
|
|
C |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
ɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b |
BA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BA |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K w CBA |
|
|
||
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ |
ɫɥɚɛɨɣ |
|
|
K w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
K w |
|
|
|
K w K a |
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫ- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
|
K a |
|
|
|
K a |
CBA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K a |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C |
BA |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
ɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ |
ɫɥɚɛɨɣ |
|
|
K w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K w |
|
|
K w K a |
|
|
K w K b |
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫ- |
|
K a K b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
K a K b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K a |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K |
b |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
ɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
K w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K a K b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: K w – ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɋBA – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɥɢ, ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
h |
K w |
. |
|
K a CBA |
|||
|
|
60