ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 9
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
3Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ [Al(OH)6]3-; [Sn(OH)6]2- ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 2 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ NH4Cl ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
NH4Cl, ǻ
[Al(OH)6]3- 
Al(OH)3p
NH4Cl, ǻ
[Sn(OH)6]2- 
Sn(OH)4p
4Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ 3 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ 2Ɇ HCl:
HCl
Al(OH)3p 
Al3+
HCl
Sn(OH)4p 
[SnCl6]2-
5Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Al3+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 4 ɚɥɢɡɚɪɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ: |
HO |
OH |
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Al |
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Ⱥɥɢɡɚɪɢɧ, NH4OH |
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OH |
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Al3+ |
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O |
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Al3+ |
CH3COONa |
Al(OH)2CH3COOp |
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6ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Sn (IV) ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɢ ɪɬɭɬɢ (ȱȱ) ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 4, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɠɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ HCl:
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Fe, HCl; ǻ |
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HgCl2 |
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[SnCl6]2- |
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Sn2+ |
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Hgp |
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7Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Zn2+ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɟ 3 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɬɢɡɨɧɚ, ɢɥɢ K4[Fe(CN)6]:
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C H |
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C=N-NH-C6H5 |
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6 5 |
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ɞɢɬɢɡɨɧ |
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[Zn(NH3)4]2+ |
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Zn N |
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:N |
-C H |
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C6H5-NH-N=C |
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6 5 |
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K4[Fe(CN)6]
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ 
K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2p
21
ɋɯɟɦɚ 4
ɋɏȿɆȺ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɏɈȾȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ȱV ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
1As (III), As (V), Sn2+, Sn (IV), Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+
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Zn, HCl |
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NaOH (6M), H2O2 (3%) |
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ĹAsH3 |
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AsO43-, SnO32-, CrO42-, ZnO22-, AlO2- |
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AgNO3 |
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NH4Cl (ɤɪɢɫɬ.) |
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3 |
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ĻAg |
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ĻAl(OH)3, |
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AsO43-, CrO42-, |
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H2SnO3 |
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[Zn(NH3)4]2+ |
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Ⱦɢɬɢɡɨɧ, |
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HCl, 2M |
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ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦ |
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Al3+, |
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Ⱦɢɬɢɡɨɧɚɬ |
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[SnCl6]2- |
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ɰɢɧɤɚ |
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Ⱥɥɢɡɚɪɢɧ |
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Fe,HCl, ǻ |
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Ⱥɥɢɡɚɪɢɧɚɬ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ |
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Sn2+ |
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HgCl2 |
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ĻHg
22
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 10
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ V ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Sb (III), Sb (V)
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Fe (II), Fe (III) ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɫ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ-
ɦɢ K3[Fe(CN)6] ɢ K4[Fe(CN)6] ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ:
K3[Fe(CN)6]
Fe2+ 
Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2p
K4[Fe(CN)6]
Fe3+ 
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]4p
2Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Sb (III) ɢ Sb (V) ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ HNO3 ɫ H2O2:
HNO3
Sb (III), Sb (V) 
HSbO3p
HNO3
Fe2+ 
Fe3+
3Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ 2 ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ HCl:
Hɋl
HSbO3p 
[SbCl6]-
4Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Sb (V) ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ 3 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɢ-
ɤɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ: |
Zn |
[SbCl6]- 
Sbp
5Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ V ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɚ 2 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰ. NH3 H2O:
NH3 · H2O
Mg2+ 
Mg(OH)2p
NH3 · H2O
Mn2+ 
Mn(Ɉɇ)2p
NH3 · H2O
Fe3+ 
Fe(OH)3p
NH3 · H2O
Bi3+ 
BiONO3p
23
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ.10
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
6Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Mg2+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ 5 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ
NH4Cl + 3% ɪ-ɪ ɇ2Ɉ2:
NH4Cl
Mg(OH)2p 
Mg2+
3% H2O2
Mn(OH)2p 
MnO2·nH2OĻ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ 6: MnO2·nH2OĻ, BiONO3, Fe(OH)3
7Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Mg2+ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɟ 6 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ Na2HPO4 ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
Na2HPO4, NH3 H2O + NH4Cl
Mg2+ 
ɆgNH4PO4p
8Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ Bi3+ ɢ Fe3+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HNO3 ɧɚ
ɨɫɚɞɨɤ 6:
HNO3
BiONO3p 
Bi3+
HNO3 Fe(OH)3p 
Fe3+
ȼ ɨɫɚɞɤɟ MnO2·nH2OĻ
9Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ MnO2 · n H2O, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɩ.8, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HNO3 ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ H2O2:
HNO3; H2O2
MnO2 · n H2Op 
Mn2+
10 Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Mn2+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 9 (NH4)2S2O8:
(NH4)2S2O8; HNO3; AgNO3
Mn2+ 
MnO4-
11Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Bi3+ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɟ 8 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɜɟɠɟɩɪɢ-
ɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ [Sn(OH)6]4-:
[Sn(OH)6]4-
Bi3+ 
Bip
24
ɋɯɟɦɚ 5
ɋɏȿɆȺ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɏɈȾȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ V ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ
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K3[Fe(CN)6] |
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Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Bi3+, Sb |
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ĻFe3[(Fe(CN)6]2 |
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(III), Sb (V) |
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K4[Fe(CN)6] |
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HNO3 (2M), |
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H2O2 (3%) |
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ĻFe4[(Fe(CN)6]3 |
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Fe3+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Bi3+ |
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ĻHSbO3 |
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NH3·H2O (ɤɨɧɰ.), H2O2 |
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HCl |
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(ɤɨɧɰ.) |
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ĻFe(OH)3, MnO2·nH2O, |
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[SbCl6]- |
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ĻMg(OH)2, ĻBi(OH)3 |
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6NH4Cl
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4 |
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ĻFe(OH)3, MnO2·nH2O, |
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ĻBi(OH)3 |
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Mg2+, NH4+ |
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ĻSb |
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Na2HPO4, |
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7 NH3·H2O, |
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HNO3 (3M) |
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NH4Cl |
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ĻMgNH4PO4 |
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MnO2·nH2O |
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Fe3+, Bi3+ |
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HNO3 (2M), H2O2 (2%) 9 |
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Mn2+ ĻFe(OH)2, ĻBi
HNO3 (2M), AgNO3, (NH4)2S2O8 10
MnO4-
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11 |
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ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ |
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ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ Vȱ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ |
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Cu2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+ |
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ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
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ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
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1* |
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ VI ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫ ɝɪɭɩɩɨ- |
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ɜɵɦ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ (ɢɡɛ. NH3 H2O): |
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ɢɡɛ. NH3 H2O |
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[Cu(NH3)4] 2+p |
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Cu2+ |
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ɢɡɛ. NH3 H2O |
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[Hg(NH3)4]2+p |
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Hg2+ |
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ɢɡɛ. NH3 H2O |
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[Co(NH3)6]2+p |
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Co2+ |
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ɢɡɛ. NH3 H2O |
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[Ni(NH3)6]2+p |
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Ni2+ |
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2* |
Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚɬɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ 2Ɇ H2SO4 |
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3* |
Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Cu2+ ɢ Hg2+ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ VI ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫ- |
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ɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ Na2S2O3 ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 2: |
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Na2S2O3; ǻ |
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Cu2Sp |
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Cu2+ |
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Na2S2O3; ǻ |
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HgSp |
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Hg2+ |
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4Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Cu2S ɨɬ HgS ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ 3 ɜ ɪɚɡɛ. HNO3 ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
HNO3; ǻ
Cu2Sp 
Cu2+
5Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Cu2+ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ 4 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰ. NH3 H2O:
NH3 H2O
Cu2+ 
[Cu(NH3)4]2+
6Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ 4 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ
HCl, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɤɟ:
Br2; HCl
HgSp 
[HgCl2] + Sp ɤɨɧɰ. HNO3, ɤɨɧɰ. HCl
HgSp 
[HgCl2]
7Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ [HgCl2] ɨɬ Sp ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
26
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ.11
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
8Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Hg2+ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɟ 7 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
SnCl2:
SnCl2
[HgCl2] 
Hgp
9Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɋɨ2+ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɟ 3 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4SCN ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɦɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ:
NH4SCN
ɋɨ2+ 
(NH4)2[Co(SCN)4]
C5ɇ11Ɉɇ
10Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ni2+ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬɟ 3 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ ɑɭɝɚɟɜɚ (ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɝɥɢɨɤɫɢɦɚ):
O...HO
ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɝɥɢɨɤɫɢɦ H3C-C=N 
N=C-CH3
Ni2+ |
Ni |
H3C-C=N N=C-CH3
OH...O
*ɗɬɚɩɵ 1-3 ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ I-IV ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ.
27
ɋɯɟɦɚ 6
ɋɏȿɆȺ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɏɈȾȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ VI ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȽɊɍɉɉɕ ȼ ɉɊɂɋɍɌɋɌȼɂɂ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ȾɊɍȽɂɏ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ȽɊɍɉɉ
Cu2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+
1NaOH (ɢɡɛ.), ɇ2Ɉ2
ĻCu(OH)2, ĻHgO, ĻCo(OH)3, Ni(OH)2
2NH3·H2O, (25%), ɢɡɛ.
[Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Hg(NH3)4]2+, [Co(NH3)6]2+, [Ni(NH3)6]2+
3H2SO4 (2M)
Cu2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+
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ĻCu2S, ĻHgS |
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Na2S2O3 (ɤɪɢɫɬ.) |
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HNO3 (2M) |
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Co2+, Ni2+ |
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Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜ 11 |
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Cu2+ |
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ɑɭɝɚɟɜɚ |
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NH4SCN, |
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NH3·H2O, |
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(25%), |
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ɢɡɛ. |
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HCl, ǻ |
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ɝɥɢɨɤɫɢɦɚɬ |
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ɧɢɤɟɥɹ |
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[Cu(NH3)4]2+ |
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(NH4)2[Co(SCN)4] |
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[HgCl2] |
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9SnCl2
ĻHg
28
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12
ɗɌȺɉɕ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɏɈȾȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɋɆȿɋɂ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ ȱ-Vȱ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ȽɊɍɉɉ ȻȿɁ ɈɋȺȾɄȺ
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ NH4+ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɳɟɥɨɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
NaOH, ǻ
NH4+ 
NH3n
2Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (ȱȱ) ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K3[Fe(CN)6]:
K3[Fe(CN)6]
Fe2+ 
Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2p
3Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (ȱȱȱ) ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K4[Fe(CN)6]:
K4[Fe(CN)6]
Fe3+ 
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3p
4ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ NH4+ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ʉ+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Na2CO3 ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
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Men+ |
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ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, |
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ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ |
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ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ȱȱ, ȱȱȱ, V, VI |
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ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ |
5ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ ɞɨ ɪɇ~7. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɚɧɢɨɧɵ IV ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ:
CH3COOH
[Me(OH)6]6-n 
Me(OH)np
6Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ʉ+ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ 5 ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ NaHC4H4O6, Na3[Co(NO2)6] , Na2Pb[Cu(NO2)6] :
NaHC4H4O6
Ʉ+ 
ɄHC4H4O6p
Na3[Co(NO2)6]
Ʉ+ 
Ʉ2Na[Co(NO2)6]p Na2Pb[Cu(NO2)6]
Ʉ+ 
Ʉ2Pb[Cu(NO2)6]p
29
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 12
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
7ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ NH4+ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ Na+ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2CO3 ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
K2CO3, ǻ
NH4+ 
NH3n
K2CO3, ǻ
Men+ |
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ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, |
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ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ȱȱ, ȱȱȱ, V, VI ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ
8ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 7 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ ɞɨ ɪɇ~7. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɚɧɢɨɧɵ IV ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ:
CH3COOH
[Me(OH)6]6-n 
Me(OH)np
9Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ Na+ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ 8 ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ K[Sb(OH)6] , Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 :
K[Sb(OH)6]
Na+ 
Na[Sb(OH)6]p
Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8
Na+ 
NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9·9H2Op
10 Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ȱȱ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɡ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ 2Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCl:
HCl
Ag+ 
AgClp HCl
Pb2+ 
PbCl2p
HCl
Hg22+ 
Hg2Cl2p
ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ HCl.
11ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ 10 ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ȱȱ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
30