Symbols
The two symbolsmost commonly associated with pharmacy are themortar and pestleand the℞(recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. Theshow globewas also used in English-speaking countries until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as theBowl of Hygieiawhich is often used in theNetherlands,conical measures, andcaduceusesin theirlogos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the greenGreek crossinFrance,Argentina, theUnited Kingdom,Belgium,Ireland,Italy,Spain, andIndia, the increasingly rareGaperin theNetherlands, and a red stylized letter A inGermanyandAustria(fromApotheke, theGermanword for pharmacy, from the sameGreekroot as theEnglishword 'apothecary').
Bowl of Hygieia, the internationally-recognised symbol of pharmacy (the profession)
Rod of Asclepius, the internationally-recognised symbol of medicine
Green cross and Bowl of Hygieia used in Europe (with the exception of Germany and Austria) and India
Simple green cross, also used in Europe and India
Red "A" (Apotheke) sign, used in Germany
Similar red "A" sign, used in Austria
The mortar and pestle, used in the United States and Canada
A hanging show-globe, formerly used in the United States
The Gaper, formerly used in the Netherlands
The symbol used on medical prescriptions, from the Latin Recipe
Notes
^ "Pharmakos - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmakos. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
^ φάρμακον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages
^ World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2011 - Table 6: Health workforce, infrastructure and essential medicines. Geneva, 2011. Accessed 21 July 2011.
^ Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties, Current Specialties
^ John K. Borchardt (2002). "The Beginnings of Drug Therapy: Ancient Mesopotamian Medicine". Drug News & Perspectives 15 (3): 187–192. doi:10.1358/dnp.2002.15.3.840015. ISSN 0214-0934. PMID 12677263.
^ Edward Kremers, Glenn Sonnedecker (1986). "Kremers and Urdang's History of pharmacy". Amer. Inst. History of Pharmacy. p.17. ISBN 0931292174
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834) Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 434.
^ has photos
^ a b Hadzovic, S (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development" (in Croatian). Medicinski Arhiv 51 (1-2): 47–50. ISSN 0025-8083. OCLC 32564530. PMID 9324574.
^ al-Ghazal, Sharif Kaf (October 2003). "The valuable contributions of Al-Razi (Rhazes) in the history of pharmacy during the Middle Ages" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2 (4): 9–11. ISSN 1303-667X. OCLC 54045642. http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/02.pdf.
^ Levey M. (1973), ‘ Early Arabic Pharmacology’, E. J. Brill; Leiden.
^ History of Pharmacy Web Pages - Sweden´s oldest pharmacies
^ Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2004 (3), pp. 3-9 [8].
^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy. The definition of clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28(6):816-817.
^ Burke JM, Miller WA, Spencer AP, et al. Clinical pharmacist competencies. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28(6):806-815.
^ BPS Approves Ambulatory Care Designation; Explores New Specialties in Pain and Palliative Care, Critical Care and Pediatrics
^ Knapp, KK; Okamoto, MP; Black, BL (2005). "ASHP survey of ambulatory care pharmacy practice in health systems--2004". American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 62 (3): 274–84. PMID 15719585.
^ American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, Frequently Asked Questions
^ Strand LM (1990). "Pharmaceutical care and patient outcomes: notes on what it is we manage". Top Hosp Pharm Manage. 10 (2): 77–84. PMID 10128568.
^ Hepler CD, Strand LM (1990). "Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care". Am J Hosp Pharm. 47 (3): 533–43. PMID 2316538.
^ London Free Press Regional News Archive, Canada Internet Pharmacy Merged In $3.8 Million Deal
^ American Association of State Compensation Insurance Funds, Prepackaged Drugs in Workers' Compensation
^ British Medical Association, briefing on dispensing doctors, 30 January 2009 [1]
^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000
^ American Pharmacy Student Alliance (APSA)[unreliable source?]
^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Defined
^ American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, What is a Senior Care Pharmacist?