- •1. The sentence. The problem of its definition. Classification of sentences.
- •Imperative
- •Interrogative
- •2. According to Structure
- •3. Word order in the English sentence. Normal and inverted word order of the main parts.
- •5. Ways of connecting clauses in a complex sentence. Problematic questions.
- •6. The predicate. Types of predicate. Classification of predicates (according to the structure and according to the morphological characteristics).
- •8. Simple and composite sentences. Types of simple sentences.
- •9. Types of adverbial modifier and the object.
- •10. The Attribute. Types of attribute. The attribute and the adverbial modifier.
- •11. Higher syntactical units.
- •12. The parentheses. Its relation to the main body of the sentence.
- •13. The problem of distinguishing between parentheses and insertions.
- •15. Secondary parts of the sentence. Criteria for distinguishing between secondary parts.
- •16. The phrase. Types of phrases from syntactical point of view.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •1.Of notional words only
- •3.Functional words only
- •17. The definition of the phrase. The theory of the phrase. Ways of expressing syntactical relations within a phrase.
- •1.Agreement or concord ['kɒŋkɔ:d] (согласование)
- •2.Government (управление)
- •18. The Double Predicate. The difference between the double predicate and the compound nominal one.
- •19. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences. According to Types of Communication
- •20. Types of object.
- •23. Functional sentence perspective.
- •24. Loose or detached parts of the sentence.
- •25. The subject. Its definition. The formal subject.
- •28.Grammar in the systemic conception of language.
- •29. Morphemic structure of the word.
- •30. Categorial structure of the word.
- •31.Grammatical classes of words.
- •32. Noun: the category of gender.
- •33. Noun: the category of number.
- •34. Noun: the category of case.
- •35. Verb: the category of tense.
- •36. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •37. Verb: the categories of person and number.
- •38. Verb: the category of aspect.
- •39. Verb: the category of voice.
- •40. The category of mood of the verb.
- •41. The article: number and meaning of articles.
- •The door opened and the young man came in./The door opened and a young man came in.
- •42 .The adjective, the pronoun and the numeral.
1. The sentence. The problem of its definition. Classification of sentences.
There is not only one definition of a sentence, there are several.
A sentence is a proposition expressed by words (something true). A proposition is the semantic invariant of all the members of modal and communicative paradigms of sentences and their transforms.
A sentence is a subject-predicate structure. So, a sentence is a structural scheme.
Phonological: a sentence is a flow of speech between 2 pauses.
The main peculiar features of the sentence are: integrity (целостность), syntactic independence, grammatical completeness, semantic completeness, communicative completeness, communicative functioning, predicativity, modality, intonational completeness.
Classification of sentences:
1.According to the types of communication:
Declarative
Imperative
Interrogative
The declarative sentence expresses a statement, either affirmative or negative, and as such stands in systemic syntagmatic correlation with the listener's responding signals of attention, of appraisal (including agreement or disagreement), of fellow-feeling. The strictly declarative sentence immediately expresses a certain proposition. The rheme of the declarative sentence makes up the centre of some statement as such.
The imperative sentence expresses inducement, either affirmative or negative. It urges the listener, in the form of request or command, to perform or not to perform a certain action. The strictly imperative sentence does not express any statement or fact, i.e. any proposition proper. It is only based on a proposition, without formulating it directly. There is an urge to do something (affirmative inducement) which is founded on the supposition that something is not done or an urge not to do something (negative inducement) which is founded on the supposition that something is done or may be done. The rheme of the imperative utterance expresses the informative nucleus not of an exp`licit proposition, but of an inducement — a wanted (or unwanted) action together with its referential attending elements (objects, qualities, circumstances). As for the thematic elements of the imperative utterance, they are often functionally charged with the type-grading of inducement itself, i.e. with making it into a command, prohibition, request, admonition, entreaty, etc.
The interrogative sentence expresses a question, i.e. a request for information wanted by the speaker from the listener. The interrogative sentence is also connected with an answer, forming together with it a question-answer dialogue unity. The unique quality of the interrogative actual division is determined by the fact that the interrogative sentence expresses an inquiry about information which the speaker does not possess. Therefore the rheme of the interrogative sentence, as the nucleus of the inquiry, is informationally open (gaping). Its function consists only in marking the rhematic position in the response sentence and programming the content of its filler in accord with the nature of the inquiry. The thematic part of the answer is usually zeroed since it’s already expressed in the question.
There is also another type of sentences recognised in English, the so-called exclamatory sentence. However, exclamatory sentences do not possess any complete set of qualities that could place them on one and the same level with the three main communicative types of sentences. The property of exclamation should be considered as an accompanying feature within the system of the three main communicative types. In other words, each of the three communicative sentence types can be represented in the two variants, non-exclamatory and exclamatory. By "purely exclamatory sentences" interjectional exclamations of ready-made order such as "Great Heavens!", "Good Lord!", "For God's sake!", "Oh, I say!" and the like are meant.