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needed to present itself in its best form before other European kingdoms and the indigenous rulers of their new possessions. The pirates did not fit the desired image, and the British authorities used criminal law, propaganda, and even popular literature to humiliate piracy while glorifying imperial occupation, colonial trade and the "civilizing" activities of imperialism.

However, the ethical and social distinctions between imperialism and piracy were much less clear. The harsh, puritanical, hierarchical English society of that time gave rise to an ever-growing layer of marginalized and unemployed, the best way out for which was to go to sea and engage in pirate craft. While it cannot be denied that the brutality with which the pirates operated was often horrific, the imperial sailors and traders who traded in slaves, oppressed the native population and plundered the natural resources of the New World were just as cruel. On the other hand, cartographic descriptions and geographical, navigational and ethnographic records of the territories that English pirates and corsairs managed to reach were often invaluable information for researchers and scientists in the service of the empire.

It should be recalled that in the preceding centuries, the main efforts of the British navies and merchant fleets were aimed at protecting British interests in Europe and the East, leaving Spain to conquer and colonize America. It was only from the moment the United Kingdom was formed that the imperial idea began to take shape, leading to a cautious penetration into the West Indies. Until that moment, the political and economic interests of England in the Caribbean were represented exclusively by pirates. They plundered colonial settlements on the coast of South America and nearby islands, attacked ships that transported the wealth of the New World to Europe, which, in addition to weakening the power and resources of Spain, they fed the royal treasury and other smart investors. Both the British government and major traders tacitly approved the pirates' activities, granting them patents for robbery and paying the expenses for the expeditions of the so-called privateers, that is, sailors who piracy on their own ships, but for third parties. The pretext justifying attacks on Spanish ships and possessions, even in peacetime, was Philip II's attempt to invade England in 1588, and in particular the fact that Spain had created an unprecedented colonial empire that upset the delicate balance of power between the European powers.

In addition to sea robbery, privateers were often engaged in the transportation of goods, in the form of a kind of curve of refraction of the practice of Spanish merchant ships, usually armed with cannons, with which their captains and crew were perfectly able to handle up to the last sailor. Also with their help, the tycoons who hired them "laundered" before the British society from the dubious reputation of accomplices in sea robbery, which is why a strict distinction was made between privateers who were officially in the royal service and pirates, who were no different from other criminals and were prosecuted by law. Although, in fact, the only difference between the two was that privateers under

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contract gave a large part of the booty to the treasury, while pirates and buccaneers kept everything for themselves.

Sir Walter Raleigh was not an ordinary privateer, as he financed his expeditions from a huge personal fortune. He shared with Francis Drake the honor of being the beloved corsair of Queen Elizabeth I, and although he was as much a pirate as any other English corsair, hundreds of whom roamed the waters of the Caribbean, Indian or Pacific Oceans, British historians have always preferred to emphasize his status as an explorer, cartographer and a colonizer in the imperial service. Rayleigh's connection with the Templars is quite obvious, since during a long stay in France he lived in the residence of the order, offered the young King of Navarre the Huguenot Heinrich Bourbon his support in his quest to take the French throne and was in Paris on the night of St. Bartholomew in 1588, possibly to protect the future Henry IV in case of danger. Walter Raleigh could not help but know, at least hear, that the Templar treasures were hidden in America. In 1595, rumors reached him about a place hidden in the dense forest of Guyana, which was called El Dorado, because there was a lot of gold there. Sir Walter immediately decided that it was a Templar treasure, and organized an expedition to find it, which failed to find either gold or villages. Perhaps El Dorado never really existed, and the natives spread this rumor to get rid of Rayleigh.

The British government undoubtedly protected and used both, and in practice the privateers behaved as ruthless and cruel as the independent pirates. These same disgusting qualities, however, distinguished many captains and officers of the British fleet to the same extent. It must not be forgotten that from the 16th to the 18th century, a bloody and merciless war was waged in all the seas of the world for the possession of the wealth of Asia and America, and all those who participated in it acted with terrible cruelty; whatever their character, title, post or position.

While Spain held almost all the important colonies in the New World and the South Seas, the more or less scientific information contained in the records of the pirates and corsairs of the 17th century proved to be of great value to Britain's imperial interests in the next century. Some pirates received pardons for publishing personal diaries, ship's logs and voyage reports, which later served as a guide for the expansionist campaigns of the Royal Navy. This kind of geographic espionage was continued by the privateers, who even began to take scientists on their expeditions. Among the former pirates, the most prominent authors of the early 18th century were William Dampierre and Alexander Eskmelin, whose works still serve as a source of information for historians. In the preface to his History of the Buccaneers of America, Eskmeline explains that his book contains “specific descriptions and accurate maps of ports, bays, rivers, ravines, islands, rocks, cities and forts” that he visited on his travels. Dampierre, in his book A New Journey Around the World, claims that he parted ways with the pirate craft in order to write "with feeling and enthusiasm, wanting to share valuable facts that I know that can benefit my Motherland." The information

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received from Dampier was so important to Britain's imperial aspirations that the newly founded Royal Society accepted the author into its ranks, and he was soon elected its president.

When England gained final control of her possessions in the West Indies, she was finally able to begin military action against Spain, which controlled most of the territories in the New World. For the first time in many years, after a century of political, social and religious clashes, the British overcame internal divisions and united for massive patriotic support for the imperial project. Thousands of British nationals have enlisted in the Royal Navy or embarked on privateer ships, not so much to discover and colonize new lands, but to destroy the Spanish Empire and impose on the world the anti-Catholic, xenophobic and authoritarian ideology that characterized the rule of the first kings of the Hanoverian dynasty. ... As one witty historian of the era wrote, “for the Empire, the human race was divided into British and natives,” the latter including all those who were not residents of the

British Isles or their overseas colonies. The indigenous people of these lands were considered inferior creatures who could be kept in subjection, exploited, tortured, enslaved and dishonored.

African slaves from British colonial plantations in North America, the Antilles or the South Seas increasingly fled from their masters and joined pirate crews. As we have already said, the norms in the pirate environment were much more democratic than European legislation, and did not allow inequality among people of different religion, race, occupation or social status in the past.

To conclude, the British government was interested only in trade, and the first two principles served as a cover for its spread and a means of strengthening its power in the overseas colonies. Pirates were not considered civilized, were absolutely not religious, and disrupted the trade by constantly attacking trade caravans. The empire no longer needed privateers and was even less inclined to tolerate illegal pirates and buccaneers. Those who were previously admired as romantic heroes of the sea were thrown overboard without regret, and the new heroes were the officers of the navy and the captains of merchant ships, who acted with the same or even more brutality, pursuing their own goals. As Daniel Defoe says through his character Captain Bellamy: "These canals insulted us, but the only difference between us is that they rob the poor under the guise of the law, and we rob the rich under the guise of our courage."

The few pirate ships that continued to pillage in the Caribbean and South Seas after 1720 remained democratic in command, fairness in loot sharing, and an ethic of solidarity, while remaining true to the tradition of the Coastal Brotherhood.

References:

1.https://history.wikireading.ru/90864

2.https://tv-english.club/ru/statyi-ru/velicobritaniya-ru/angliyskie-pirat- zolotoy-vek/

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3.https://zen.yandex.ru/media/ehnciklopediya_shkolnika/piraty- britanskie-piraty-chernaia-boroda-5d2f870fd11ba200ad105cbf

V.A. Shishkina, D. A. Orlov, E.V. Kiseleva

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture, Building and Civil

Engineering)

THE INTERIOR OF THE HOTEL WITH ATRIUM

The purpose of my project work is to provide a theoretical and practical justification for the need to develop Atrium hotels. Very often, in the crazy rhythm of life, we do not have enough time for rest, and such a space, with elements of wildlife, will help people to relax. It is also important to take into account feasibility of the projectharmoniously integrated into the designed environment. Hotels with similar space arrangement are like a breath of fresh air in a dusty urban environment.

Project requirements to the interior and exterior design involve not only the factor of convenience, but also the aspect of safety. Therefore, technical solutions presented in the project meet all the norms and standards.

The graduation project was carried out in the style of modern Art Deco. The interior and exterior of the hotel demonstrate strict geometry of space. Lighting is also one of the major Art Deco elements.

The present project work suggests not only redeveloped interior but also new architectural and constructive solutions in compliance with the chosen concept, which made it possible to modernize the exteriorof the hotel.

The lobby is one of the key areas of the hotel. The design goal was to ensure the necessary level of comfort and safety.

Color saturation contributes to the plasticity of the interior and its spatial composition. The main color of the interior area is dark grey. This color is complemented by the use of interesting textures, decorative elements, as well as rich blue and green colors.

Undoubtedly, lighting plays an important role. It creates delimiting of space. Light of different intensity highlights special zones, emphasizing them with beamscoming from under the lamps.

In the center of the hall there is a glass spiral staircase. This complex system requires competent design and installation. The glass fence is made of impact resistant tempered glass. The risers have built-in led lighting.

In addition, during the design process, the roof configuration was changed in this area. There appeared panoramic windows at the main façade, creating a beautiful vertical and providing amazing views.

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According to the new concept, in the room zone, parts of glazed surfaces are cut into the roof, which adds space to the closed atrium area and brings more sunlight into the rooms.

Pic.1 View inside the atrium

Key points in the atrium design became its content and functionality. Geometric Art Deco structure formed the basis of space released in the atrium space.The central part of the exterior, originally taken as a whole, was designed to be deepened by two levels. Both sublevels have recreation areas. With one step difference in height, they are divided into a regular zone and a zone with a fireplace. Each of these two zones is “in the embraces of water”, which clearly separates them from the other zones.

In turn, the swimming pool and plants protect these two zones from the transit zone. The transit zone separates the recreation area from the pedestrian paths ensuring more comfort for the guests.

Zoning is implemented with rails in the transit zone. Rails are a part of the façade, they help to form passageways. They frame openings and mark paths to other parts of the hotel.

The concept of a boutique hotel is based on a complex multi-faceted image of a unique place.

The results of the project work: imaginative integrity of the interior and exterior space, functional zoning, as well as successful color and design solutions.

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A.A. Shutova1, E.A. Aleshugina2

(1Moscow State University by M.V. Lomonosov, 2N. Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

CONCEPT FEAR IN “CYCLE OF THE WEREWOLF” BY STEPHEN

KING

Stephen King is known in literature as a “the King of horror”. He is one of the most popular foreign authors of our time. His books are read by teenagers as well as adults, by males and females, by everybody whose aim to understand themselves better as well as the changing unpredictable world in which we live. S. King is capable of all genres. He is the author of magnificent novels, terrific stories and brilliant short tales. Among the Master’s masterpieces we can find “The Shining” full of mysteries and suspense; “The Dead Zone” allowing to penetrate deeply into the inner world of man’s consciousness; “The Green Mile” which is wonderfully touching but at the same time it is unbelievably tough; “The Carrie” which makes flesh creep; “The Dark Tower” which is considered to be the “pearl” of fantasy and many other books.

In each of the following S. King's books, new ideas appear, linking his work with the literary traditions of America. In this case, the writer uses the language of today. Thus, he paves the way from the mass to classical literature.

The purpose of this work is to investigate the use of various lexical and stylistic means to create a concept fear in the work of Stephen King ‘The Werewolf Cycle’.

Thus, the object of the research is the purpose of this work is to investigate the use of various lexical and stylistic means to create a semantic field of fear in the work of Stephen King ‘The Werewolf Cycle’.

Feeling fear is inherent in any living creature, be it a person or an animal. But what is fear? How does it arise? What are the mechanisms of this feeling? Many psychologists conducted experiments and discussed this problem. For example, a study conducted with 100 subjects using the design methodology

‘Non-existent animal’ examined more than 250 drawings. From these drawings, those were selected in which fear and anxiety were displayed and conversations were held with their authors in order to identify what caused concern and caused anxiety or fear. Based on these data, as well as on the results of studies by A. Kempinski and K. E. Isard, dealing with the problem of fear, a list of situations was developed in which each person will to some extent experience fear or the desire to compensate for it. These situations were classified into three groups, depending on what kind of fear a person will experience:

1. Situations causing physiological fear created by internal blurry sensations ;.

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2.Situations that cause social fear associated with moral and ethical standards, the position of a person in society;

3.Situations that cause mystical fear associated with superstitions, premonitions.

The goals of the research are to:

- consider the concept of the semantic field and its role in the creation of compositional-speech forms;

- identify lexical and literary means of expressing fear and determine their role in creating a semantic field of fear in the work of Stephen King ‘The Werewolf Cycle’.

The research work addresses the issue of the functional-semantic field, also studies lexical and literary means creating a concept fear in the work of Stephen

King ‘The Werewolf Cycle’.

In the framework of the current article, it is possible to dwell only into some aspects of the research, for instance, lexical means of expressing fear.

By the way, fear in the Internet dictionary (http://machaut.uchicago.edu - hereinafter h) gives the following series of synonyms: fright (fear), dread (fear, fear), terror (terror, horror), horror ( horror), panic (panic), alarm (alarm), dismay (alarm), consternation (fear), trepidation (trembling). In the work of S. King ‘The Werewolf Cycle’, the aforementioned tokens are presented as follows: Fear is a general term. (h) The ‘Werewolf Cycle’ (hereinafter referred to as CH) is used twice. In the first case, in the phrase A cold finger of fear is probing just below his heart. (SK p. 13). Perhaps, by the principle of a finger of God - ‘finger of God’

-‘finger of fear’. Second time - He (Alfie) cries out in pain and fear. (SK p. 54). Fright is a sudden, usually instantaneous, great fear. (h) It is used seven

times in the DH — three times in the form of be afraid and four times in the form of fright: He is afraid now, his two hundred and twenty pounds of good Navy muscles are forgotten now, his nephew Ray is forgotten now, and there is only the Beast, here now like some horror-monster in a drive-in movie, a horrormonster that has come right out of the screen. (SK p. 54) In the meaning of worrying about someone: ... his (Marty) mother is already afraid that the July episode may have permanently marked him. He is afraid that if he tries any out-and-out sleuthing it will eventually get back to her. (SK p. 100)

Fright of an unexpected incident: It (werewolf) claws at its face, bellowing

... leaving behind it only a smell of singed fur and the first frightened and bewildered cries from the house. (SK p. 70) Waiting for danger: As the month wears on and the night of the full moon approaches again, the frightened people of Tarker’s Mills wait for a break in the heat, but no such break comes. (SK p. 87)

Fright of unknown, not knowing what to do, inevitability:

He (Elmer) puts his arms around her (his wife) and draws her down onto the sofa, and there they sit like two frighten children. (SK p. 88)

They (hunters) are not the ones who frighten him (Lowe). (SK p. 110)

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Fear, fear (Dread) - a strong fear, especially in the case when something is impossible to avoid. (h) In the DH, it is present only once in the example, to indicate the state of corruption: Around two in the morning, a dreadful squealing arises from pigpen of Elmer Zinneman on the West Stage Road, about twelve miles out of town. (SK p. 88)

Terror (Terror) - intense, suppressing fear. (h)

Unexpected association of animal with man: And its snarls sound terribly like human words. (SK p. 14) A man, like an animal ‘slaughter’ his own kind, can kill, if he does not calculate strength - it suppresses, makes you afraid:

He (Milt) is a thin man with a narrow head and pale blue eyes, and he has kept his pretty, silent wife in a bondage of terror for twelve years now. (SK p. 29)

Donna Lee, terrorized and cowed after nine years in a marital war-zone, will back this up. (SK p. 88) A nightmare scares like real events:

On the night before Homecoming Sunday at the Grace Baptist church, the Reverend Lester Lowe has a terrible dream ... (SK p. 45)

But here he (Rev. Lowe) breaks off, his eloquence gone, because something terrible is happening out therein his sunny church. (SK p. 46)

Unexpected turn of events. The one who was trusted and who can not do harm turns into a killer in front of his eyes: The customer’s mild brown eyes have lightened; have become a terrible gold-green. (SK p. 54) Terrifying power suppresses the desire to resist, creates a feeling of imminent death: It leaps on top of the counter with a terrible muscular ease, its slacks in tatters, its shirt in rags. (SK p. 54) There is another shattering, a flood of warm yellow breath, and then a great red pain as the creature’s jaws sink into the deltoid muscles of his (Alfie) back and rip upward with terrifying force. (SK p. 56)

Description of the werewolf’s appearance to create a more lively image in the reader’s imagination: He has looked into the terrible face of the Beast and lived. (SK p. 71) There is a low, snorting grunt, and a wild, terrifying smell - ...

(SK p. 80) Its (werewolf) one green eye (...) glares around with a terrible, rolling sentience ... (SK p. 125) Horror is a combination of fear and disgust. (h) In the CO, it is used only in describing a werewolf / s and in describing scenes of death:

The horrific picture is the scene of a brutal murder: The kite flutters, as if trying for the sky, as the search-party turn away, horrified and sick. (SK p. 40)

The Beast, the Rev. Lowe tries to say in his dreams, but the words fail him and he stumbles back from the pulpit in horror as Cal Blodwin ... shambles down the center aisle, snarling ... (SK c. 46)

Horror due to a frightening, incredible sight:

His (Rev. Lowe) congregation is beginning to change, and he realizes with horror that they are turning into werewolves ... (SK c. 46)

Mention of horror films - appeal to the reader's experience (each will introduce his own monster :)

He is afraid now, his two hundred and twenty pounds of good Navy muscles are forgotten now, his nephew Ray is forgotten now, and there is only the Beast,

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here now like some horror-monster in a drive-in movie, a horrormonster that has come right out of the screen. (SK p. 54) - werewolves were strictly for the horror movies - (SK c. 62) The state of shock after seeing something that cannot exist in terms of logic: Al is frozen for a moment, utterly frozen with horror and disbelief. (SK p. 125) Panic - A sudden, violent fear, often unreasonable. (h) In the Central Organ, it is used once in the example of a driven fox to show an attack of fear of a werewolf man, to compare his feelings with the feelings of a driven animal:

Now, this strange, trapped feeling ... the way he imagines a fox must feel when it realizes that the dogs have somehow chased it into a cul-de-sac. That panicked moment that the fox turns, its teeth bared, to do battle with the dogs that will surely pull it to pieces. (SK p. 108) The words alarm (alarm), dismay (alarm), consternation (fear), trepidation (trembling) in the work are not used and are not represented.

As shown by the example of Stephen King's “The Werewolf Cycle”, the semantic fear field of this work is based on the use of lexical means of expressing fear with a synonymous series of words that have common semantic features that form the functional-semantic fear field of this work: these are abstract nouns and their derivatives (according to the classification of Verdieva Z. N.) having the lexical-semantic meaning of the state (fear), quality (dread), quantity (terror, horror) and action (panic). With the help of literary means of psychological and philosophical subtext, the author forms a semantic field of fear and acts on the reader, making him feel his fears and reflect on what is happening, on the issues of the existence of Good and Evil.

In conclusion, we can say that the tasks of studying the conditions for the emergence of fear, its mechanisms and the most frequent forms of manifestation, considering the concept of the semantic field and its role in creating compositional and speech forms and identifying lexical and literary means of expressing fear, as well as determining their role in creating semantic the fear fields in Stephen King's The Werewolf Cycle are fulfilled. This allows us to conclude that the aim of the work is to investigate the use of various lexical and stylistic means to create a semantic field of fear in the work of Stephen King ‘The Werewolf Cycle’ achieved.

References:

1.Sommerfeldt K.-E. On the role of functional semantic fields in certain types of texts. - "Enlightenment", IIAS No. 1, M., 1988.

2.Gadsby Adam (ed) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English third edition - LONGMAN DICTIONARIES, Great Britain, 1995

3.Janet P. Fear of action as an essential element in the sentiment of melancholia. - In: Reymert M. L. (ed), Feelings and emotions. - Worcester, 1928.

4.King, Stephen Cycle of the Werewolf. - New English Library, Great Britain, 1985 (SK)

5.King Stephen Danse Maccabre. - Warner Books, London, 1993.

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I.A. Schekotilova, E.S. Kornilova

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

THE DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER: CAUSES AND

CONSEQUENCES

Ozone is a blue gas with a sharp characteristic smell. According to its chemical structure, it is a molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms. In natural conditions, ozone occurs near working electrical equipment, during thunderstorms, near waterfalls, at the surf's edge, as well as when an electric discharge or ultraviolet radiation affects the air.

There is not much ozone in the Earth's atmosphere – 4 billion tons, that is, on average, only 1 mg / m3. The concentration of ozone increases with the distance from the Earth's surface and reaches its maximum in the stratosphere, at an altitude of 20-25 km. It is called the ozone layer. If all the ozone from the atmosphere were collected at the Earth's surface at normal pressure, you would get a layer only about 2-3 mm thick. Ozone in the atmosphere creates a "protective shield" that prevents harsh ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths from 250 to 320 nanometers from reaching the Earth's surface, which is harmful to all living things.

Since ozone reduces the active radiation of the sun, the destruction of the ozone layer can lead to a number of negative consequences for plants, animals and humans. The problem of ozone depletion is also among the most disturbing problems – shifts in the global climate, depletion of forest, soil and water resources, and progressive devastation of the planet. It is possible that Antarctic ozone is a sign of global changes in the ozonosphere. The ozonosphere is an integral part of the Earth's biosphere, which includes living organisms and inorganic substances that are engaged in the General cycle. A great number of scientists in Russia and abroad are involved in the study of processes related to atmospheric ozone. Observations are being made on the amount of ozone and its "enemies" that include various pollutants, data from the previous years are being analyzed, and new experiments are being conducted. However, the problem of atmospheric ozone is far from being solved, and a number of important issues are awaiting resolution related to the influence of certain natural factors and anthropogenic human activities on the ozone layer.

An ozone hole is considered to be a zone in the stratosphere where the level of ozone is significantly reduced (about 30%). In such a zone, it is much easier for ultraviolet rays to penetrate to the surface of the planet and have a negative impact on all living things.

The main reason of the ozone holes formation is the contamination of the environment by humans. Ozone molecules are destroyed by chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen, bromine, and other combustion products that are released into the

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