Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.1
ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ɉɈ ɋȿɊɈȼɈȾɈɊɈȾɇɈɆɍ ɆȿɌɈȾɍ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ |
Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɵ |
Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ |
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟ- |
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ɧɢɣ |
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I |
K+, Na+, NH4+, |
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ |
ɋɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ*, ɯɥɨ- |
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Mg2+ |
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ɪɢɞɵ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ*, ɪɚɫɬ- |
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ɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ |
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II |
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ |
(NH4)2CO3, |
Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ- |
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NH3 H2O+NH4Cl, |
ɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ |
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pH=9,25 |
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III |
Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, |
(NH4)2S, |
ɋɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ |
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Al3+, Mn2+, Ni2+ , |
ɇ |
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ**, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ |
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Zn2+, Co2+, |
NH3 2O+NH4Cl, |
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pH=9,25 |
ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ |
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ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ |
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IV |
Cu2+, Hg2+, Bi3+, |
H2S, HCl, pH=0,5 |
ɋɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ |
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Sn2+, Sn (IV), |
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ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢ- |
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Sb (III), Sb (V), |
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ɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ |
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As (III), As (V) |
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V |
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ |
HCl |
ɏɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ |
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ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢ- |
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ɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ |
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* – ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ Mg2+.
** – ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ Cr3+, Al3+ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ.
11
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.2
ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ɉɈ ɄɂɋɅɈɌɇɈ-ɈɋɇɈȼɇɈɆɍ ɆȿɌɈȾɍ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ |
Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɵ |
Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ |
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ |
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I |
Na+, K+, NH4+ |
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ |
ɏɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨ- |
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ɤɫɢɞɵ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ |
II |
Ag+, Pb+, Hg22+ |
HCl |
ɏɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ |
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2Ɇ ɪ-ɪ |
ɜɨɞɟ |
III |
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ |
H2SO4 1Ɇ ɪ-ɪ + |
ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ |
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+ C2H5OH |
ɜɨɞɟ |
IV |
Al3+, Zn2+, |
ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɤɨɧɰ. |
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ |
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Cr3+, Sn (II), |
NaOH 6Ɇ ɪ-ɪ + |
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡ- |
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Sn (IV), |
+ 3% H2O2 |
ɛɵɬɤɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ |
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As (III), As (V) |
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V |
Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, |
ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ |
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ- |
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Mn2+, Bi3+, |
ɤɨɧɰ. NH3 ɇ2O |
ɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɢ |
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Sb (III), Sb (V) |
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ɚɦɦɢɚɤɟ |
VI |
Co2+, Ni2+, |
ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɤɨɧɰ. |
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ- |
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Cd2+, Cu2+, |
NH3 ɇ2O |
ɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, |
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Hg2+ |
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ɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ |
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ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.3 |
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ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂə ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ |
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ɉɈ ȺɆɆɂȺɑɇɈ-ɎɈɋɎȺɌɇɈɆɍ ɆȿɌɈȾɍ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ |
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Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ |
Ʉɚɬɢɨɧɵ |
Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ |
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ |
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I |
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ |
HCl |
ɏɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ |
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ɜɨɞɟ |
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II |
Sn2+, Sn (ȱV), |
HNO3 |
Ɇɟɬɚɫɭɪɶɦɹɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɨɥɨ- |
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Sb (III), Sb (V) |
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ɜɹɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ- |
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ɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ |
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III |
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, |
(NH4)2HPO4, |
Ɏɨɫɮɚɬɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ |
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Mg2+,Mn2+,Fe2+, |
ɤɨɧɰ. NH3 ɇ2O |
ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ |
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Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+ |
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ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ |
IV |
Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, |
(NH4)2HPO4, |
Ɏɨɫɮɚɬɵ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ |
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Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ |
ɤɨɧɰ. NH3 ɇ2O |
ɜɨɞɟ, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ |
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ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ |
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V |
Na+, K+, NH4+ |
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ |
ɏɥɨɪɢɞɵ, ɧɢɬɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɚ- |
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ɬɵ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ |
12
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ȱ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
K+, Na+, NH4+
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ NH4+ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ: NaOH, ǻ
NH4+ 
NH3n
2ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ NH4+ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ʉ+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH ɢɥɢ Na2CO3 ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
NaOH (Na2CO3), ǻ
NH4+ 
NH3n
3ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 2 ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ.
4Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ʉ+ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ 3 ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ NaHC4H4O6 , Na3[Co(NO2)6] , Na2Pb[Cu(NO2)6] :
NaHC4H4O6
Ʉ+ 
ɄHC4H4O6p
Na3[Co(NO2)6]
Ʉ+ 
Ʉ2Na[Co(NO2)6]p Na2Pb[Cu(NO2)6]
Ʉ+ 
Ʉ2Pb[Cu(NO2)6]p
5ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ NH4+ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɨɧɨɜ Na+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɄɈɇ ɢɥɢ K2CO3 ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
ɄɈɇ (K2CO3), ǻ
NH4+ 
NH3n
6ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 5 ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ.
7Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Na+ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ 6 ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ K[Sb(OH)6] , Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 :
K[Sb(OH)6]
Na+ 
Na[Sb(OH)6]p
Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8
Na+ 
NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9·9H2Op
13
14
Схема 1
СХЕМА СИСТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО ХОДА АНАЛИЗА КАТИОНОВ І АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ГРУППЫ
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K+, Na+, NH4+ |
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КOH или |
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NaOH или |
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NaOH, ∆ |
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К2CO3, ∆ |
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Na2CO3, ∆ |
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5 |
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↑NH3 |
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K+, Na+, OH- |
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↑NH3 |
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↑NH3 |
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K+, Na+, OH- |
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3 |
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CH3COOH |
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CH3COOH |
6 |
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K+, Na+ |
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K+, Na+ |
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4 |
Na3[Co(NO2)6] |
4 |
NaHC4H4O6 |
4 |
Na2Pb[Cu(NO2)6] |
7 |
Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 |
7 |
K[Sb(OH)6] |
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↓K2Na[Co(NO2)6] |
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↓KHC4H4O6 |
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↓K2Pb[Cu(NO2)6] |
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↓NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9·9H2O |
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↓Na[Sb(OH)6] |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 7
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ȱȱ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜȱȱɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ2ɆHCl:
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HCl |
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Ag+ |
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AgClp |
ɉɊAgCl =1,78·10-10 |
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Pb2+ |
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PbCl2p |
ɉɊPbCl2 =1,6·10-5 |
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Hg22+ |
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Hg2Cl2p |
ɉɊHg2Cl2 =1,3·10-18 |
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ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ HCl
2Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜɫɜɢɧɰɚɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟɦɨɫɚɞɤɚ 1 ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣɜɨɞɨɣ:
H2O, ǻ
PbCl2p 
Pb2+
3Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Pb2+ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɟ 2 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɨɜ K2CrO4 ɢɥɢ KI:
K2CrO4
Pb2+ 
PbCrO4p
KI
Pb2+ 
PbI2p
4Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Ag+ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Hg22+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ 2 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH3:
NH3·H2O
AgClp |
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl- (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ) |
NH3·H2O
Hg2Cl2p 
[HgNH2]Clp + Hgp
5Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Ag+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 4 ɤɨɧɰ.HNO3:
ɤɨɧɰ. HNO3
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl- 
AgClp
15
ɋɯɟɦɚ 2
ɋɏȿɆȺ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɏɈȾȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ȱI ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
1HCl (2M)
ĻAgCl, ĻPbCl2, ĻHg2Cl2
2H2O, ǻ
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Pb2+ |
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ĻAgCl, ĻHg2Cl2 |
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3 |
4 |
NH3·H2O (25%) |
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KI |
K2CrO4 |
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ĻPbI2 |
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ĻPbCrO4 |
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[Ag(NH3)2]+,Cl- |
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ĻHg, ĻNH2HgCl |
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5 HNO3
ĻAgCl
16
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ III ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ȱȱȱ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ 1Ɇ H2SO4 ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ C2H5OH ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
H2SO4, ǻ
Ba2+
BaSO4p
ɉɊBaSO4=1,1·10-10
H2SO4, ǻ
Sr2+
SrSO4p
ɉɊSrSO4=3,2·10-7
H2SO4, ɋ2ɇ5Ɉɇ, ǻ
Ca2+
CaSO4p ɉɊCaSO4=2,5·10-5
ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ H2SO4
2ɉɟɪɟɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ȱȱȱ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɢɯ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Na2CO3 ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ:
Na2CO3, ǻ
BaSO4p 
BaCO3p ɉɊBaCO3=4,0·10-10
Na2CO3, ǻ
SrSO4p |
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SrCO3p ɉɊSrCO3=1,1·10-10 |
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Na2CO3, ǻ
CaSO4p 
CaCO3p ɉɊCaCO3=3,8·10-9
ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ
3Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ 2 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ:
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ
BaCO3p 
Ba2+
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ
SrCO3p 
Sr2+
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ
CaCO3p 
Ca2+
17
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 8
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
4Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Ba2+ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 3 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2CrO4:
K2CrO4
Ba2+ 
BaCrO4p
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ Ba2+ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 3 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2CrO4
5Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Sr2+ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɚ 4 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ (ɝɢɩɫɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ):
ɧɚɫ. ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɋɚSO4
Sr2+ 
SrSO4p
ɝɢɩɫɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
6Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Sr2+ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɚ 4 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰ. ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɚ (NH4)2SO4:
ɤɨɧɰ.(NH4)2SO4
Sr2+ 
SrSO4p
ɤɨɧɰ.(NH4)2SO4
Ca2+ 
[Ca(SO4)2]2-
7Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɚ2+ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɟ 6 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɚ (NH4)2ɋ2O4:
(NH4)2ɋ2O4
ɋɚ2+ 
ɋɚɋ2O4p
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ
18
ɋɯɟɦɚ 3
ɋɏȿɆȺ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɏɈȾȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ȱIȱ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
1H2SO4 (1M), C2H5OH, ǻ
ĻBaSO4, ĻSrSO4, ĻCaSO4
2Na2CO3 (ɧɚɫ.), ǻ
ĻBaCO3, ĻSrCO3, ĻCaCO3
3CH3COOH
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
4K2CrO4
ĻBaCrO4 |
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Sr2+, Ca2+ |
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CaSO4 (ɧɚɫ.) |
(NH4)2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.) |
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ĻSrSO4 |
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Ca2+ |
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ĻSrSO4 |
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[Ca(SO4)2]2- |
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(NH4)2C2O4; CH3COOH 7
ĻCaC2O4
19
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 9
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ IV ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
Al3+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Sn2+, Sn (IV), As (III), As (V)
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ As (III), As (V) ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ HCl:
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Zn; HCl |
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AsH3n |
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As (III), (V) |
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AsH3n |
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Ȼɭɦɚɠɤɚ, ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɚɹ AgNO3 |
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Agp (ɱɟɪɧɵɣ) AsH (HgCl) |
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(ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ƚɭɬɰɚɣɬɚ) |
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AsH(HgCl)2 |
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AsH3 |
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Ȼɭɦɚɠɤɚ, ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɚɹ [HgCl2] |
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As(HgCl)3 |
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(ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ Ɂɚɧɝɟɪ-Ȼɥɟɤɚ) |
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As2Hg3 |
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(ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɛɭɪɵɣ) |
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2Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ 6Ɇ NaOH ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ IV ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
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NaOH |
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ɢɡɛ. NaOH |
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Al3+ |
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Al(OH)3p |
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[Al(OH)6]3- |
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NaOH |
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Zn(OH)2p |
ɢɡɛ. NaOH |
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Zn2+ |
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[Zn(OH)4]2- |
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NaOH |
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ɢɡɛ. NaOH, H2O2, ǻ |
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Cr3+ |
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Cr(OH)3p |
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CrO42- |
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NaOH |
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ɢɡɛ. NaOH, H2O2, ǻ |
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Sn2+ |
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Sn(OH)2p |
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[Sn(OH)6]2- |
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NaOH |
ɢɡɛ. NaOH |
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Sn (IV) |
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Sn(OH)4p |
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[Sn(OH)6]2- |
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NaOH H2O2, ǻ
As (III) 
AsO33- 
AsO43-
NaOH H2O2, ǻ
As (V) 
AsO43- 
AsO43-
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