- •1. The sentence. The problem of its definition. Classification of sentences.
- •Imperative
- •Interrogative
- •2. According to Structure
- •3. Word order in the English sentence. Normal and inverted word order of the main parts.
- •5. Ways of connecting clauses in a complex sentence. Problematic questions.
- •6. The predicate. Types of predicate. Classification of predicates (according to the structure and according to the morphological characteristics).
- •8. Simple and composite sentences. Types of simple sentences.
- •9. Types of adverbial modifier and the object.
- •10. The Attribute. Types of attribute. The attribute and the adverbial modifier.
- •11. Higher syntactical units.
- •12. The parentheses. Its relation to the main body of the sentence.
- •13. The problem of distinguishing between parentheses and insertions.
- •15. Secondary parts of the sentence. Criteria for distinguishing between secondary parts.
- •16. The phrase. Types of phrases from syntactical point of view.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •1.Of notional words only
- •3.Functional words only
- •17. The definition of the phrase. The theory of the phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •18. The Double Predicate. The difference between the double predicate and the compound nominal one.
- •19. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences. According to Types of Communication
- •20. Types of object.
- •23. Functional sentence perspective.
- •24. Loose or detached parts of the sentence.
- •25. The subject. Its definition. The formal subject.
- •28.Grammar in the systemic conception of language.
- •29. Morphemic structure of the word.
- •30. Categorial structure of the word.
- •31.Grammatical classes of words.
- •32. Noun: the category of gender.
- •33. Noun: the category of number.
- •34. Noun: the category of case.
- •35. Verb: the category of tense.
- •36. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •37. Verb: the categories of person and number.
- •38. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •39. Verb: the category of voice.
- •40. The category of mood of the verb.
- •41. The article: number and meaning of articles.
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •42 .The adjective, the pronoun and the numeral.
20. Types of object.
Object is a secondary part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun, a substantival pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, or an adverb, and denoting a thing to which the action passes on, which is a result of the action, in reference to which an action is committed or a property is manifested, or denoting an action as object of another action.
Classification of object:
1.Prepositional and non-prepositional objects
2.Morphological types (noun, pronoun, substantivized adjective, infinitive, gerund)
3.Direct/indirect, is applied only to objects expressed by nouns or pronouns. There are sentences in which the predicate is expressed by the verbs send, show, lend, give. These verbs usually take 2 different kinds of objects simultaneously: (1) an object expressing the thing which is sent, shown, lent, given, etc. (2) the person or persons to whom the thing is sent, shown, lent, given, etc.
The difference between the 2 relations is clear enough: the direct object denotes the thing immediately affected by the action denoted by the predicate verb, whereas the indirect object expresses the person towards whom the thing is moved, e.g. We sent them a present. The indirect object stands 1st, the direct object comes after it. In studying different kinds of objects it is also essential to take into account the possibility of the corresponding passive construction.
21. The one-member sentence. Types of one-member sentences. Elliptical sentences. Stylistic peculiarities of one-member and elliptical sentences.
The grammatical organisation of one-member sentences has its own traits. Such patterns should naturally be distinguished from two-member sentences with either the subject or the predicate omitted as the case is with ellipsis in sentence-structure.
Synsemantic in character, one-member sentences cover a wide and most varied range of meanings. The context, linguistic or situational, is generally explicit enough to make the grammatical content of the sentence clear.
One-member sentences have no separate subject and predicate but one "main" only instead.
It seems reasonable to make distinction between a) nominal or "naming" sentences and b) infinitival sentences.
Nominal sentences name a person or thing. They are fairly common in direct address, the so-called "word-representations" are used to call up the image of the object in the mind of the readers or the person spoken to: e.g. Mrs, Frank Algernon Cowperwood, the wife of the Chicago millionaire. (Dreiser)
The modal meaning of appraisal in one-member sentences is to a considerable extent connected with the use of noun determiners, the definite article, in particular. Both the article and the demonstrative pronoun have here special connotation: e.g. The restless, inhuman, and yet so human, angry sadness of the creature's eyes! (Galsworthy) "That woman!" said Soames. (Galsworthy)
Here again, like in many other cases, the subtle shares of modal force and emotional colouring are made clear by the context, linguistic or situational.
The attribute is often expressed by the of-phrase: e. g. She could think of him now with indifference. She loved him no longer. Oh, the relief and the sense of humiliation! (Maugham)
Ellipsis in sentence-structure is a natural syntactic process in linguistic development presented as normal practices in many languages.
Quite a number of elliptical patterns are shortcuts in syntactic usage fixed as a form of linguistic economy by right of long usage.
Elliptical sentences are generally identified as sentences with the subject or predicate missing. Some grammarians have another point of view recognising ellipsis also in sentences where the secondary parts of the sentence are felt as missing.
What is felt as implicit in elliptical sentences may be supplied from:
1.the immediate context: e. g. "Cold., isn't it?" said the early guest. "Rather". (Dreiser)
2.relevance to a complete grammatical construction of a given pattern: e. g. "Doing well, I suppose?" - "Excellent." - "Glad to hear it." (Dreiser)
Ellipsis of a lexeme or constructions (or even parts of constructions) must surely be recognised in the analysis of sentences.
In terms of structure, distinction will be made between such types of elliptical sentences as:
a) omission of the subject: e.g. Looks to me for all the world like an alf-tame leopard.
b) omission of the predicate in patterns with there is, there are.