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cognition that people had in the 16th century made all these objects difficult to be implemented in their imagination. Only after the centuries the objects became tangible. That is a great luck that today almost all wild design ideas can be a part of reality. Nowadays the abilities of the humankind have increased due to new technologies. We should move further to the gorgeous minds.

Y.O. Tsakoev1, E.A. Belous2

(1MBOU School №7of Nizhny Novgorod,

2 Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

Engineering)

ECOVOLT IS ADVANTAGEOUS WATER TRANSPORT FOR NIZHNY

NOVGOROD

The research work entitled “Ecovolt is advantageous water transport for Nizhny Novgorod” is devoted to the study of a most advanced means of transport.

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that it is a moral obligation for humans to protect the environment from pollution and other activities that lead to environmental degradation. Importantly, environmental degradation is detrimental since it threatens the long-term health of the humans, animals and plants.

Transportation is one of the aspects we cannot do without. However, current transportation systems come along with a wide range of problems. In fact the transport sector attributes to 23% of the globe’s greenhouse gas emission resulting from burning of fossil fuels. All this puts lot of pressure on the humanity to use any kind of transportation that is environmentally friendly and does not emit toxic gases. Promising innovative technologies could be the ultimate solution.

June 27, the day before the opening of the navigation season, which began unusually late because of the coronavirus epidemic, an innovative electric double-deck Ecovolt catamaran was floated out in the River Port of St.Petersburg (Pic.1). Battery-powered electric ships have appeared relatively recently, there are only 80 of them in the world, mostly ferries. It has been the only Russian invention so far. The humanity is changing common means of transport to electric cars. They are produced in many countries, and there are dozens of models. This was made possible due to the fact that government have invested more money in environmental technologies than in business. For example, the US government has created a unique environment not only for manufacturers, but also for car owners. Dozens of tax and customs exemptions, discounts, and federal subsidies have been introduced.

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The EU car industry plans to become the world’s leading electric car manufacturer. Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway set the tone. The entire highway infrastructure has been rebuilt for electric vehicles.

Water transport has the same kind of prospect; it is getting more profitable from an economic and environmental perspective. The company Morsvyazavtomatika that created Ecovolt is private, thus, the full support of the administration will be vital in the development of electric water transport.

Pic.1. electric double-deck Ecovolt catamaran

Noiseless running and absence of exhaust emissions make Ecovolt an ideal solution for transporting tourists. The 16-meter multifunctional platform can be transformed into a medical and bunker ship, or a small ferry. The use of batteries ridded Ecovolt of diesel engines and made the transportation of passengers as comfortable as possible. There is no gas or noise in the cabin. Window walls and an open second deck help passengers to enjoy the atmosphere of marine romance. The catamaran is designed for river cruises and business meetings.

The elements of the catamaran’s salon can be easily transformed, if necessary, into different zones (a restaurant, a cinema, a dance floor, and a boardroom). Comfortable reclining chairs and armrests can be moved around the cabin. There is an open upper deck which serves as a solar battery for the internal needs of the ship’s electrical systems. The company emphasizes that electric ships needn’t be filled with diesel fuel; some components do not require lubricating oil and maintenance, all that significantly reduces the operating cost. That is why leasing programs will be more affordable. Charged batteries should work for 10 hours (140km).It takes at least 70 minutes to restore the batteries to full charge. There are other modes of charging the catamaran batteries. For example in 15 minutes of charging the vessel will get enough energy for another 22km. Technical solutions have already been developed for the placement of powerful stationary charging stations on the embankments of St. Petersburg. Ecovolt will

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also be able to receive energy from floating fuel stations powered by gas generators.

An application has been submitted for 17 electric charging stations along the future routes. Another lager vessel, Ecovolt 2, has been laid down at the plant. The company has already received several orders for new products. In addition to the interest from domestic ship-owners, the company is expecting to sell the vessel to other countries.

Characteristics of the catamaran Ecovolt: passenger capacity up to 86 people; crew of 2 people; a transforming salon, which allows creating different variations of the ship salon on the basis of a standard module; cruising range up to 10 hours(upto140km); speed up to 7.5 knots(14.5km/h); dimensions (LxW) 18.5x6.9 m.

The vessel has a modular design, which takes from 2 to 5 days to assemble and disassemble. During the construction process, the technology of docking and installation of separately manufactured complete modules of the ship's hull was tested.

The cost of the catamaran "Ecovolt" is up to 100 million rubles, depending on the configuration. The manufacturer claims that the modular design of the catamaran allows you to place its elements in five standard wagons for transportation to any region of the country. The cost of transportation on such does not require budgetary subsidies and subsidies, since it is 5-7 times less than on a conventional diesel ship, which makes the project commercially interesting for potential ship-owners.

Ecovolt electric ship is a promising water transport for cities with waterways, such as Nizhny Novgorod. There is hope that this project on electronic ships will be supported by the administration and soon we will be able to enjoy a trip along the Oka and the Volga rivers on Ekovolt.

References:

1.https://habr.com/ru/news/t/470201/

2.https://unicont.com/news/elektrosudno-ecovolt/

3.https://www.korabel.ru/news/comments/elektricheskiy_ekovolt_progul ka_pod_shum_voln_i_vetra.html

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E. A. Chibakova, O. N. Korneva

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

FACTS ABOUT THE COMPLEX "RAFFLES CITY CHONGQING" AS

A UNIQUE WORLD OBJECT

China makes an impressive contribution to the world's treasury of impressive engineering solutions. A distinctive feature of the Celestial Empire is its tendency to conquer heights by building unique skyscrapers. The country surprises with the number and variety of high-rise buildings, including the Shanghai Tower (632 m), which occupies the second position in the top of the tallest skyscrapers in the world. In 2019, another masterpiece of architecture was added to this list.

1. General information about the complex "Raffles City Chongqing"

In 33 million Chongqing, at the confluence of the two rivers Yangtze and Jialingjiang, a new project has risen, which was developed by Harvard University professor architect Moshe Safdie. The phased commissioning of the complex began in September 2019, preceded by six years of construction work. The culmination of the project was the opening of the Conservatory, a unique horizontal skyscraper.

The Conservatory is a giant horizontal glass tunnel supported by four 250meter high skyscrapers. The glass tunnel houses living gardens, a panoramic swimming pool, event spaces, restaurants, a hotel lobby and a host of other exciting options. The observation deck is an open patio with a transparent glass floor. It is the highest panoramic viewpoint at the confluence of two rivers in all of western China.

The vertical skyscrapers of Raffles City Chongqing contain residential and office space, hotels, car dealerships, a shopping center and a 92,000 sq. m. green area.

This unique complex has attracted our attention for a number of reasons relevant for modern civil engineering. First, the colossal project of the air district was an atypical solution to the acute problem of overpopulation in China. Secondly, the use of unique scientific developments made it possible to make some designs lighter without reducing their structural properties. Special attention should be paid to the Innovative materials. They provided Ruffles City's advantage over other technical, economic and design performance projects. Thirdly, thanks to the latest developments, the project is one of the most environmentally friendly to date.

2.Visual solution

The aerial gallery rests on the roofs of four skyscrapers. With two taller buildings, the horizontal structure is connected by glass passages, and two towers

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at the edges visually balance the entire architectural composition, reminiscent of a huge sailing ship.

The creation of an unusual design of the complex of skyscrapers by architect Moshe Safdie was inspired by the thousand-year history of river transport in China - merchant sailing ships once ply the busy Jialingjiang River. The grandiose complex is located at the spit of two rivers, thanks to which the visual solution harmoniously fits into the surrounding landscape, and the structure looks like a laconic ship gliding along the water surface.

3.Design features

The scale of the project is impressive - the total area on which all the buildings of the complex are located is 817 thousand sq. m. The indoor area of all buildings in Raffles City Chongqing reaches 112 million sq. m.

The curved covered bridge, a graceful architectural addition to the four vertical skyscrapers, is the focal point of the entire structure. The ensemble is complemented by a pair of 350 m high skyscrapers connected by two small bridges. In general, the complex consists of 8 gently curving skyscraper towers, as well as a shopping podium at the foot.

Raffles City Chongqing Architects designed all buildings to meet the LEED Gold environmental standard. Among the most important engineering solutions: optimization of shades of all surfaces to reduce heat generation and an effective irrigation system for vegetation. Much attention was paid to the disposal of construction waste and the reuse of recycled materials.

The company "CapitaLand" carried out the construction. The engineering firm Arup, responsible for the safety of the building complex, has developed unique earthquake and wind resistance technologies that will ensure the reliability of the building at the highest level.

The two central towers, 350 m high, are unique due to their record height to footprint ratio. This feature required innovative design solutions. The structure of the skyscraper frame system consists of 4 main corner columns connected to the central core by means of diagonal supports and trusses. To realize the bending along the entire height along the perimeter of the buildings, curved columns were used, interconnected by trusses, which ensured horizontal stability.

Aluminum panels and glass served as the main material for the construction of the horizontal skyscraper. The steel frame of the "pipe" is clad with 3200 glass and 4800 aluminum panels. The glazing uses hardened triplex with an increased level of sun protection. The use of this material visually lightens the structure and gives the impression that a huge skyscraper is literally hovering above the ground.

An interesting fact: the three-meter length of the horizontal "Conservatory" skyscraper is equivalent to the height of the Eiffel Tower.

The technical parameters of the glass greenhouse with unique earthquakeresistant characteristics allowed the Safdi complex to be ranked among the world

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records in the field of high-rise construction of "sky bridges". Prior to the Conservatory, the tallest horizontal hotel with a pool was the Marina Bay Sands Skypark, built in Singapore, with a horizontal segment at approximately 200 m.

4.Construction features

A special engineering challenge during the construction was the lifting of the steel frame weighing 12 thousand tons to a height of 250 m, which turned into a real challenge for the latest hydraulic technologies. In order to mount the structure, it was necessary to divide it into 9 segments. Four parts of the bridge were assembled directly on the roofs of four support towers, three intermediate segments, each weighing 1100 tons, had to be mounted on the ground and raised to a height using hydraulic cable jacks. Two cantilever segments - the ends of the bridge - were assembled at the final stage: they were extended from the already installed sections on the outer towers.

5.Perspectives

The analysis of the Raffles City Chongqing project identified the following unique engineering solutions: curved columns that follow the shape of skyscraper towers, earthquake resistance and heat dissipation systems, and numerous modern environmental solutions. Special attention should be paid to the design parameters of the horizontal glass skyscraper "Conservatory".

The study, selection and structuring of information helped to ensure entry into the professional field. Actual facts about the construction of the Raffles City Chongqing complex characterize the current trends in the construction of unique world-class facilities. This, in turn, determines the horizons on which the civil engineer of tomorrow should orientate.

References:

1.Raffles City Chongqing T3N. - [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/raffles-city-chongqing-t3n/13610

2.Raffles City Chongqing: Changing Chongqing's Skyline. - [Electronic resource]. URL: https://youtu.be/JWQqx4vwTb8

D. V. Bitkina, O. A Chub, E.A. Aleshugina

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

HIGH TECHNOLOGY IN THE VISUAL ART'S WORLD

Throughout the history of mankind art and science interacted everywhere and in many ways. If we look at the pictures of different eras, we will learn a lot of information about life in that time. As a result, of the technical revolution, fundamental changes have taken place in all spheres of human activity, including art. New technologies have influenced the artistic environment and as a result, a new art phenomenon has emerged - digital arts. As we know, the art is changing

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and developing along the time as people do. Artists are constantly looking for new ways to implement their ideas. There is no doubt that high technology can help them with it.

The relevance of our topic lies in the fact that using high technologies, art is becoming more accessible to the masses of people in the digital age. People are curious about the unknown and want to try new ways to enjoy art.

The goal of the research is to find out how high technology influence on a contemporary art. The tasks are:

1.to learn what high technologies are used by the artists to create their works

2.to find out how a high technology influence on demand for artists

3.to learn how high technology are implemented in exhibition spaces

4.to find out how high technologies affects the perception of art by people with disabilities

If we consider the prospects for using technology to create new forms of art, then progress in computer technology offers much more opportunities. Modern art is radically different from what it was even 50 year ago. A lot of artists are not afraid of experiments and learning of something new. They realize their projects and ideas with the help of high technologies. The artists often use 3d modeling, a computer graphics and even a neuronet to create their works.

Neuronet gradually is becoming a part of our life. The idea of the neuronet is to collect difficult structures from simple elements. In 2018 the picture of Edmond de Bellamy was sold for 432.5 thousand dollars. This picture was created with the help of a generative-adversarial neural network. It became the first work of art like this to be sold in the auction Christie’s. The mechanism of work can be described the following way. The generator analyzes the portraits which were painted in 14-20 century. New pictures are making on the base of these portraits. The discriminator determines the difference between the pictures, which are made by human and the ones, which are made by generator. When the discriminator makes a mistake, the painting is considered to be finished.

Recently the design studio of Artemiy Lebedev has announced that the projects "Express design" had been created using the neural network. All year the group of designers had been keeping the secret. There had been created a profile on the website for the neural network, it was named Nickolay Ironov. It had been

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made to remove any suspicion. People love the logos by Artemiy Lebedev for non-standard solutions, unusual ideas and bright designs. Such companies as Pamplona Capital, the agency Bzruvnoy PR, the bloggers Yuri Khovansky, Ruslan Usachev are using the design, which the Nickolay Ironov has created. By the way, "he" made more than 18 different projects [Figure 1].

Fig. 1 The works of Nicolay Ironov

Creating of any form of art isn’t really as easy as it may seem. You have to be innovative and original. You also have to be very talented or at least determined to create art. This is really important when we are talking about creating of art in an augmented reality. Augmented reality is the term we use to describe a threedimensional, computer-generated environment.

In Russia this direction of art only begins to develop. The Russian artist Vladimir Abikh is one of the first to begin to implement the elements of augmented reality into his works [Figure2]. The work "The illusion of endless approval" consists of the mural and the augmented reality app "where you AR". The viewer should point phone camera at the picture to see how the picture will

begin to move.

Fig. 2 The work "The illusion of endless approval" of Vladimir Abikh

The technology of virtual reality remains imperfect. However, the artists from different countries still try to use the VR technology in order to implement their ideas. The legend of modern art Marina Abramovich also created the work "Rising" using the Vive virtual reality system. The artist had to sit in a glass cube every day to make the model look more realistically. The "Rising" was presented in 2018 on the exhibition Art Basel. The work was presented as a game, where people could save the environment. The viewer became a part of the performance with the help of the VR technology.

The technology of virtual reality becomes very interesting and no less active than the real one. Of course, it attracts the artists throughout the world to realize their projects. The AR and VR era has just begun and we have yet to see what the future holds

Museums are changing with artists. Earlier a visitor saw an exhibit placed behind the glass or on a pedestal. Of course, people could not touch the exhibit.

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Now the viewers are allowed to interact with works of art in the exhibition space. Interactive panels are available almost in every Museum, and they are very popular with the viewers. They are used for searching for information about an exhibit and navigation through the exhibition. For example, in Cleveland Museum "Gallery art" the twelve-meter high interactive panel is placed. Four thousand exhibits are demonstrated on the screen. They are smoothly gathered into collections by topics, materials, and eras. This allows viewers to quickly navigate through the exhibition space.

A lot of exhibition spaces use different projections. In this way, the museum's space becomes a part of the exhibition. In skillful hands of the curator the projection conveys the mood and atmosphere of the works. A projection is often used to supplement works and also for projecting a video sequence. In the context of the pandemic of Covid 19, an exhibition of Van Gogh was held in Toronto. Bright pictures of Van Gogh were projected on the walls of the exhibition space, so visitors could see the exhibition from their cars. This reception helped the audience to immerse into the works of a great master. Also QR-code, 3d printing, RFID, VR, AR technologies more and more often are used. High technologies have become more accessible, thus, a lot of museums implemented them to the exhibition.

Experimenting with technology isn't just about entertaining the general public - it's helping to bring art to those who have never known it before. Over a billion people globally have some form of disability. That is 15% of people alive today. 360 million people worldwide have moderate to profound hearing loss, 285 million people are visually impaired, 75 million people need a wheelchair.

Technology can lower barriers that people with disabilities encounter in their daily lives, such as speaking, moving, reading, and writing. In addition, people with disabilities have a desire to enjoy art. That is what inclusive art exists for. It is a new, independent art form created by or for people with disabilities.

There are museums and theaters with these technologies in Russia. Exhibits in such museums interact with different senses and forms of perception, which allows everyone to enjoy art, regardless of physical characteristics.

Special interactive modules appeared in the exposition, combining various information carriers with the help of which one can perceive a work of art: typographical comments, comments in sign language and tactile models.

The activation of the senses of touch and hearing allows audiences of different ages and abilities to interact with art, having all the fullness of variations. For those objects where the visual image is still dominant, silicone relief duplicates in miniature were made at the exhibition - by touching them, blind visitors can form their own idea of the work.

This is what Anton Belov, director of the «Garage», the Museum where the exhibition “Like-minded” was hosted, thinks about it: «This is a project invented to make it more accessible not only physically, but also at the level of intellectual openness to the maximum number of communities and audiences».

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With the Nintendo 3DS, the Louvre in Paris is organizing sign language video tours for the hearing impaired. Sign language video guides are available in the Museum of Russian Impressionism and in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Based on the things mentioned above we can say that this direction in art has great prospects in the future. It is enough to point out how quickly technologies are improving and people's lives are changing. High technologies have already been implemented everywhere in exhibition spaces and artists' works. This process undoubtedly helps people to be closer to the world of art, and also makes art more understandable and attract more people.

References:

1.Hook P. Breakfast at Sotheby’s / London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2013 – p. 65-71. – ISBN 978-5-389-11817-1

2.Official website of art studio of Artemy Lebedev. Access mode: https://www.artlebedev.ru/ (date of request 19.08.2020)

3.Official website of artist Vladimir Abikh. [Electronic Resourse]//Access mode: http://abikh.art/ (date of request 12.08.2020)

4.Rush M. New Media in Art / London: Thames & Hudson; 2nd edition, 2005

–p. 124-146. – ISBN 978-0-500-20378-1

P.A. Sharova1, M. V. Komshina2, E.A. Aleshugina3

(1,2Liceum №87 by L.I. Novikova, N. Novgorod, 3Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering)

FAMOUS BRITISH PIRATES AND THEIR ROLE IN BRITISH

HISTORY

In the 17th century, the British political and economic elite openly supported and financed pirates, receiving their share of the captured booty. Even the royal house took part in this business, which, in addition, used the corsairs as fighters of irregular armies in the wars with Spain and France. The situation changed dramatically in the early 18th century, when the same elite tried to keep pirates from imperial conquest by clearly distinguishing between the excesses of the corsairs and the sea expeditions of the British Royal Navy and merchant fleets, thanks to which the West India and East India Company flourished.

Thus, the object of the research are British pirates and their role in British history.

In 1707, an agreement was signed to unite England and Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain. In other words, at this moment the British Empire was born, rushing to colonize newly discovered or captured territories in North America, the Antilles and the South Pacific. The young imperialist state

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