In case of a single channel remote the presence of a carrier signal is used to trigger a function. When … ?

Multi-channel remotes demand more sophisticated procedures for realisation of their functions. What … for ?

One of such procedures comprises modulating the carrier with signals of different frequency. What kind of modulating … ?

After demodulation of the received signal, the appropriate frequency filters separate the respective signals. When … ?

The infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, is picked up by sensors on the receiving device. What … by ?

Exercise 3 Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order:

Running – the – around – denoted – are – border - frame – applications – icon – by a – .

default – icon - show – by – buttons – Taskbar – .

from – Quick – toolbar – default – configuration – Launch – removed – The – been – has – .

pinned – Applications – can – now – taskbar – the – to - be – .

clicking – thumbnail – The – corresponding – can - close – preview – on the – the “X“ – by – opened - window – user – any – .

only – preview – thumbnail – the – brings – up – the – Peeking – of – Windows – .

Explorer – may - Internet – thumbnail – the – in – at in – the – Individual – tabs – be – previews – peeked – .

These – available – taskbar - icons – options – menu – any - right-clicking – on the – of – the – are – by – .

played – displays – The – recently – , for example, - jump – Windows – tracks – list - Player – .

Icons to – a – to the – of - triangle – left - displays – notification – the – user - notification - visible – icons - hidden – the – the – .

past - area – side – Windows – In - right – the - versions – on the – ended – of – taskbar – with the – notification – .

exhibits – Peek – the – by – same - thumbnail – previews – features – the - used – Aero – .

Exercise 4 Complete the sentences belowin which Y stands for missing THREE LETTERS in a word:

RuYng apYcations are denoted by a border frame around the icon.

Taskbar bYons show icons by default.

Applications can now be pYed to the taskbar.

The user can close any opened window by clicking the “X” on the coYponding thumbnail preview.

PYing brings up only the window of the thumbnail preview.

A triangle to the left of the visible notification icons displays the hiYn notification icons to the user.

Text 10

Handwriting recognition

Three main kinds of handwriting recognition are distinguished now:

Intelligent Word Recognition (IWR) is intended to recognize unconstrained handwritten words. It recognizes entire handwritten words or phrases instead of character-by-character estimating. IWR technology matches handwritten or handprinted words to a user-defined dictionary, significantly reducing character errors. IWR also eliminates manual data entry of handwritten documents, which in the past could be ensured only by a human. IWR is ideal for processing real-world documents that contain mostly freeform, hard-to-recognize data.

Optical character recognition (OCR) is the conversion of images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text (usually captured by a scanner) into machine-editable text. Replacing each block of pixels that resembles a particular character (a letter, digit or punctuation mark) or a word with that character, OCR enables to store the text compactly, to edit it, display or print a copy of the text free of scanning artifacts. OCR is still a field of research in pattern recognition, artificial intelligence and computer vision. In spite of that the focus on OCR has moved to implementation of proven techniques.

Intelligent character recognition (ICR) is an advanced OCR. Fonts and different styles of handwriting are enabled to be learned by a computer during data processing to improve accuracy and recognition levels. Most ICR software has a self-learning system referred to as a neural network, which automatically updates the recognition database for new handwriting patterns. Even then accuracy levels of handwriting recognition using ICR may not be very good. Nevertheless, reading handwriting in structured forms helps to achieve 97% accuracy rates.

New technology on the market for handwriting recognition utilizes IWR, OCR, and ICR together, which enables processing documents either constrained (handprinted or machine printed) or unconstrained (freeform cursive).

As for a conclusion it concerns on-line and off-line handwriting recognition. On-line recognition refers to recognition of handwriting using a real-time digitizing tablet for input. Off-line one pertains optical character recognition of static handwritten symbols from paper.

Vocabulary

artificial intelligence искусственный интеллект

computer vision машинное зрение

constrained handwriting написанное печатными знаками, связанная рукопись, вязь

desktop computer настольный компьютер, десктоп

gadget приспособление

graphic tablet графический планшет

graphics pad графическая контактная площадка

hand-draw image изображение, нарисованное вручную

handprinted рукопечатный (написанный от руки печатными буквами или цифрами)

handwriting рукописный, почерк, (написанный от руки письменными знаками)

handwriting recognition распознавание рукописных символов

ICR (Intelligent Character Recognition) ICR (интеллигентное или интеллектуальное распознавание символов)

input device входное устройство, устройство ввода

IWR (Intelligent Word Recognition) technology Технология IWR (интеллигентное или интеллектуальное распознавание слов)

keyboard клавиатура (телефона, компьютера, смартфона, пишущей или наборной машины)

laptop лэптоп, небольшой портативный компьютер

OCR (Optical Character Recognition) OCR (оптическое распознавание символов)

pattern recognition распознавание образов

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) персональный цифровой секретарь (карманный компьютер, используемый в качестве записной книжки

scanner сканер

scanning artifact сканированное ложное изображение, дефект изображения

stylus (or stylus pen) стило, устройство ввода, электронное перо

tablet планшет

tablet PC, tablet планшетный компьютор, небольшой портативный компьютер c сенсорным экраном

text-processing applications приложения, прикладные программы по обработке текстов

unconstrained handwriting написанное от руки, написанное письменными знаками

Exercise 1 Fill in gaps in the text wit words from the list below:

image, function, capture, navigation, comprises, signatures, tablet, drawing, tablets, images

Digitizing tablet

A digitizing tablet (or graphics tablet, graphics pad or pen pad or digitizer, drawing tablet) is a computer input device that allows you to hand-draw … and graphics These tablets may also be used to … data or handwritten … .

A graphics tablet … a flat surface on which the user “draws” an … with attached stylus, a pen-like … gadget. The image does not usually appear on the … itself but, rather, is displayed on the computer monitor. Some tablets, however … as a secondary computer screen with which you can … directly using the stylus.

Some … are intended to replace a mouse as the primary pointing and … device for desktop computers.

Exercise 2 Make questions beginning with the words in bold :

Handwriting recognition enables the computer to receive and interpret handwritten input from different sources. What … ?

A tablet personal computer is equipped with a digitizer tablet and a stylus. What … with?

Handwriting recognition has not achieved widespread use in either desktop computers or laptops yet. Why … ?

Off-line handwriting recognition involves the automatic conversion of text in an image into letter codes. What conversion … ?

Off-line handwriting recognition pertains optical character recognition of static handwritten symbols from paper. When … ?

The quality of recognition can be substantially increased by structuring the documents. How … ?