- •The scope of lexicology and the key notions of the word studies
- •It is the relation between the notion named and the name itself.
- •2. Links with other branches of linguistics
- •3. The theoretical and practical value of lexicology
- •Methods of lexicological research
- •The Word as a Linguistic Unit. The Semantic Sstructure of the Word
- •2. Meaning and notion. Types of meaning.
- •3. The elements of the semantic structure. Polysemy.
- •4. The change of meaning
- •Intralinguistic relations of words, thematic groups. The theory of semantic fields
- •1. Homonyms as words with different meanings. Classifications of homonyms.
- •2. Sources of homonymy. Homonymy and polysemy.
- •1. Homonyms as words with different meanings. Classifications of homonyms
- •2. Sources of homonymy. Homonymy and polysemy
- •2. Sources of synonymy
- •3. Euphemisms
- •4. Other types of paradigmatic relations
- •5. Antonyms.
- •2. Classification of the vocabulary according to the period of time.
- •2. Etymological classification of the vocabulary
- •3) Unassimilated loan words or barbarisms: hos d`oeuvres.
- •1) The classification according to the part of speech.
- •Lexicalisation
- •Native affixes
- •2. Compound words
- •Semi-affixes
- •Classification of compounds
- •3. Shortenings
- •I.V. Arnold [] speaks about so-called minor types of lexical oppositions, to which she referred Sound interchange, Distinctive stress, Sound imitation.
- •4. Conversion
- •Conversion in present-day English
- •Partial conversion
- •Substantivation
- •1. The notion of phraseology. The main properties of pharaseological units.
- •2. Classifications of phraseological units
- •1. The notion of phraseology. The main properties of pharaseological units.
- •2. Classifications of phraseological units
- •Structural classification of phraseological units
- •I. Methods of lexicological research
- •II. The Word as a Linguistic Unit. The Semantic structure of the Word
- •(S)Мыркин в.Я. Чувственно-иконическое значение слова//Филологические науки.- 2005-№ 5.
- •(S) Сидорова т.А. Взаимосвязь членимости, производности и мотивированности внутренней формы слова.// Филологические науки. – 2006-№1.
- •(S)Виноградов в.В. Об омонимии и смежных явлениях/Введение в языкознание: Хрестоматия. – м.: Аспект Пресс, 2000.
- •Stylistic classification of the vocabulary.
- •(S)Добросклонская т.Г. Роль сми в динамике языковых процессов// Вестник мгу Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация.№5.- 2005.
- •6.(S)Сердобинцева е.Н. Речевые характеристики профессиональной лексики // Филологические науки. – 2006-№3.
- •1. The morpheme and types of morphemes. Derivation
- •2. Compound words.
- •(S)Зеленин а.В. Дезаббревиация в русском языке//вя2005№1.
- •Кочарян ю.Г. Аббревиация кА лингвистический феномен//Вестник мгу Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация.№3.- 2007.
- •(S)Смирницкий а.И. Лексикология английского языка. – м.: Изд-во мгу, 1998. – 260 с .- с.48-135. Additional
- •4. (S)Кунин а.В. Курс фразеологии английского языка. – Дубна: Феникс, 1996 – 381 с., с. 8 – 28; 46-98; 212 – 241; 339-364.
- •1.Lexicography
- •2.Variants of English
2. Etymological classification of the vocabulary
According to its origin the wordstock may be subdivided into native and borrowed words.
A native word belongs to the original English stock. A loan word (borrowed word) is taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.
The native words are further devided into those of the Indo-European stock and those of Common Germanic origin. The words having cognates(слова общего происхождения, терм.) in the vocabularies of different Indo-European languages form the oldest layer. They fall into definite semantic groups. 1)terms of kinship: father, mother, son, daughter, brother; 2)words naming the most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood; 3)names of animals and birds: bull, cat, crow, goose, wolf; 4) parts of the human body: arm, ear, eye, foot, heart. Some of the most frequent verbs are also of Indo-European common stock: bear, come, sit, stand . The adjectives denote concrete physical properties: hard, quick, slaw, red, white. .
The Common Germanic words having parallels in German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic. There are many semantic groups. The nouns are summer, winter, storm, rain, ice, ground, bridge, house, shop. The verbs are bake, burn, buy, drive, hear, keep. The adjectives are broad, dead, deaf, deep. Together with the words of the common Indo-European stock Common Germanic words form the bulk of speech. They are often monosyllabic, show great word-building power and often polysemantic.
About 70°/ of the English vocabulary consist of loan words and only 30°/o of the words are native. It is due to specific conditions of the English language development. The Roman invasion, the introduction of Christianity, the Danish and Norman conquests caused important changes in the vocabulary.
The term “source of borrowing” should be distinguished from the term origin of borrowing”. The first should be applied to the language from which the loan word was taken into English. The second, on the other hand, refers to the language to which the word may be traced.
Sources of borrowing in English
1)Celtic (5th-6thc. A.D) |
2)Latin a)1st c. B.C. b)7th c. A.D. c) the Renaissance |
|
3) Scandinavian (8th-11th c. A.D. |
4) French a) Norman (11th-13th c. A.D. b) “Parisian” (the Renaissance) |
5) Greek (the Renaissance) |
6) Italian (the Renaissance) |
7) Spanish (the Renaissance) |
8) German |
9) Other languages |
Alongside loan words proper, we distinguish translation loans and semantic loans. Translation loans are words formed from the material already existing in the British language but according to patterns taken from another language, by way of morpheme-for –morpheme translation, e.g. wall newspaper- cmeнная газета.
The term “semantic loan” is used to denote the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language. The English word pioneer meant ‘explorer’ and ‘one who is among the first in new fields of activity’
Assimilation of loans
The term assimilation of a loan word is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system. The degree of assimilation depends upon the length of the period of usage of the word in the receiving language, its importance for communication purpose and its frequency. Oral borrowings are assimilated more completely and more rapidly than borrowings through written speech.
A classification of loan words according to the degree of assimilation is general as no proper criteria have been developed. There are 3 groups: 1)completely assimilated loan words; 2)partially assimilated loan words and 3)unassimilated loan words or barbarisms.
1)completely assimilated words are found in all the layers of older borrowings. They may belong to the first layer of Latin borrowings, e.g. cheese, street, wall or wine. Among Scandinavian loan words there are such nouns as husband, fellow, gate, root, wing.Completely assimilated French words are numerous: chair, face and figure, finish and matter.
2)partially assimilated words can be non-assimilated phonetically: prestige, regime, memoir and grammatically: crisis-crises, formula-formulae, phenomenon-phenomena.