- •Часть III учение о предложении 29
- •Часть III грамматическое учение о предложении 92
- •Глава 1 предложение — единица сообщения 92
- •Иванова и.П. Бурлакова в.В. Почепцов г.Г.
- •1.6.21.1. Инфинитив
- •1.6.21.2. Причастие второе.
- •1.6.21.3. Причастие первое и герундий.
- •1.6.21.4. Причастие первое.
- •1.6.21.5. Герундий.
- •1.7. Наречие
- •3. Предложение
- •3.1. Признаки предложения (общая характеристика)
- •3.2.1.3. Статус подлежащего и сказуемого.
- •3.2.2.6. Усложнение сказуемого.
- •Смирницкий а.И. Морфология
- •Герундий и инфинитив
- •Причастие
- •Глава V
- •2. Предикат и субъект. Сказуемое и подлежащее
- •§ 74. Согласно данному в § 73 определению, сказуемое есть то слово или сочетание слов, которым выражается предикация и обозначается предикат.
- •Выражение предикации в сказуемом
- •4. Подлежащее
- •Выражение подлежащего
- •§ 84. Во многих языках для выражения подлежащего используется определенный падеж существительных, местоимений или других слов, имеющих субстантивное значение.
- •Связь между содержанием сказуемого и содержанием подлежащего
- •§ 85. Между содержанием подлежащего и содержанием сказуемого имеется известная взаимосвязь:
- •Ильиш б.А.
- •Word order some general points
- •Subject and predicate4
- •The subject and the predicate
- •Types of Predicate
- •The Participle as Predicate
- •Other Types of Nominal Predicate
- •Limits of the Compound Verbal Predicate
- •The Compound Nominal Predicate
- •Chapter XXXII transition from simple to composite sentences
- •Sentences with homogeneous parts
- •Sentences with a dependent appendix
- •Secondary predication
- •The absolute construction
- •Chapter X the simple sentence the principal parts of the sentence
- •Blokh m.Ya.
- •Chapter XI non-finite verbs (verbids)
- •Chapter XXI sentence: general
- •Chapter XXII actual division of the sentence
- •Chapter XXIII communicative types of sentences
- •§ 2. An attempt to revise the traditional communicative classification of sentences was made by the American scholar Ch. Fries who classed them, as a deliberate challenge to the
- •§ 4. The communicative properties of sentences can further be exposed in the light of the theory of actual division of the sentence.
- •§ 5. As far as the strictly interrogative sentence is concerned, its actual division is uniquely different from the actual division of both the declarative and the imperative sentence-types.
- •§ 8. In the following dialogue sequence the utterance which is declarative by its formal features, at the same time contains a distinct pronominal question:
- •§ 9. The next pair of correlated communicative sentence types between which are identified predicative constructions of intermediary nature are declarative and imperative sentences.
- •§ 10. Imperative and interrogative sentences make up the third pair of opposed cardinal communicative sentence types serving as a frame for intermediary communicative patterns.
- •Chapter XXIX semi-complex sentence
- •§ 3. Semi-complex sentences of subject-sharing are built up by means of the two base sentences overlapping round the common subject. E.G.:
- •§ 6. Semi-complex sentences of adverbial complication are derived from two base sentences one of which, the insert
- •Блох м.Я.
- •Часть III грамматическое учение о предложении глава 1 предложение — единица сообщения
- •Мороховская э.Я. Chapter XI general characteristics of predicative units
- •Predicative words
- •Predicative word-groups
Chapter XXXII transition from simple to composite sentences
Though the notions of simple sentence and composite sentence seem to be well defined and distinctly opposed to each other, this does not mean that there are no transitional elements between them. As in so many other cases, in the sphere of sentence types we find a considerable number of phenomena which, though not exactly transgressing the limits of the simple sentence, do not quite fit into it, and show some peculiarities which justify our treating them as transitional between the simple and the composite sentence. -
Of these, we will consider the following syntactical phenomena: (1) sentences with homogeneous parts (sometimes also termed "contracted sentences"), (2) sentences with a dependent appendix, and (3) sentences with secondary predication. Different as they are in many respects, these phenomena are alike in that they gradually get out of the limits of the simple sentence and approach the composite sentence (some of them the compound, others the complex sentence).
Sentences with homogeneous parts
By homogeneous parts of a sentence we mean parts of the same category (two or more subjects, two or more predicates, two or more objects, etc.), standing in the same relation to other parts of the sentence (for homogeneous secondary parts we should say: standing in the same relation to the same head word). According to the older terminology, such sentences used to be termed "contracted sentences", as if they had been "contracted" put of two or more simple sentences. For example, the sentence I met my relatives and friends would be said to have been "contracted" out of two sentences: I met my relatives, and I met my friends. This treatment does not seem to be justified, as it introduces a sort of historical element, implying the origin of such sentences, which is both doubtful and completely irrelevant for the study of these sentences as they exist in the modern language. ]
This category of sentences covers a wider variety of phenomena. Some types of sentences with homogeneous parts quite clearly fit into the general type of simple sentences. This is the case, for instance, with sentences having two or more homogeneous objects to one predicate, e. g. Its literary equipment consists of a single fixed shelf stocked with old paper-covered novels, broken-backed, coffee-stained, torn and thumbed; and a couple of little hanging shelves
1 However, this treatment has been recently revived on new grounds, for example, by L. Tesniere in his book Elements de syntaxe structurale, p. 325,
Sentences with a Dependent Appendix 255
with a few gifts on them ... (SHAW) The same can be said about sentences having two or more homogeneous adverbial modifiers to one predicate: I only came to thank you and return the coat you lent me. (Idem) And this is also true of sentences having two or more homogeneous attributes to one head word — even if we take an attribute to be a secondary part of a sentence on the same level as objects and adverbial modifiers. ' If, on the other hand, we take an attribute to be a part of phrase, rather than of a sentence, the presence of homogeneous attributes is still more irrelevant for the general character of the sentence.
However, the number of homogeneous parts in a sentence can be much larger than that. We will not here give examples of the gradual growth of a sentence due to accumulation of homogeneous parts but we will at once proceed to sentences in which only the subject keeps, as it were, the sentence together: it is the case when there are two verbal predicates, and each predicate has its objects, adverbial modifiers, attributes to nouns functioning as objects, etc.: Louka makes way proudly for her, and then goes into the house. (SHAW) Madame Michel put down her netting and surveyed him sharply over her glasses. (R. MAGAULAY) Compare also: She caught the thoughtful, withdrawn, disengaged look that rested on the girl and boy: and, glancing back at the girl, saw an expression in the sullen grey eyes that perplexed her. (Idem)
The reason why we cannot call this sentence compound is that it has only one subject and thus cannot be separated into two clauses. If we repeat the subject before the second predicate we shall get a compound sentence consisting of two clauses and identical in meaning with the original sentence with homogeneous parts. Thus the sentence Scarlett stood in her apple-green "second-day" dress in the parlor of Twelve Oaks amid the blaze of hundreds of candles, jostled by the same throng as the night before, and saw the plain little face of Melanie Hamilton glow into beauty... (M. MITCHELL) cannot be described as a compound one because it has only one subject, but it cannot very well be described as a simple sentence either, as its unity depends on that subject alone while the predicates are different and each of them is accompanied by a set of secondary parts. So it will be safe to say that it stands somewhere between simple and compound sentences.