- •Parts of speech
- •The noun General Characteristic
- •The Grammatical Category of Number
- •The Pronunciation
- •The Spelling/Formation
- •Nouns Used only in the Singular
- •Nouns Used only in the Plural
- •Collective nouns
- •The Category of Case
- •The Formation
- •The Pronunciation
- •V. Articles with Nouns in the Possessive Case
- •The adjective General Characteristic
- •Degrees of Comparison
- •Formation
- •Comparative Constructions
- •The adverb General Characteristic
- •Formation
- •II. Degrees of Comparison
- •Some, any, no, none
- •(A) few, (a) little
- •Much, many, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, etc.
- •The verb General Characteristic
- •Present tenses
- •The Present Indefinite (Simple)
- •I. The Formation:
- •II. Spelling of the third person singular forms.
- •III. The Meaning:
- •IV. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •The Present Indefinite is used to denote future actions
- •The Present Indefinite is used to denote past actions:
- •The Present Continuous (Progressive)
- •I. The Formation.
- •II. Spelling of the –ing forms.
- •III. The Use of Present Continuous.
- •IV. Verbs Not Used in the Continuous Forms.
- •V. The Present Continuous vs. The Present Indefinite.
- •The Present Perfect
- •I. The Formation
- •III. Patterns
- •IV. Time Indication
- •V. The Present Perfect vs. The Past Indefinite
- •VI. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect as Variants
- •The Present Perfect Continuous
- •I. The Formation
- •II. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •III. The Present Perfect Continuous vs. The Present Perfect
- •IV. The Present Perfect Continuous and the Present Perfect as Variants
- •Past tenses
- •The Past Indefinite Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •The Past Continuous Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •III. The Past Continuous vs. The Past Indefinite
- •The Past Perfect Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •III. The Past Perfect vs. The Past Indefinite
- •The Past Perfect Continuous
- •I. The Formation
- •III. The Past Perfect Inclusive vs. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive
- •Future tenses
- •The Future Indefinite Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •III. ''Will'' as a modal verb
- •IV. ''Shall'' as a modal verb
- •The Future Continuous Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •The Future Perfect Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •I. The Formation
- •Around the future
- •Reported speech
- •I. Statements
- •II. General Questions
- •III. Special Questions
- •IV. Short Answers
- •V. Commands and Requests
- •VI. Suggestions
- •VII. Advice
- •VIII. Offers
- •IX. Responses
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Modal Verbs in Indirect Speech
- •Question tags
- •I. Formation.
- •II. Agreeing and disagreeing with question tags
- •III. Echo tags
- •The imperative mood
- •I. Formation
- •II. Imperatives with 'let'
VIII. Offers
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
|
Tom: Have a cup of tea, Bob.
|
Tom offers Bob |
a cup of tea. |
Tom: Shall I help with the luggage? Tom: Let me help you with the luggage. Tom: I can help you with the luggage. |
Tom offers |
to help with the luggage. |
Note 7: The verb to offer is used when the speaker expresses his/her willingness to do something himself/herself.
IX. Responses
to Offers |
to Suggestions |
decline the offer reject the offer turn down the offer say one had better do say one needn't |
object to doing refuse to do |
accept the offer
|
agree to do not mind doing like the idea of doing |
Sequence of tenses
The sequence of tenses is a dependence of the tense form of the predicate in a subordinate clause on the tense form of the predicate in the principle clause.
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
Translation |
Bob says: Tom goes to the country for the weekend. Tom went to the country for the weekend. Tom will go to the country for the weekend. Tom has gone to the country. |
Bob says that Tom goes to the country for the weekend. Tom went to the country for the weekend. Tom will go to the country for the weekend. Tom has gone to the country. |
Боб говорит, что Том ездит за город на воскресенье. Том ездил за город на воскресенье. Том поедет за город на воскресенье. Том уехал за город. |
Bob said: Tom goes to the country for the weekend. Tom went to the country for the weekend. Tom will go to the country for the weekend. Tom has gone to the country. |
Bob said that Tom went to the country for the weekend. Tom had gone to the country for the weekend. Tom would go to the country for the weekend. Tom had gone to the country. |
Боб сказал, что Том ездит за город на воскресенье. Том ездил за город на воскресенье. Том поедет за город на воскресенье. Том уехал за город. |
Note 1: The demonstrative pronouns and adverbs of time and place are changed as follows:
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
this |
that |
these |
those |
here |
there |
now |
then |
today |
at the time that day |
yesterday |
the day before on the previous day |
last night |
the previous night |
ago |
before |
tomorrow |
the next day the following day |
this year |
that year |