16 Match the words to their opposites, as in the example.

Column A

Column B

u sual

break

simple

beginner

explicit

not clear

success

subjective

create

similar

objective

failure

increase

complicated

different

destroy

seasoned

special

make

decrease

Team competitive Coordinator issues conceptual

package packagers material launch preferences

Present Participle (verb -ing)

Past Participle (3-d form of a verb)

Participles can be used as adjectives or adverbs.

►When present participles –ing are used like adjectives or adverbs, they are active in meaning.

►When past participles -ed are used like adjectives or adverbs, they are passive in meaning.

When we use these adjectives to describe how someone feels about something:

►the -ing adjectives describe the something'

A surprising result.

It's a pleasing decision.

►the -ed adjectives describe the 'someone'

I was surprised.

I'm pleased with the result.

Most of these participle adjectives can be used before the noun they describe or following linking verbs.

It was an interesting design.

The package tests results were pleasing.

A refurbished tool can be found over there.

My boss appeared delighted with the tests results.

We often form compound adjectives with a participle following a noun, adverb, or another adjective, and connected by a hyphen.

We suppose it will be a money-saving package.

A worried-looking manager left the laboratory.

This is a well-planned building..

The newly-designed pack has returned interest to the product.

When the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause we often reduce the relative clause by using the participle form of the verb only

the man (who was) designing ...

the present participle (e.g. designing) is active

►Present participles can also be used after a connecting word or phrase instead of using the complete continuous tense.

When you are going to a lab, remember to check that you have put laboratory clothing on.

When going to a lab, remember to check that you have put laboratory clothing on.

►Present participles can describe:

- two actions that happen at the same time;

She sat near the window reading a scientific report.

- two actions that happen one after another.

Opening the book, he found a necessary article.

the analysis (which was) carried out …

the past participle (e.g. carried out) is passive.

►We sometimes use the past participle instead of the passive.

Preserved many years ago, that vegetables were not safe to eat. (That vegetables were preserved ...)

Although produced years ago, the package was in good order. (Although the package was produced ...)

If approved by a manager, that kind of package will be represented to our clients. (If the package is approved ...)

►When we want to emphasize that one thing happened before another, we can use a perfect participle for the earlier action. The participle phrase can come before or after the main clause.

Having turned off the music, I was able to concentrate on reading.

(= After I had turned off the music, ...)

I was able to concentrate on reading,

having turned off the music.

►The perfect participle can also describe reasons or causes as these usually come before a result

Having forgotten to take the documents, I had to come back for them in a while.

(= Because I had forgotten to take, ...)

►We often use a being + past participle instead of past participle

The tests being carried out are sponsored by Microsoft. (or The tests that are being carried out ...)

Instead of: I was lost, so I had to ask someone the way.

We can say: Being lost, I had to ask someone the way.

►Sometimes, however, we can't use a past participle or being + past participle clause.

- when there is a noun between the relative pronoun and the verb in the defining relative clause.

- when the defining relative clause includes a modal verb other than will.