- •1. The sentence. The problem of its definition. Classification of sentences.
- •Imperative
- •Interrogative
- •2. According to Structure
- •3. Word order in the English sentence. Normal and inverted word order of the main parts.
- •5. Ways of connecting clauses in a complex sentence. Problematic questions.
- •6. The predicate. Types of predicate. Classification of predicates (according to the structure and according to the morphological characteristics).
- •8. Simple and composite sentences. Types of simple sentences.
- •9. Types of adverbial modifier and the object.
- •10. The Attribute. Types of attribute. The attribute and the adverbial modifier.
- •11. Higher syntactical units.
- •12. The parentheses. Its relation to the main body of the sentence.
- •13. The problem of distinguishing between parentheses and insertions.
- •15. Secondary parts of the sentence. Criteria for distinguishing between secondary parts.
- •16. The phrase. Types of phrases from syntactical point of view.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •1.Of notional words only
- •3.Functional words only
- •17. The definition of the phrase. The theory of the phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •18. The Double Predicate. The difference between the double predicate and the compound nominal one.
- •19. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences. According to Types of Communication
- •20. Types of object.
- •23. Functional sentence perspective.
- •24. Loose or detached parts of the sentence.
- •25. The subject. Its definition. The formal subject.
- •28.Grammar in the systemic conception of language.
- •29. Morphemic structure of the word.
- •30. Categorial structure of the word.
- •31.Grammatical classes of words.
- •32. Noun: the category of gender.
- •33. Noun: the category of number.
- •34. Noun: the category of case.
- •35. Verb: the category of tense.
- •36. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •37. Verb: the categories of person and number.
- •38. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •39. Verb: the category of voice.
- •40. The category of mood of the verb.
- •41. The article: number and meaning of articles.
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •42 .The adjective, the pronoun and the numeral.
35. Verb: the category of tense.
Tense is the form of the verb which indicates the time of the action. The main divisions of time — present, past and future, are represented in English by the three primary tenses: present,past, and future.These three tenses are expressed in two aspect forms: the common and the continuous: The common aspect:
"We have a good deal of reading to do," explained Mrs. Davidson. (Maugham.) They talked for a long time... (Maxwell.) "I shall act and I shall act promptly." (Maugham.)
The continuous aspect:
What are you talking about? (Maugham.) The light was just failing when they went back into the music room. Sybil will be coming to see you at the end of this term. But besides these three primary tenses the English tense system comprises three secondary tenses: the present perfect, the past perfect and the future perfect.
The perfect tenses are also expressed in two aspect forms: the common and the continuous: The common aspect: "I think her voice has greatly improved." He had been there more than once, and knew the place and the people... "I shall soon have finished with the books..."
The continuous aspect:
"I've been thinking it over, Mr. Holmes..." The band had been having a rest. Now they started again. (Mansfield.) By the first of August we shall have been living at the seaside for a whole month.
The perfect tenses do not merely indicate that the action refers to the present, past or future (as do the primary tenses) but show that the action is brought into relation with some other action or situation in the present, past or future, that it took place before that action or situation. Therefore the perfect tenses are relative tenses (относительные времена).
Present perfect: / have written my exercise — the action of writing is viewed back from the present situation.
Past perfect: / had written my exercise by 5 o'clock — the action of writing is viewed back from the past situation.
Future perfect: / shall have written my exercise by 6 o'clock — the action of writing is viewed back from the future situation.
But besides a purely temporal element (relative time indication) which characterizes al 1 the three perfect tenses, the present perfect contains also some other meaning — it shows that the action which took place before the present situation is connected in its consequences with this situation. The character of this connection depends on the lexical meaning of the verb.
When the past perfect (indirect speech) corresponds to the past (direct speech), it is purely temporal, that is, it only refers the action to a moment in the before-past. When the past perfect (indirect speech) corresponds to the present perfect (direct speech), it not only refers the action to the before-past but also shows that the action in the before-past affects the state of things existing at the given past moment. The perfect tenses may also express an action begun before the given present, past or future moment and still going on at that moment. This meaning of the perfect is characteristic of the perfect of the continuous aspect. As the continuous aspect shows the action in its progress and not in its completion, the perfect tenses of this aspect are used to denote that the past (before-past or before-future) is connected with the present (past or future) not through the consequences of an accomplished action but through the uninterrupted progress of an action begun before the given moment and still continuing at that moment. When the past perfect (indirect speech) corresponds to the past (direct speech), it is purely temporal, that is, it only refers the action to a moment in the before-past. When the past perfect (indirect speech) corresponds to the present perfect (direct speech), it not only refers the action to the before-past but also shows that the action in the before-past affects the state of things existing at the given past moment.
The perfect tenses may also express an action begun before the given present, past or future moment and still going on at that moment. This meaning of the perfect is characteristic of the perfect of the continuous aspect. As the continuous aspect shows the action in its progress and not in its completion, the perfect tenses of this aspect are used to denote that the past (before-past or before-future) is connected with the present (past or future) not through the consequences of an accomplished action but through the uninterrupted progress of an action begun before the given moment and still continuing at that moment.