In a sense

to solve major problems

society

knowledge

amateur

science

quality of life

to put to good use

common

scientific methods

observing

measuring

testing

to use statistics

reliable evidence

to collect evidence

to ease

parental divorce

to minimize accidents

rails

courts

eyewitness testimony

reliable

Evidence

on a date

attractive

phobias

Vocabulary

• вести себя, действовать

• реагировать

• взаимодействовать

• заниматься чем-либо, заботиться о чем-либо

• мысли

• чувства

• мотивы, побуждения

• в некотором смысле

• решить основные проблемы

• общество

• знания

• любитель, непрофессионал

• наука

• качество, уровень жизни

• находить хорошее применение

• обычный, распространенный

• научные методы

• наблюдение

• измерение

тестирование

• использовать статистику

достоверные данные (свидетельства)

• собирать доказательства

• смягчить, смягчить

• развод родителей

• свести к минимуму (минимализировать)

несчастные случаи

• рельсы, железные дороги

• суды

• свидетельства очевидцев

• достоверный

• доказательства, данные

• на свидании

• привлекательный

• фобии, страхи

EXERCISE 5 Прочтите текст вслух. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. What does psychology study?

2. What is psychology concerned with?

3. How does one become a professional psychologist?

4. What is a common reaction when you say you are a psychologist?

5. Why does everyone have a theory about behaviour?

6. What are some of the scientific methods in psychology?

7. Why do we need scientific methods in psychology?

8. How can psychologists help people on a date, for example?

EXERCISE 6 Переведите следующие предложения.

1. Psychology studies people's behaviour: actions, reactions, interact­ions.

2. I am very concerned with my English. I read English books everyday.

3. Writers and psychologists are concerned with people's feelings and motivations.

4. Politicians are concerned with major problems in the society.

5. I have strong knowledge of mathematics and biology.

6. My mother is an amateur psychologist. She likes to talk about people's actions and motivations.

7. Psychology can improve people's quality of life.

8. To make their findings reliable scientists use observing, measuring and observations.

9. Psychologists collect reliable evidence about people's behaviour.

	to act
	to be concerned with
	thoughts and feelings
	in a sense
	to solve problems
	knowledge
	put knowledge to good use
	common reactions
	measuring
	to collect evidence
	to explain people's behaviour
	to use understanding
	parental divorce
	eyewitness testimony
	to have a date
	depression

EXERCISE 7 Составьте предложения со следующими словами и выраже­ниями

EXERCISE 8 Переведите на русский язык.

Мы все — психологи-любители. Мы наблюдаем, как ведут себя люди. Но этого недостаточно, чтобы помогать людям. Психологическое об­разование дает знания, помогает стать профессионалами. Психологи изучают поведение людей. Для этого они используют разные научные методы: наблюдение, тестирование, эксперименты. Ученые находят достоверные доказательства и пишут новые теории. Психологические теории помогают ответить на практические вопросы.

Grammar

Неопределенный и определенный артикли

Артикль употребляется перед каждым нарицательным сущест­вительным. Неопределенный артикль a (an) происходит от числи­тельного one (один), определенный артикль the — от указательного местоимения that (тот).

Артикль не употребляется, если перед существительным стоит указательное или притяжательное местоимение, количественное числительное или отрицание по.

Например:

This is my book. I have no book.

Неопределенный артикль a (an) употребляется перед единич­ным, отдельным предметом, который мы не выделяем из класса ему подобных. Неопределенный артикль an стоит перед существитель­ным, которое начинается с гласного звука: an apple, an egg.

Например:

/ bought a book yesterday. Я купил вчера книгу (одну из

многих ей подобных).

I have an apple. У меня есть яблоко (одно,

какое-то).

Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним неопре­деленный артикль a (an). Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the.

Например:

This is a book. The book is interesting.

Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном чис­ле. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существитель­ными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается.

Неопределенный артикль не употребляется:

а) С неисчисляемыми и абстрактными существительными.

Например:

/ like coffee and tea. Friendship is very important in our life.

б) С существительными во множественном числе.

Например:

There are people in the street.

в) С именами собственными.

Например:

/ spoke with Peter about it.

г) С существительными, перед которыми стоят притяжательные или указательные местоимения.

Например:

Give me this book. My book is at home.

д) С существительными, за которыми следует количественное числительное, обозначающее номер.

Например:

Open your book on page seven.

Неопределенный артикль необходим в конструкциях: I have a... This is a... I am а... I see a... There is a... He is а...

Определенный артикль the выделяет предмет или предметы из класса им подобных:

Например:

The book I bought yesterday was Книга, которую я купил вчера, interesting. была интересной (это — кон-

кретная книга, которую говоря­щий выделяет из класса ей по­добных).

Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми, так и с неисчисляемыми существительными, как с единственным, так и со множественным числом.

Например:

This is a book. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единствен­ном числе).

This is meat. The meat is fresh (неисчисляемое).

These are books. The books are good (множественное число).

Определенный артикль the употребляется:

а) Когда известно (из контекста, из окружающей обстановки), о каком предмете (предметах, явлениях) идет речь.

Например:

Open the door, please. I am going to the Institute.

б) Когда речь идет о единственном в своем роде предмете или яв­ лении.

Например:

The moon is shining brightly.

в) Когда существительное имеет ограничивающее определение, чаще всего с предлогом of.

Например:

/ don't know the name of this pupil.

г) В словосочетаниях типа in the north, to the west, at the cinema, the same, in the country, the rest of the.

д) Если перед существительным стоит прилагательное в превос­ ходной степени.

Например:

This is the most interesting book.

e) Перед собирательным именем семьи: the Petrovs — Петровы. Географические названия и артикль

С географическими названиями и именами собственными ар­тикль, как правило, не употребляется, кроме следующих случаев:

а) С названиями морей, рек, океанов, горных хребтов, групп ост­ ровов используется определенный артикль:

the Pacific Ocean, the Black Sea, the Thames, the British Isles.

б) Определенный артикль используется с несколькими назва­ ниями стран, областей и городов (хотя обычно с этими типами на­ званий артикль не используется):

the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, the Hague, the Riviera, the Congo, the West Indies, the Far East.

в) Определенный артикль используется с названиями стран типа:

the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the United Kingdom.

EXERCISE 1 Переведите предложения на русский язык. Объясните нали­чие или отсутствие артикля перед существительными.

1. The Caspian Sea is situated in the South of Russia.

1. Last week I went to Moscow. I met my friends there. We went to a concert. The concert was very good.

2. I have a friend. His name is John. He is from the Netherlands.

3. I like hot tea with jam.

2. I have a garden. The garden is large. There are many flowers in the garden.

3. Do you have notes from the lecture in psychology? Give me the notes, please.

4. This is John. He is a psychologist. John is a good psychologist.

5. There are some shops in our street. The shops are new.

6. Freud was one of the first psychologists who wrote about dreams

7. The sun is shining brightly today. Let's go for a walk.

8. The Simpsons are very nice. They are always friendly.

9. Do you know the name of the new student in our group?

10. Russia is the largest country in the world.

EXERCISE 2 Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. This... chair is broken. Give me that ...chair, please.

2. There are ...three boys on the field.... Boys are playing football.

3. I have ...new bag.... bag is ...white and red.

4. Our ...classroom is large and sunny.

5. We had ... test yesterday.... test was long and difficult.

6. Laura has two sons and ... one daughter. ...her daughter goes to school. ...boys go ...kindergarden.

7. I have never been to ...London.

8. In ... summer I am going to ...Crimea.

9. I have got... letter from my ... friend yesterday.... letter was long. 10.... roses are beautiful.

11. This is ... difficult word. I have to look it up in ... dictionary.

EXERCISE 3 Употребите, где требуется, артикли: a, an, the.

1. Yesterday I went to ... concert, but... concert wasn't very good.

2. ...Vladivostok is situated in ... Far East.

3. Wilhelm Wundt was ... founding father of ...psychology.

4. My brother is going to ...Moscow next week. He is leaving on... Sunday.

5. I called ...you yesterday but nobody picked up ... telephone.

6. In ... summer we try to spend ... month in ... country.

7. ... Russian Federation is ... seventh country in ... world in population, following ... China, ..., India, ... United States, ...Indonesia, ...Brazil, ...and Pakistan.

8. Is your ... bag made of ...leather?

9. I went to ... cinema yesterday... film was good.

10. Would you like ... tea or... coffee?

11. What... clever man he is!

12. Would you like ... apple or ... banana?

EXERCISE 4 Употребите, где требуется, артикли: а, аn, the.

1. ... real friend is one who walks in when ... rest of the world walks out.

2. What... friend! She does not remember when I have ... my birthday.

3. She is ... girl I told you about. She speaks ... English very well.

4. Biology and philosophy are ... my favourite subjects.

5. I am interested in ...Russian philosophy.

6. Let's go skiing ...next week. I will call... the Youngs and we can meet and discuss this.

7. It is so cloudy. I have not seen ... sun in ... sky for... month.

8. How much ... money do you have?

9. ...Time is ... money

10. Did you take ...pen from ... table?

11. ...Everest is ...highest mountain in Europe. 12.1 have never been to ... Caucasus.

EXERCISE 5 Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

Three men came to ... New York for ... holiday. They came to ... very large hotel and took ... room there. Their room was on ... forty-fifth floor. In ... evening ... friends went to ... theatre and came back to ... hotel very late.

"I am very sorry," said ... clerk of... hotel, "but ... lifts do not work tonight. If you don't want to walk up to your room, we shall make ... beds for you in... hall." "No, no," said one of... friends, "no, thank you. We don't want to sleep in ... hall. We shall walk up to our room."

Then he turned to his friends and said: "It is not easy to walk up to ... forty-fifth floor, but we shall make it easier. On... way to... room I shall tell you some jokes; then you, Andy, will sing us some songs; then you, Peter, will tell us some interesting stories." So they began walking up to their room. Tom told them many jokes; Andy sang some songs.

At last they came to ... thirty sixth floor. They were tired and decided to have ... rest. "Well," said Tom, "now it is your turn, Peter. After all... jokes, I would like to hear... sad story. Tell us ... long and interesting story with ... sad end.""... story which I am going to tell you," said Peter, "is sad enough. We left... key to our room in ... hall."

UNIT 2

Text A My friend Marina

Text В You and your friends

Grammar Образование множественного числа

имен существительных Притяжательный падеж существительных Порядок слов в английском предложении

MY FRIEND MARINA

My best friend's name is Marina. She is a little older than I am. She is 19. She lives in the same house as I do. We are neighbours. I have known her since I was a child, because her parents and my parents are friends. I didn't have any sisters, so Marina was like a sister to me. We shared all secrets and spent a lot of time together.

Let me describe her. She is quite tall. She is blonde. She has light blue eyes. Marina likes fashionable clothes and is fond of make-up. She is fit because she likes sports. She plays volleyball and swims in the swimming pool every week. She has a good very sporty figure.

Marina has a beautiful voice. She likes to sing and play the guitar. She likes to read detective stories and watch reality shows on TV. We often go to the cinema together.

A few words about Marina's personality. Marina has a great charac­ter. People like to be around her. She has a strong character; one can say that she is stubborn. She always has her own opinion about current events and art. When we have a party, she takes care of everything, she likes to be in charge. Not all men like this. Some think that she is too in­dependent.

I think Marina could be a great psychologist, but she wants to be a lawyer. She also wants to help people with their problems. Psychology, understanding of what others think, is very important in every profes­sion. But it is especially important for a lawyer. Marina has many friends. Her friends are my friends. We invite them and make parties. Marina cooks something nice, everyone brings drinks and we have a great time. She plays the guitar and we all sing together. It is a lot of fun.

I think that a friend is someone who helps when you are in trouble. Marina is always ready to help. She is a very faithful friend.