- •1. The sentence. The problem of its definition. Classification of sentences.
- •Imperative
- •Interrogative
- •2. According to Structure
- •3. Word order in the English sentence. Normal and inverted word order of the main parts.
- •5. Ways of connecting clauses in a complex sentence. Problematic questions.
- •6. The predicate. Types of predicate. Classification of predicates (according to the structure and according to the morphological characteristics).
- •8. Simple and composite sentences. Types of simple sentences.
- •9. Types of adverbial modifier and the object.
- •10. The Attribute. Types of attribute. The attribute and the adverbial modifier.
- •11. Higher syntactical units.
- •12. The parentheses. Its relation to the main body of the sentence.
- •13. The problem of distinguishing between parentheses and insertions.
- •15. Secondary parts of the sentence. Criteria for distinguishing between secondary parts.
- •16. The phrase. Types of phrases from syntactical point of view.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •1.Of notional words only
- •3.Functional words only
- •17. The definition of the phrase. The theory of the phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •18. The Double Predicate. The difference between the double predicate and the compound nominal one.
- •19. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences. According to Types of Communication
- •20. Types of object.
- •23. Functional sentence perspective.
- •24. Loose or detached parts of the sentence.
- •25. The subject. Its definition. The formal subject.
- •28.Grammar in the systemic conception of language.
- •29. Morphemic structure of the word.
- •30. Categorial structure of the word.
- •31.Grammatical classes of words.
- •32. Noun: the category of gender.
- •33. Noun: the category of number.
- •34. Noun: the category of case.
- •35. Verb: the category of tense.
- •36. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •37. Verb: the categories of person and number.
- •38. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •39. Verb: the category of voice.
- •40. The category of mood of the verb.
- •41. The article: number and meaning of articles.
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •42 .The adjective, the pronoun and the numeral.
39. Verb: the category of voice.
The verbal category of voice shows the direction of the process as regards the participants of the situation reflected in the syntactic construction.
2 sets of verbs:1.passivized 2.non-passivized (e.g. have, belong cost)
The category of voice is realized by binary-privative opposition, where the passive voice is the strong member (be…en). It denotes relations between an action and a subject and an object.
The big problem in connection with the voice identification in English is the problem of “medial” voices. Ex:The bells rang. The fabrics washes easily.
They are passive in their meaning but the forms are active. Such constructions are called causative the bells were made to ring, but it is presented as if they rang themselves Middle (neuter) voice. There is specific meaning, but no specific form.
Reflexive voice – e.g. He hurt himself (V + reflexive pronoun).
Iliysh: He hurt himself and the child – himself is a direct object, but not a part of the verb. But in some cases the pronoun can be omitted, e.g. He washed, dressed – the meaning of reflexivity remains.
Reciprocal voice – formed with the help of analytical means (each other, one another). The meaning of the reciprocal voice is obvious – mutuality. The subject is often plural, but meaning can be expressed implicitly.
They met (each other) at the station.
Passive voice (to be + PII)
Some linguists say that there are some other auxiliary verbs - to get, to become, e.g. He became surprised. Counter arguments: get and become retain their lexical meaning.
The radio was invented by Popov./Popov invented radio.
!!!!Actual division of the sentence changes.
Passive has its own sphere of use. For depersonifying in scientific literature. Passive can be a means of supra-phrasal connection.
Within passive structures we discriminate:
Direct ,Indirect ,Prepositional,Phraseological,Adverbial passive
Another controversial question concerns the border-line between the morphological form of the passive voice and syntactical form of the corresponding compound nominal predicate with the pure link be.
40. The category of mood of the verb.
The category of MOOD is the most controversial category of the verb.
The category of MOOD expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary phenomenon, i.e. the subject of a hypothesis (предположение), speculation (размышление), desire.
OPPOSITION 1.Strong member (Forms of oblique mood meaning,i.e. those of unreality)
2.Weak member (Forms of direct mood meaning,i.e.those of reality)
Division of moods:1.indicative (actually taking place)2.conditional (merely imaginary)
One of the important differences between the indicative and the other moods is that the meaning of “tense” does not go with the meanings of subjunctive mood and imperative mood. “Tense” reflects the real time of a real action. The imperative and the subjunctive moods represent the action as real, but as desired or imagined, and the notions of real time are discarded.
Number of MOODS:
-Ilyish 3 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)- meaningform;
-M.Deutschbein: 16 MOODS functional approach;
-Prof. Smirnitsky (+ O.S.Akhmanova, M.Gashina, N.Vasilevskaya): 6 MOODS (indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, suppositional, conditional) - formmeaning;
-L.S.Barhudarov, D.A. Shteling: 2 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive);
-G.N.Vorontsova: 4 MOODS (indicative, optative speculative, presumptive).
Subjunctive MOOD includes forms homonymous with Past and Past Perfect, but they differ in time correlation and absence of time as such.