Acceptance in the United States

In the U.S., pharmacognosy has been long lumped together with quack herbalism by both proponents and opponents. Traditional herbalism is regarded as a method of alternative medicine and considered suspect since the Flexner Report of 1910 led to the closing of the eclectic medical schools where botanical medicine was exclusively practiced.

This situation is further complicated by most pharmacognostic studies in the latter part of the 20th century having been published in languages other than English, such as German, Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Persian. Some of the important botanicals have been incorporated into the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determinations of drug safety. In 1994, the US Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), regulating labeling and sales of herbs and other supplements. Most of the 2000 U.S. companies making herbal or natural products^[18] choose to market their products as food supplements that do not require substantial testing and give no assurance of safety and effectivity.

External links

• American Society of Pharmacognosy

• GA/Society for Medicinal Plant Research

• ESCOP-European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy

• International Society for Ethnopharmacology

• American Botanical Council

• Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

• Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, School of Pharmacy, University of London

References

1. ^ The American Society of Pharmacognosy

2. ^ http://www.pharmacognosy.us/what-is-pharmacognosy/

3. ^ 1992, American Herbalism edited by Michael Tierra Crossings Press

4. ^ Butterweek, Derendorf, et al. PHARMACOKINETIC HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS: Are Preventive Screenings Necessary and Appropriate. Planta Medica 2004:70:784-791

5. ^ Thieme-connect - Abstract

6. ^ "Traditional Medicine." World Health Organization web site. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/index.html. Accessed on 3/12/09.

7. ^ Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, et al. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull World Health Organ 1985; 63: 965-981

8. ^ Farnsworth, NR. The role of ethnopharmacology in drug development. In: Anonymous. , editor. Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Ciba Foundation Symposium 154. Wiley Interscience, New York; 1990.

9. ^ Farnsworth NR. Screening plants for new medicines. Wilson EO, Peters FM, editors. Biodiversity. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1988: 83-97.

10. ^ Balick, MJ. Ethnobotany and the identification of therapeutic agents from the rainforest. In: Anonymous. , editor. Bioactive Compounds. Ciba Foundation Symposium 154. Wiley Interscience, New York; 1990. pp. 22–31.

11. ^ [1] David Winston. American Extra Pharmacopoeia

12. ^ Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, Third Edition by Dan Bensky, Steven Clavey, Erich Stoger, and Andrew Gamble. September 2004

13. ^ [2]Can we tame wild medicine? To save a rare species, Western conservationists may have to make their peace with traditional Chinese medicine. Rob Parry-Jones and Amanda Vincent New Scientist vol 157 issue 2115 - 3 January 1998, page 26

14. ^ http://www.rrreading.com/files/Life%20Span%20of%20Medicinal%20Plants.pdf

15. ^ Jialiu Liu and Michael Blumert. JiaogulanTorchlight Publishing. 1999,

16. ^ ^{a b} Project Seahorse | Can we tame wild medicine?

17. ^ The Trade in Bear Bile: Courtesy of World Society for the Protection of Animals

18. ^ Whole Foods Magazine

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