- •Parts of speech
- •The noun General Characteristic
- •The Grammatical Category of Number
- •The Pronunciation
- •The Spelling/Formation
- •Nouns Used only in the Singular
- •Nouns Used only in the Plural
- •Collective nouns
- •The Category of Case
- •The Formation
- •The Pronunciation
- •V. Articles with Nouns in the Possessive Case
- •The adjective General Characteristic
- •Degrees of Comparison
- •Formation
- •Comparative Constructions
- •The adverb General Characteristic
- •Formation
- •II. Degrees of Comparison
- •Some, any, no, none
- •(A) few, (a) little
- •Much, many, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, etc.
- •The verb General Characteristic
- •Present tenses
- •The Present Indefinite (Simple)
- •I. The Formation:
- •II. Spelling of the third person singular forms.
- •III. The Meaning:
- •IV. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •The Present Indefinite is used to denote future actions
- •The Present Indefinite is used to denote past actions:
- •The Present Continuous (Progressive)
- •I. The Formation.
- •II. Spelling of the –ing forms.
- •III. The Use of Present Continuous.
- •IV. Verbs Not Used in the Continuous Forms.
- •V. The Present Continuous vs. The Present Indefinite.
- •The Present Perfect
- •I. The Formation
- •III. Patterns
- •IV. Time Indication
- •V. The Present Perfect vs. The Past Indefinite
- •VI. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect as Variants
- •The Present Perfect Continuous
- •I. The Formation
- •II. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •III. The Present Perfect Continuous vs. The Present Perfect
- •IV. The Present Perfect Continuous and the Present Perfect as Variants
- •Past tenses
- •The Past Indefinite Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •The Past Continuous Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •III. The Past Continuous vs. The Past Indefinite
- •The Past Perfect Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •III. The Past Perfect vs. The Past Indefinite
- •The Past Perfect Continuous
- •I. The Formation
- •III. The Past Perfect Inclusive vs. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive
- •Future tenses
- •The Future Indefinite Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •III. ''Will'' as a modal verb
- •IV. ''Shall'' as a modal verb
- •The Future Continuous Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •The Future Perfect Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •Around the future
- •Reported speech
- •I. Statements
- •II. General Questions
- •III. Special Questions
- •IV. Short Answers
- •V. Commands and Requests
- •VI. Suggestions
- •VII. Advice
- •VIII. Offers
- •IX. Responses
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Modal Verbs in Indirect Speech
- •Question tags
- •I. Formation.
- •II. Agreeing and disagreeing with question tags
- •III. Echo tags
- •The imperative mood
- •I. Formation
- •II. Imperatives with 'let'
Formation
1) Many adverbs of manner and some adverbs of degree are formed by adding –ly to the corresponding adjective: careful- carefully, etc.
2) The adjectives ending in –ly cannot be used as adverbs and have no adverb form. To supply this deficiency we use a similar adverb or an adverbial phrase: likely (adj.) – probably (adv.), friendly (adj.) – in a friendly way (adv. phrase).
3) Some adverbs are identical in form with adjectives: back, early, far, fast, hard, high, late, long, near, right, short, still, straight, wrong, well. Examples are:
The train went fast.
They worked hard.
She went straight home.
He led us wrong.
4) Some adjectives have a narrower meaning than their corresponding adjectives or differ from them. Examples are:
He greeted me coldly. (in an unfriendly manner)
I miss you badly. (very much)
Note 2: Remember the difference in the meaning of the following pairs of adverbs:
Form |
Meaning/Use |
Example |
direct
directly |
without stopping anywhere on the way |
They flew direct to Rome. |
immediately, straight |
Come directly you hear my whistle. She looked directly at us. |
|
free freely |
without paying |
We got into the cinema free. |
without any restriction |
He comes and goes freely. |
|
hard
hardly |
with effort or force |
I tried hard to remember where I had parked the car. |
almost not |
It was hardly raining earlier. |
|
late
lately |
not at the agreed time |
She’s always arriving 10 minutes late! |
recently |
Have you seen Barbara lately? |
|
near
nearly |
at or to a short distance away
a short time away in the future |
A bomb exploded somewhere near. His retirement was drawing near. |
very close to; almost |
David was nearly asleep. |
|
short
shortly |
measuring a small distance from end to end small in height |
The bed was too short for him.
He is short and tubby. |
in a short time; soon
abruptly, sharply, or curtly |
The flight was hijacked shortly after take-off. ‘Do you like cricket?’ ‘I do not,’ she said shortly. |
|
high highly |
a long way up |
He can jump high. |
very favourably |
I think highly of you. |
|
close closely |
a short distance away |
The hotel is close to the sea. |
carefully, paying attention to detail similar |
He looked again more closely at the marks. I hope I have translated closely enough. |