Iwr technology matches handwritten or printed words to a user-defined dictionary. What … ?

Text 11

Exercise 1 Transform Actives into Passives

The kernel tasks include managing the systems resources.

The kernel provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources.

The abstraction layers make implementation of the system feasible.

The kernel usually provides features for dispatching processes.

The kernel takes responsibility for resolving which of running programs should be allocated to the processor.

Frequently multiple programs demand more memory than the computer has available.

The kernel allocates requests from applications to perform I/O operations to an appropriate device.

Different kernels, depending on their design and implementation, do differently operating system functions.

Monolithic kernels execute all the operating system code in the same address space.

Microkernels run most of the operating system tasks in user space.

Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with Past Participles of verbs in brackets:

Multi-function devices and Device Containers

As for Windows 7, every device attached to the system was … (treat) as a single functional end-point, which has a set of capabilities and a “status”. This is quite appropriate for single-function devices (such as a keyboard or scanner). But it does not accurately represent multi-function devices such as a combination printer/fax machine/scanner, or web-cams with a built-in microphone. In Windows 7, the drivers and status information for multi-function devices can be … (group) together as a single “Device Container”. Then the user manipulates this container in the new “Devices and Printers” Control Panel as a single unit. This capability is … (provide) by a Container ID, which is a Globally Unique Identifier that is unique for every instance of a physical device. The Container ID can be … (embed) within the device itself by the manufacturer. Otherwise it may be … (create) by Windows and … (associate) with each functional end-point, when it is … (connect) to the computer for the first time. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the generated Container ID, Windows attempts to use information unique to the device, such as a Media Access Control address (MAC address) or Universal Serial Bus (USB) serial number.

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences using one of the verbs in the Passive Voice from the box below:

simplify implement make group intend handle

The kernel … to manage communication between hardware and software components of a computer system.

The kernel merely corresponds to the lowest level of abstraction that … in software.

Several improvements and additions … to Windows 7 (and Server 2008 R2) kernel components.

The designing of all the software … due to the concept of abstraction layers.

In Windows 7 the drivers and status information for multi-function devices … together as a single “Device Container”.

In Microsoft Windows operating systems scheduling of threads inside a process … by the kernel.

VocabularyEnglish Russian

Active Voice действительный залог

address space адресное пространства

Device Container контейнер устройств

Globally Unique Identifier статистически уникальный 128-битный идентификатор

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) слой аппаратных абстракций

I/O operations операции ввода-вывода

kernel ядро (операционной системы)

Media Access Control address (MAC address) MAC-адрес : уникальный идентификатор, сопоставляемый с различными типами оборудования для компьютерных сетей

microkernel микроядро: минимальная реализация функций ядра операционной системы

monolithic kernel моноли́тное ядро́

multi-function device многофункциональные устройства (МФУ)

Passive Voice страдательный залог

scheduling (dispatching) processes планирование процессов

thread поток, нить, тред

Universal Serial Bus (USB) последовательный интерфейс передачи данных

user space пространство пользователя

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Game engine

The game engine is a software system designed for the creation and development of video games. There are many game engines running on video game consoles and desktop operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. The core functions typically provided by a game engine include those afforded by a rendering engine (“renderer”) for 2D or 3D graphics, by a physics engine (collision detection and collision response), furthermore, scripting, animation, artificial intelligence, memory management, scene graph and others.

The term ”game middleware” stand for game engines providing a flexible and reusable software solutions that ensure all needed core functions. Such solutions allow the same game to be run on various platforms including game consoles and personal computers. Only few, if any, changes should be made to the game source code in these cases.

Often, game middleware has a component-based architecture that enables specific systems in the engine to be replaced or extended with more specialised (and often more expensive) components. Some game engines are even designed as a series of loosely connected middleware components that can be selectively combined to create a custom engine.

However extensibility is achieved, it remains a high priority in games engines due to the wide variety of uses for which they are applied. Despite the specificity of the name, game engines are often used for other kinds of interactive applications with real-time graphical requirements. The examples of such applications include marketing demos, architectural visualisations, training simulations, and modelling environments.

Some game engines only provide real-time 3D rendering capabilities The game developer is supposed to implement the rest of game engine functions using e.g. game middleware components. These types of engines are generally referred to as a “graphics engine,” “rendering engine,” or “3D engine” instead of the term “game engine.” This terminology is inconsistently used, however, because many full-featured 3D game engines are referred to simply as “3D engines”, too.