- •1. The sentence. The problem of its definition. Classification of sentences.
- •Imperative
- •Interrogative
- •2. According to Structure
- •3. Word order in the English sentence. Normal and inverted word order of the main parts.
- •5. Ways of connecting clauses in a complex sentence. Problematic questions.
- •6. The predicate. Types of predicate. Classification of predicates (according to the structure and according to the morphological characteristics).
- •8. Simple and composite sentences. Types of simple sentences.
- •9. Types of adverbial modifier and the object.
- •10. The Attribute. Types of attribute. The attribute and the adverbial modifier.
- •11. Higher syntactical units.
- •12. The parentheses. Its relation to the main body of the sentence.
- •13. The problem of distinguishing between parentheses and insertions.
- •15. Secondary parts of the sentence. Criteria for distinguishing between secondary parts.
- •16. The phrase. Types of phrases from syntactical point of view.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •1.Of notional words only
- •3.Functional words only
- •17. The definition of the phrase. The theory of the phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •18. The Double Predicate. The difference between the double predicate and the compound nominal one.
- •19. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences. According to Types of Communication
- •20. Types of object.
- •23. Functional sentence perspective.
- •24. Loose or detached parts of the sentence.
- •25. The subject. Its definition. The formal subject.
- •28.Grammar in the systemic conception of language.
- •29. Morphemic structure of the word.
- •30. Categorial structure of the word.
- •31.Grammatical classes of words.
- •32. Noun: the category of gender.
- •33. Noun: the category of number.
- •34. Noun: the category of case.
- •35. Verb: the category of tense.
- •36. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •37. Verb: the categories of person and number.
- •38. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •39. Verb: the category of voice.
- •40. The category of mood of the verb.
- •41. The article: number and meaning of articles.
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •42 .The adjective, the pronoun and the numeral.
10. The Attribute. Types of attribute. The attribute and the adverbial modifier.
The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property.
The attribute can either precede or follow the noun it modifies. Accordingly we use terms prepositive and postpositive attribute. The position of an attribute with respect to its head-word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself, and partly on stylistic factors.
The size of the prepositive attributive phrase can be large in ME. Whatever is included between the article and the noun, is apprehended as an attribute.
The qualificative relationship can be actualised by the attributive bond. The paradigm of these linguistic means is rather manifold. We find here:
adjectives: the new house; a valuable thing;
nouns in the Possessive Case: my brother's book;
noun-adjunct groups (N + N): world peace, spring time;
prepositional noun-groups: the daughter of my friend;
pronouns (possessive, demonstrative, indefinite): my joy, such flowers, every morning, a friend of his, little time;
infinitives and infinitival groups: an example to follow, a thing to do;
gerunds and participles: (a) walking distance, swimming suit;
(b) a smiling face, a singing bird;
numerals: two friends, the first task;
words of the category of state: faces alight with happiness;
10) idiomatic phrases: a love of a child, a jewel of a nature, etc.
If an adjective is modified by several adverbs the latter are generally placed as follows: adverbs of degree and qualitative adverbs stand first and next come modal adverbs, adverbs denoting purpose, time and place, e. g.:
usually intentionally very active
politically and socially
It comes quite natural that the collocability of adverbs with adjectives is conditioned by the semantic peculiarities of both. Some adverbs of degree, for instance, are freely employed with all qualitative adjectives (absolutely, almost, extremely, quite, etc.), others are contextually restricted in their use. Thus, for instance, the adverb seriously will generally modify adjectives denoting physical or mental state, the adverb vaguely (—not clearly expressed) goes patterning with adjectives associated with physical or mental perception.
11. Higher syntactical units.
The problem of higher syntactical units may be formulated as follows: is the sentence the highest existing syntactical unit, or are there higher syntactical units than the sentence — units of which a sentence is but a component part?
The traditional view of course is that the sentence is the highest syntactical unit and that whatever units we may find of a higher order will be not syntactical, but either stylistic, or literary.
What reasons are there to suppose that there exists a grammatical, that is a syntactical unit higher than the sentence, and how are the limits of this higher unit to be delineated?
The chief consideration that may be laid down in favour of this view is, that sometimes coordinating conjunctions establish some sort of connection between independent sentences, separated from each other by a full stop. The two conjunctions that are especially frequent in this function are, and and but. The conjunction and is found in this function often enough, and some writers seem to have a special predilection for it.
It might perhaps be said that the higher unit established by coordinating conjunctions is somewhat like what we call a "paragraph". But a conjunction of this kind may even be found at the beginning of a paragraph.
Occasionally a conjunction of this kind may even stand at the opening of a new chapter.
If we were to take the view that a coordinating conjunction always forms some kind of grammatical unit, we should have to say, in this case, that the grammatical unit formed by the conjunction and embraces the end of one chapter and the beginning of another. That, however, would be most unnatural. If, therefore, we have to choose between the two alternatives: either to admit that a conjunction may join two independent sentences without forming any higher grammatical unit, or to say that a higher grammatical unit may include parts of two chapters, and so forth, we will decidedly prefer the first of them. This, however, will make it necessary to add something to the definition of a conjunction: a conjunction may unite words, parts of a sentence, clauses, and independent sentences as well.
Let us study the means which are used to establish connections between sentences. And this leads on to a series of questions which may be said to lie on the border Hue of grammar.
What is meant is study of the structure of entire texts, such as short newspaper notices, poems, or novels. In this study it does not appear possible to stay strictly within the limits of grammar: some lexical phenomena will also have to be taken into consideration.