Граматичний глосарій

Active Voice - дійсний стан

Adjective - прикметник

Adverb - прислівник

Adverbial modifier - обставина

Affirmative sentence - стверджувальне речення

Attribute - означення

Auxiliary verb - допоміжне дієслово

Exclamatory sentence - окличне речення

Future Continuous Tense - майбутній тривалий час

Future Perfect Continuous Tense - майбутній доконаний тривалий час

Future Perfect Tense - майбутній доконаний час

Future Simple Tense - майбутній простий час

Indirect Speech - непряме мовлення

Infinitive - неозначена форма дієслова

Interrogative sentence - питальне речення

Irregular verb - неправильне дієслово

Modal verb - модальне дієслово

Narrative sentence - розповідне речення

Negative sentence - заперечне речення

Notional verb - змістове дієслово

Noun - іменник

Object - додаток

Participle - дієприкметник

Passive Voice - пасивний стан

Past Continuous Tense - минулий тривалий час

Past Perfect Continuous Tense - минулий доконаний тривалий час

Past Perfect Tense - минулий доконаний час

Past Simple Tense - минулий простий час

Predicate - присудок

Present Continuous Tense - теперішній тривалий час

Present Perfect Continuous Tense - теперішній доконаний тривалий час

Present Perfect Tense - теперішній доконаний час

Present Simple Tense - теперішній простий час

Regular verb - правильне дієслово

Sentence - речення

Sequence of Tenses - узгодження часів

Subject - підмет

Subjunctive Mood - умовний спосіб

Types of verbs - типи дієслів

Verb - дієслово

I. The Verb. Active Voice

TOPIC 1. Types of verbs

Verbs can be divided into lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs. Some auxiliaries are also use as lexical verbs: do, have, be. Modal auxiliaries have only the second form. In most cases auxiliaries function as operators.

Regular and irregular verbs: Lexical verns can be divided into regular, which have the ending –ed, for the simple past and the past participle, and irregular.

Common irregular verbs: Some verbs have two forms, which can be used as either the past form or the past participle. In the list the regular form is given first, although it may not be the more common one:

burn - burned, burnt

dream — dreamed, dreamt

fit - fitted, fit

hang - hanged, hung

kneel - knelled, knelt

lean - leaned, leant

leap - leaped, leapt,

light - lighted, lit

smell - smelled, smelt

speed - speeded, sped

spell - spelled, spelt

spill - spilled, spilt

spoil - spoiled, spoilt

wet — wetted, wet

• Some verbs have two past and past participle forms:

bid - bid, bade - bid, bidden

wake — waked, woke — waked, woken

weave — weaved, wove — weaved, woven

• Some verbs have two past participle forms:

mow - mowed, mown;

prove - proved, proven;

swell — swelled, swollen

'Gotten' is often used instead of 'got' as the past participle of 'get' in American English. Different verbs may have the same base form. For example, the verb 'lie' meaning “say things that are not true” is regular (You lied to me when you said you loved me). If 'lie means 'to be in horizontal position', it is an irregular verb and its forms are: (to) He, lay, lain.

Ex. 1. Compose the sentences putting verbs into the correct form:

MODEL: he / break / glass Look! He is breaking the glass. He broke it. Now the glass has been broken.

1. he/ kick / ball; 2. they / do / morning exercises; 3. she / touch / floor; 4. he / fill / glass; 5. Tom / catch / kite; 6. we / discuss / plan; 7.1 / describe / situation; 8. they / watch/ game; 9. he / buy / dictionary; 10. she / choose / food; 11. she / sew/ dress; 12. we / sweep/ floor; 13. Bill /strike/ match; 14. we / take / credit; 15.1 / shut/ window; 16. she / shoot/ film; 17. he / lose / time; 18. he / throw / glove; 19. dog / bite / toy; 20. Mary / make / mistake; 21. we / spend / money; 22. she / eat / sweets; 23. he / read / news.

Ex. 2. Translate the following:

1. burning match: 2. spilt milk; 3. horrified man; 4. frightening look: 5. ready-made suit; 6. shocking news; 7. exciting match; 8. satisfied customer; 9. embarrassing question; 10. annoying noise; 11. interested buyer; 12. disappointing film; 13. surprising result; 14. tiring job; 15. tired officer; 16. shocked audience; 17. well-educated girl; 18. boring novel; 19. bored reader, 20. depressing weather; 21. exhausting experience; 22. terrifying experience; 23. terrified face; 24. disgusting creature; 25. poorly-dressed boy; 26. embarassed stare; 27. broken relationship; 28. developing country; 29. developed film; 30. satisfying answer; 31. disappointed applicant; 32. wrongly-translated text; 33. most boring people; 34. rented flat; 35. sewing machine.

Ex. 3. Translate the following:

1. Після напруженого дня почуваєш себе стомленим. 2. На уроці мені було цікаво. 3. У нього на уроці завжди цікаво. 4. Вам коли-небудь буває нудно на роботі' - Так, у мене доволі нудна робота. 5. Мені не сподобалася гулянка - я нудьгував 6. Фільм виявився пригнічуючим. Я очікував, що він буде кращим. 7. Мене розчару вав фільм. Він був надто нудним. 8. Він завжди дуже стомлений, коли повертаєтьо додому з роботи. 9. У нього напружена робота, чи не так? 10. Весь день йде дош Така погода завжди гнітюче впливає на мене. 11. Білл захоплюється економікою, хочі вважає лінгвістику дуже цікавою. 12. Якщо оповідання хвилююче, то ви хвилюстесі під час його читання. 13. Я рідко відвідую картинні галереї. Я не дуже цікавлюс мистецтвом, 14, Наприкінці робочого дня вона часто знесилена. 15. Пояснення бул плутаним, і у мене в голові усе змішалося. 16. У Лондоні іноземцю легко заблукати. 17. Він заплутав мене своїми смішними запитаннями. 18. Це був жахливий експери мент. Потім усі були шоковані. 19. Ти хвилюєшся тому, що тебе турбує тривожнf новина. 20. Усі були здивовані тим, що він склав іспит. 21. Досить несподівано він гарно склав іспит. 22. Ти зустрів когось цікавого під час подорожі? 23. Як прикро! Цей колір - просто жахливий. 24. Я дратуюся, коли люди не виконують обіцянки. 25. Він дуже здивувався, коли роботу запропонували йому.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 2-3, p.42 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 2. Present Simple

The Present Simple Tense is used to denote:

• facts and permanent states

• universal truth or laws of nature

• habits and routines (customary, repeated actions)

• timetables and programs

• likes and dislikes

• a future action in adverbial clause of time and condition after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as, as long as, if, unless, on condition that, provided

Ex. 1. Underline the correct word or phrase in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. He learns English now/recently. 2. Ann plays computer games all this month/all the time. 3. He is listening to music at night forever/all the timel 4. She is currently/for long wearing jeans. 5. He always plays tennis until/since seven in the evening. 6. She is not doing well at school these days/so far this year 7. He is feeling pretty tired lately/at present. 8. The salad tastes much better now/presently. What have you put into it? 9. The weather used to be bad, but it's getting much better soon/now. 10. She normally/previously communicates with her colleagues by e-mail

Ex 2. Translate the following using Present Simple:

1. Як ви починаєте роботу над фільмом? - Я читаю сценарій і роблю нотатки. 2. Зазвичай я ходжу по крамницях, а готує мій чоловік. 3. Твоя дочка захоплюється спортом, чи не так? - Вона грає в теніс. 4. Спочатку я кладу шматок масла на сковороду і запалюю газ, потім розбиваю три яйця у тануче масло. 5. Як потрапити на вокзал? - Пройдіть півкварталу вперед і поверніть праворуч, 6. Людина, яка не робить помилок, нічого не робить. 7. Терплячий отримує все. 8. Вегетаріанці - це люди, яки не їдять м'яса. 9. Деякі люди все ще вважають, що Сонце обертається навколо Землі. 10. Він грає у шахи тільки у вихідні. 11 Оптиміст — це людина, яка завжди сподівається на краще. 12. Ми завжди зупиняємося у друзів, коли їздимо до Чикаго. 13. Вода ніколи не тече під гору. 14. Ніхто не встає рано заради задоволен­ня. 15. Небагато пасажирських літаків літають швидше звуку. 16. її чоловік працює у страховій компанії. 17. Уранці я завжди п'ю міцну каву, щоб остаточно прокинути­ся. 18. Тепер я розумію, що вона хоче. 19. Він знає, що я маю на увазі. 20. Чим ви займаєтеся? - Я архітектор і проектую будинки. 21. Масло легше за воду і плаває на її поверхні.

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: 1) Find out with your neighbor what personal traits, interests or hobbies you have in common. What tense did you use most often while doing so? Why?

2) Think of a famous person (sportsman, actor, politician, etc.) Let your groupmates ask you “yes/no” questions (20 is maximum) in order to guess who this is.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 3-5, pp.6-7 from the exercise book Intermediate Grammar by S.Bland.

TOPIC 3. Present Continuous

The Present Continuous Tense is used to denote:

• temporary situations

• actions happening now

• fixed arrangements in the near future

• a certain state or quality peculiar to the person at a given moment

• one action out of two ones which is in progress and the other, a habitual one must be used in Present Simple

• an action thought as a continual process with an element of exaggeration

Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous:

a Stuart 1) (run) his own photography business. He really 2) (enjoy) his work as it is also his favourite pastime. Usually, he 3) (work) at his shop, where he 4) (sell) all kinds of photo­graphic equipment. This afternoon, he 5)(take) photographs of his friend's wedding. Next week, Stuart 6) (fly) to Australia to take some wildlife photographs.

b Tracy is a stewardess She 1) (wear) uniform at work. On her day off, however, she 2 (dress) in casually elegant way. She 3 (prefer) to wear designer jeans and pullover with colourful scarve wrapped around her neck But tomorrow she 4 (go) to a dinner party so she 5) (plan) to wear something more formal.

Ex. 2. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1.1 don't know where John is coming from/comes from, but he is not British. 2. Ann is not working/works at a bank, she is working/works at a post office. 3. She is not liking/does not like coffee, she is preferring/prefers tea. 4. Bob is feeding/feeds his ducks every day. 5. He has not started learning English yet, but he is thinking/thinks about it. 6. Buy the child an ice cream; she is looking/looks at it so! 7. All right, break for tea if you must. I am hoping/hope you know what you are doing/do. 8. How shall I recognize him? Is/does he wearing/wear a beard or mustache? 9. Are /Do all dogs chasing/chase cats? 10. She often rides/is riding a horse, does not/is not she?

Stative Verbs

Some verbs don't express action but condition and state that we do not expect to change. They're called stative verbs, which most commonly occur in the Present Simple and are used to express:

• descriptions: e.g. to be, resemble, look like, consist of etc.

• possession and relationship: e.g. to have, possess, own, belong to, owe (бути винним, заборгувати; бути в боргу)

• measurements: e.g. to weigh, equal, cost

• senses and physical sensations: e.g. to feel, hurt, taste

• emotions and attitudes: e.g. to love, value, prefer

• ideas: to know, think, understand

Ex.3. Fill in with Present Simple or Continuous, then explain the meaning of each verb:

This food (taste) delicious.

Mother (taste) the sauce to see if it needs more salt.

I (think) I'll buy the black dress, not the red one.

She (think) of going to study abroad.

The Smiths (have) a cottage in the mountains.

Susan (have) dinner with her cousin Helen tonight.

After a short walk through the park, he always (feel) relaxed and cheerful.

I (feel) in my pocket for my keys.

Tom (see) the company director in a few minutes.

When I open my bedroom window every morning, I (see) the tall cypress tree in the garden.

Ex. 4. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. They are weighing/weigh the boxers. This one is weighing/weighs over two hundred pounds. 2. Every Saturday they are going out/ go out to have dinner at a small restaurant. 3. He's put on so much weight that has to buy a new suit. The old one isn 't fitting/doesn 'tfit any more. 4. Summer is coming/comes, the weather is getting warmer/gets warm, and we are thinking/think about swimming suits. 5. I understand you are busy on weekdays, but what are you doing/do you do at the weekends? Lets go out on Saturday. 6. Every year they are visiting/visit Paris to enjoy the charm of the city. 7. The soap operas are very long. Some are lasting/last for several years. 8. It's five o'clock. What is happening/happens at home now? 9. Are you recognizing/ Do you recognize her? She is playing/plays the part of Jane in that blockbuster comedy, you know! 10. Diana is feeling/feels awful about it. She is feeling/feels she was so wrong about him!

Ex. 5. Some of the sentences below contain errors. Correct them:

1. I am thinking she is not right.

2. He has always been looking forward to hearing from her.

3. We are having an interesting class.

4. This suitcase is weighing a lot! I can't carry it.

5. Look! The child is tasting the pepper! Get it away at once!

6. He is feeling that she is wrong.

7. She was hearing some distant noise. Could it be a car?

8. Did you know that John is having a Cadillac?

9. Do you wait for me? - Actually, yes. Can we talk?

10. They are feeling in the dark, but have not found anything yet

Ex. 6. Translate using Present Simple or Continuous:

1. Білл передає м'яч Тому. Том робить швидкий пас Фреду. 2. Після весни настає літо. 3. Під час нагрівання гази розширюють­ся. 4. Моя сестра носить окуляри 5. Джон за­багато їсть. 6. Я завжди встаю о сьомій ран­ку і не лягаю спати до півночі. 7. Вона на­відується до своїх батьків кожної середи. 8. Як часто ви відвідуєте зубного лікаря? -Кожні півроку. 9. Ви коли-небудь їсте м'ясо? - Ні, ніколи. 10. Ми живемо у важкий час. - Я не згоден. 11. Мій батько працює в банку. 12. Яка річка тече через Лондон? -розуміло, Темза. 13. Панда живе у Китаї і харчується пагінням бамбуку. 14. Як овго триває переліт з Лондону до Нью-Йорку? — Це займає не більше 4 годин. 5. Світло розповсюджується з більшою швидкістю, ніж звук. 16. Де живе Папа имський? Вважається, у Ватикані. 17. Кенгуру родом з Австралії. 18. Канарські строви лежать посередині Атлантичного океану. 19. По суботах я звичайно встаю ано, близько 7 ранку. Потім до сніданку я бігаю парком. 20. Наступного понеділка аціональне свято. 21. Вибачте, я не розумію, що це означає. 22. Мені подобається ай, але я не люблю чай з молоком. 23. Футбольний сезон звичайно закінчується у равні. 24. На вихідних ми з братом катаємося на велосипедах за містом. 25. У нас нові велосипеди, тому ми наїжджаємо принаймні 40 кілометрів.

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: 1) Think of some activity, then go in front of the group and act it out, letting your groupmates guess what you’re doing.

2) Think of the things that members of your family/your friends are doing at the moment. Share them with your groupmates.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 10-11, p.14 from the exercise book Intermediate Grammar by S.Bland.

TOPIC 4. Past Simple

The Past Simple Tense is used to denote:

• an action performed at a definite time which is already over and cutt off from the present

• a succession of actions in the past: e.g. He threw down the spade and entered the house.

• repeated actions in the past: e.g. He made an entry in his diary every day

• Repeated actions in the past are often expressed by used to + Infinitive or would + Infinitive,

• the first being more colloquial. Sometimes used to does not denote repeated actions, but actions characterizing a person or actions or states which lasted a long time: e.g Jane used to like the rain

• or e.g.There used to be an old oak-tree near the house.

• to talk about the lives of people who are no longer alive: e.g. Marilyn Monroe starred in a number of successful films.

Ex. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. The ice cream tasted/was tasting strange. 2. He watched/was watching TV at six. 3. They had/were having breakfast already. 4. He started/was starting translating the article at 10. 5. It rained/was raining when she got out. 6. She heard/was hearing some music. 7. They believed/ were believing it could be done. 8. She came/was coming home at six. 9. The weather got/was getting better as she got off the train. 10. She hated/was hating to be late.

Ex. 2. In each sentence decide whether on or both alternative verb forms given are appropriate. Explain your choice:

1. Paul used to/would own a Mercedes then.

2. Rachel used to/would play tennis at the weekends then.

3. Stephen used to/would like going to the disco.

4. Tina never used to/would like going to the library.

5. Victor used to/would translate a lot then, but everything changed in a while.

6. They used to/would taste all the dishes before taking them to the guests.

7. She used to/would feel when the children were not telling the truth.

8. They used to/would get up late on Sunday in their childhood.

9. She was nice, but she used to/would talk about nothing but herself all the time.

10. He used to/would come every week, but then he got married.

Ex. 3. Translate the following:

1. Я почала вивчати англійську ще у дитинстві. 2. Вони завели собаку кілька років тому. 3. Нещодавно я познайомився з дуже цікавою людиною. 4. У понеділок ми писали диктант та переклад. 5. Останні вибори відбувалися два роки тому. 6. Я не бачив його на концерті. 7. Я купила цю книгу тільки вчора. 8. Вчора у мене зламалася машина і мені довелося їхати на метро. 9. Минулого року мій син пішов до школи. 10. Ти запізнилася. Поїзд відійшов 10 хвилин тому. 11. Я не змогла зв'язатися з ним. 12. Вчора на уроці зі мною трапилася кумедна історія. 13. Минулого літа ми не їздили на море. 14. Ми дісталися до острова за 15 хвилин. 15. Вступні екзамени почалися 16 червня і тривали 10 днів. 16. Чому ти не прийшла вчора? 17. Як тобі спалося? 18. Де ти купила такі гарні квіти? 19. Додому ми їхали на таксі. 20. Він переклав статтю за півтори години. 21. Двері відчинилися і до кімнати увійшла кішка. 22. Я вчилася в університеті з 1992 по 1997 рік. 23. Коли почалася Друга світова війна?24. Ми познайомилися весною минулого року. 25. Я розмовляв з ним про це ще у середу.

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES:1) Work in pairs as a police officer and the witness of a crime. The officer interviews the witness in order to know the appearance of the criminal who has left the crime scene.

2) Work in pairs. Your neighbor writes 5 descriptive adjectives on a piece of paper, and you have to make a story of what happened to you yesterday using those.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 10-12, pp.56-59 from the exercise book Intermediate Grammar by S.Bland.

TOPIC 5. Past Continuous

The Past Continuous Tense is used for:

• an action which was in progess at a stated time in the past or when another action interrupted it: e.g It was twelve and he was still sittting when a guest was announced.

• for two or more simultaneous past actions: e.g She was watching TV while her mother was knitting socks.

• to describe the atmosphere, the setting( навколишнє оточення) in the introduction to a story: e.g.It was rainig hard, the wind was blowing, she was quickly walking home when suddenly she heard some steps behind…

Ех. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. She studied/was studying in England last year. 2. He still worked/was working at seven. 3. They belonged/were belonging to the same group. 4. He doubted/was doubting that she would come. 5. The structure consisted/were consisting of several blocks. 6. The sofa did not fit/was not fitting into the corner. 7. They knew/were knowing what was going to happen next. 8. It did not matter/was not mattering in that situation. 9. The weather seemed/was seeming to change for better. 10. She did not suspect/was not suspecting anybody. Why should she?

Ex. 2. Underline the correct word or phrase in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. She managed to see him as/while she was passing by. 2. At that time/the moment she came in, everybody started cheering. 3. They had their breakfast half an hour after/later their arrival. 4. He always called her by the time/whenever he arrived in town. 5. She was writing while/when he was reading. 6. They were traveling by train while/when he decided to leave. 7. They could not afford a car until/up to 2004. 8. We were finishing the preparations while/when the e-mail message came. 9. The weather was changing while/when the situation was not. 10. They were making grand plans as/while the new law was adopted.

Ex 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Continuous:

Many years ago, while I (1) (travel) through Europe by train, I (2) (have) the chance to visit most of the major European capitals and admire the fantastic scenery. One day, as the train (3) (pass) through the French countryside it suddenly (4) (stop) at a small picturesque village because of engine problems. While we (5) (wait) for the train to be repaired, we (6) (get off) to do some sightseeing for a couple of hours. I (7) (go) to a cosy restaurant where I (8) (enjoy) some wonderful local cuisine and (9) (taste) some exquisite French wine. In the end, I (10) (not/mind) the delay at all!

Ex. 4. Some of the sentences below contain errors. Correct them:

0. She was believing in Santa Claus.

1. They were having a good time at the party.

2. The box was containing several very interesting dictionaries.

3. The students were seeing their friends off to the station.

4. The guests were just appearing on the stage.

5. She is appearing to have some problems.

6. They were so close. Everybody was seeing them.

7. They were looking like American Indians in appearance.

8. We were hearing them - every word they said.

9. She was realizing that something was funny, but she was not understanding what it was.

10. He is having several companies specializing in computer business.

Ex 5. Translate the following:

1. Діти гомоніли все гучніше. 2. Марта розуміла, що нічим не може йому допо­могти. 3. Середньорічна температура постійно підвищувалася. 4. Він повсякчас ко­пався в саду. 5. У тій ситуації вона вирішила нічого не відповідати. 6. У повній темряві він пробирався на дотик. 7. Піт почув, що дзвонять у двері. 8. Увесь день вчора вона прововтузилася з пирогом. 9. Вона запізнювалася і вирішила взяти таксі. 10. У той день він був незвичайно люб'язний з усіма. 11. Із трьох до п'яти вона стояла у черзі. 12. Минулого літа вона зустрічалася одразу з двома хлопцями. 13. Вона ніколи не прислуховувалася до порад матері. 14. Мені було боляче обговорювати з ним такі питання. 15. Вона відчувала, що ненавидить його все більше. 16. Відсутність автобу­са починала його дратувати. 17. Поїзд прибував до п'ятої платформи. 18. Та навіть у такий трагічний момент він вірив у щасливий вихід. 19. Я бачив, що вона обмацувала поранене кошеня. 20. Мері справляла вечірку у суботу ввечері. 21. Мама сказала, що 5рат проводжає дівчину додому. 22. їй ніхто не вірив, тому що вона завжди вихвалялася. 23. Вони сподівалися завершити експеримент вчасно. 24. Уся родина дивилась вікторину по телевізору. 25. її слова звучали занадто різко і образливо.

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: Remember what was going on around you this morning while you were going to the University.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 22-23, pp.69-70 from the exercise book Intermediate Grammar by S.Bland.

TOPIC 6. Present Perfect

The Present Perfect Tense is used to denote:

• a completed action connected with the present: e.g. Stop that car! They have killed a child!

• personal experience and changes: e.g. I think I have put on weight.

• recently completed action: e.g. He has done a great deal of work of late.

• emphasis on number: e.g. He has already read 200 pages of individual reading!

• an action one has done for the first time: e.g.This is the first time she has cooked this dish.

Ех. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. What were/have been your impressions of Pisa? Didyou stay/have you stayed/ have you been staying there for a long time?

2. Do you mean he traveled/has traveled / has beentraveling illegally all this time?

3. Do you know that my cousin sent/has sent/ has beensending me e-mal messages asking for money?

4. What did you do/has done/were doing / have been doing since you left/ have left/ have been leaving?

5. She looks fine. She had/has had/ has been having her seaside holiday for the last week and did not do any work/has not done any work/has not been doing any work all this time.

6. Why did not you write/haven't you writfen/haven Ї you been writing about the new book? I handed in/have handed in /have been handing in my essay without it.

7. How long did you learn/have you learned/ have you been learning English? And did you take/have you taken/have you been taking any international tests yet?

8. It was/has been long since she was/has been here. What was happening/has happened/has been happening here lately?

9. Does she remember she did not see/has not seen the boss yet? He waited/has waited/has been waiting for half an hour already.

10.1 don't believe it. She did/has done/has been doing two tests already. But she got/has got/ has been getting them only half an hour ago!

Ex. 2. Decide how many endings (a-j) from the box you can find for sentences (1-10) below:

a) all life b) for a while c) for the time being d) lately e) for the past hour f) long g) so far h) till nine o'clock i) time and again j) yet

1. She has made up her mind to delay it

2. He has not been doing too well at his school

3. They have stayed here

4. She went to see her friend

5. The operator worked

6. They have not finished their work

7. She has been waiting here

8. He has told her about it

9. She has done three translation

10. He stood in front of the post office building

Ex. 3. Translate the following:

1. Вона завжди мріяла про такого дру­га. 2. Що вона зробила, що ти так її не лю­биш? 3. Сонце вже зійшло і в кімнаті зовсім видно. 4. Не галасуйте. Діти вже заснули. 5. Він чув цей анекдот двічі за останні кілька днів. 6. Що ти сьогодні їла? 7. Ми щойно по­вернулися від них. 8. Вона ніколи не обманю­вала його, чому він їй не вірить? 9. Ми ще не бачилися на цьому тижні. 10. Вона вже зроби­ла уроки і тепер вільна. 11. Ми вже купили для нього по дарунок. J12. Ми зовсім нещодавно говорили про цс. 13. Одяг уже висох, зніми його, будь ласка, з вірьовки. 14. Не поспішай, фільм ще не почався. 15. Все своє життя вона хотіла стати лікарем 16. Не ходи по підлозі, фарба ще не висохла. 17. Ви добре спали? 18. Я думаю, що не заблукаю, вона дуже докладно описала мені дорогу до станції. 19. Поїзд уже прибув? 20. Він уже прийняв рішення, і ти не зможеш переко­нати його. 21. Останнім часом він дуже подорослішав. 22. Ти її легко впізнаєш, вона зовсім не змінилася. 23. Не думаю, що ми зустрічалися раніше. 24. Лікар уже поміряв тиск і зараз слухає хворого. 25. На цьому тижні погода дуже холодна.

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: You are a CIA agent. Write a criminal record for one of the most dangerous terrorists (bank robbers) in the world, including all the crimes he/she has already commited.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 8-9, pp.46-47 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 7. Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to denote:

• actions which began in the past and are going on at the present moment, the previous duration of the action is always expressed: e.g.I've been reading the book for three days.

• past actions of certain duration that have visible results in the present: e.g. Why are you so tired? – I've been riding a bycicle for an hour.

Ex. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. She learns/has been learning English for two months. 2. She practices/has been practicing since 10 o'clock. 3. They listen/have been listening to the BBC regularly lately. 4. She is/has been away on business for two weeks. 5. He is/has been always at home after seven in the evening. 6. She often visits/has been visiting her parents. 7. They work/ have been working non-stop today. 8. The sandwich tastes/has been tasting good now. 9. The weather is getting/has been getting better now. 10.She communicates/has been communicating with her colleagues by e-mail for the last two years.

Ex. 2. Circle the meaning of the verb form in bold. Explain your choice:

1. Peter has been traveling since Monday.

A. He no longer travels

B. He is still traveling

2. Diana is living at her aunt's place.

A. This is permanent

B. This is temporary

3.

She goes shopping on Saturday

A. She usually does it

B. She has been doing it only lately

4.

John has been translating the article for a week.

A. The translation is done

B. The translation has not been done yet

5. She looks tired. She's been working all day long.

A. She no longer works

B. She is still working

6. We've been reading the book you gave us. It's great.

A. They finished reading the book

B. They did not finish reading the book

7. They've bfifin practicing quite a lot recently

A. They are practicing at the moment of speech

B. They are not practicing at the moment of speech

8. It has been raining since Tuesday

A. It is still raining

B. It is no longer raining

9. Ken has been interrupting the professor's lecture

A. Ken interrupted the lecture just once

B. Ken interrupted the lecture more than once

10. Have you been waiting long? - Not very long

A. This is a question about what happened yesterday

B. This is a question about what happened today

11. Linda has been learning irregular words since morning

A. She learned them

B. She has not learned them yet

Ex. 3. Translate the following:

1. Ви задихаєтеся, ви бігли? 2. Он там чоловік яскраво-червоного кольору. Мені здається, він перезасмаг. 3. У Боба синець під оком, а у Білла - розбита губа. Вони побилися. 4. Чому ти такий брудний? Що ти робив? 5. Я вивчаю іспанську мову з по­чатку грудня. 6. Як довго ти вивчаєш арабську мову? 7. Вони чекали вас більше годи­ни. 8. Я дивлюся телевізор з третьої години дня. 9. Останнім часом Фред не дуже добре почуває себе. 10. Ти виглядаєш втомленим. -Я багато працював сьогодні. 11. Вона грає на піаніно з 9 років. 12. Вона вже півроку шукає роботу. 13. Як довго він продає офісне обладнання? 14. Нік цілий день писав листа своїм друзям. 15. У Джима брудні руки. Він цілий ранок ремонтував машину. 16. Вони разом знімають фільм з того часу, як закінчили інститут. 17. Лінда вже третій місяць мандрує Африкою. 18. Я читаю вашу поезію. Вірші непогані. 19. Останнім часом він живе не дома. 20. А ось і він. Ми чекали на тебе півгодини. 21. Чуєш цю собаку? Він гавкав усю ніч. 22. Я вже цілий тиждень фарбую дім. Сподіваюся, що закінчу у неділю. 23. Сніг йде вже третій день поспіль. Справжня зима! 24. Я роблю домашнє завдання вже п'ять годин, але кінця-краю не видно. 25. Вона керує автомобілем багато років без жодного порушення.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 19-21, pp.54-55 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 8. Past Perfect

The Past Perfect Tense is used to denote:

• an action completed before a certain moment in the past. The moment can be indicated either by another past action or by an adverbial phrase: e.g. After she had cried out, she felt easier. It can be rendered in Ukrainian with the help of the following words: «Як тільки…» or Ледь…»

• With the comnjunctions : hardly… when, scarcely… when, no sooner… than: e.g.She had scarcely settled herself in the corner when she fell asleep.

• For the sake of emphasis the word order may be inverted: e.g. No sooner had she arrived she heard a strange call from the backyard. Не встигнула вона приїхати, як почула…

Ex. 1. Fill in the gaps with since or for:

1 James has been digging the flowerbeds …………….9.30 this morning.

2. Leslie has lived in Amsterdam two years.

3. How long is it you last went to the opera?

4. That man has been waiting for the bus over twenty-five minutes.

5 I've been learning English last March.

Ex. 2. Fill in the gaps with: since, for, ago, just, until, already, yet, before, still:

1. Nobody started eating all the guests had arrived.

2. We have known the Barnes family we moved here, ten years ago.

3 She had typed two letters when her boss arrived at the office.

4 She waited all her guests had left - she started washing the dishes.

5 I've finished painting the fence so the paint hasn't dried

6 After I had been looking for my glasses half an hour, I found them in a drawer.

7 Susan is typing the letters; she hasn't had a chance to finish them

Ex. 3. Some of the sentences below contain errors. Correct them:

1. Until then she had been believing him.

2. Peter had been tired because he had been working all day long.

3. She had managed to have some rest only after she got home at last.

4. Up to then he had been doubting it.

5. When she finally had got to the theatre, the performance already started.

6. Nobody did the home task because the teacher forgot to give it.

7. Because Jane forgot to buy vegetables, they could not make a salad.

8. It had been a kind of film they had never seen before.

9. He had been understanding her until it happened.

10. Did everyone you invited come?

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 12-14, pp.49-51 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 9. Past Perfect Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to denote:

• an action which began before a certain moment in the past and continued for some time in the past. Either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration: e.g. We could not go out because it had been raining since morning. He said he had been working for 20 years without achieving final results.

• past actions of certain duration that had visible results in the past: e.g. Their shoes were full of mud because they had been playing football.

Ex. 1. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple, Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous:

The first time I (1) (visit) Silver Beach I was on holiday with my family. A friend of ours (2) (tell) us that it was the best beach in the area. When we (3) (arrive) we saw hundreds of people lying on the beach,enjoying the sunshine. We (4) (be) a bit disap­ pointed as we (5) (not/realise) that it was going to be so crowded. We (6) (search) for fifteen minutes before we actually (7) (find) a spot to sit down. We put our things down and (8) (relax). We (9) (sit) in the sun for about an hour when we suddenly realised that we were getting sunburnt, so we (10) (decide) to go for a swim. The water was so refreshing that we (11) (swim) for over an hour. After that, we (12) (go) to the bar for a snack. Much to our surprise, when we got back to our spot, all of our things were soaked! While we (13) (be) at the bar the tide (14) (come) in. Our friend (15) (forget) to tell us not to sit too close to the water!

Ex.2. Fill in the gaps with either "gone to" "been to" or "been in":

1 "Where is Sally?" "She's not in, she's ... the bank."

2 Stan has only the Metropolitan Opera once.

3 The Boy Scouts have the mountain camp; they will be back next Thursday.

4. She hasn't......................... the cinema for ages.

5. Oliver has Vienna for fifteen years.

Ex. 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous:

1 Steve (feel) quite

depressed recently, so he is thinking of taking a week off to go skjing.

2 I (know) Professor Johnson since my first year at college

3 Tom ……… (wait) for the bus for nearly an hour and it hasn't come yet.

4 I…….(always/live) in this town and I don't intend to leave now," said the old lady.

5 Her eyes are red because she……………………… (work) on the computer all morning.

Ex. 4. Translate the following:

1. Коли продзвенів дзвоник, діти вже півгодини писали контрольну роботу. 2. Після того, як дощ закінчився, над лісом з'явилася райдуга. 3. Він застудився, бо бігав по калюжах. 4. Після побаченого вона вирішила зайнятися рекламою сама. 5. Коли ми увійшли до зали, доповідач виступав уже хвилин п'ятнадцять. 6. Ти не зрозумів фільм, тому що пропустив початок. 7. Вона спізнилася на автобус, бо не чула будильника. 8. Коли він дочитав книгу, то почав її перечитувати. 9. Вона почува­ла себе втомленою, тому що занадто багато ходила в той день. 10. Він вивчив уроки і міг робити, що завгодно. 11. Вони прийшли на берег і шукали місце для відпочинку. 12. Коли вона прочитала правило ще раз, їй стала зрозуміла її помилка. 13. Перш ніж сісти за стіл, він старанно вимив руки. 14. Коли вона увійшла до кімнати, він зрозумів, що вона зовсім не змінилася. 15. Після того, як посварилися, вони зовсім не бачилися. 16. Після того, як літак приземлився, до нього під'їхало авто. 17. Коли суддя оголосив вирок, підсудний опустився на лаву і закрив обличчя руками. 18. Коли поїзд рушив, у вагоні стало прохолодніше. 19. Він звернув на неї увагу тільки тоді, коли вона повто­рила запитання. 20. Вона довго мовчки дивилася у вікно, перш ніж вирішила, що роби­ти. 21. Тільки коли узгодили всі деталі, ми підписали угоду. 22. Учитель дозволив мені вийти, коли я здав твір. 23. Коли прибула поліція, і злочинець, і гроші зникли без сліду. 24. Він ставив свій підпис під документом тільки після того, як уважно прочитував його. 25. Перш ніж вийти на вулицю, вона поправила зачіску і підфарбувала губи.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercise 33, pp.64-66 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 10. Future Simple

The Future Simple Tense is used to denote:

• decisions taken at the moment of speaking (on-the-spot decisions)

• hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings, predictions

• actions or predictions which may or may not happen in the future: e.g. We will probably buy a new car.

• Planned actions or intentions can be expressed through the construction to be going to: e.g. I'm going to repaint the kitchen next month.

Ex. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. The weather will be /is going to be fine tomorrow.

2. We go/are going out of town if the weather is/will be/is going to be fine.

3. Could you help me? - I'll see/am going to see what I can do.

4. He will/is going out/ is about to go out.

5. Will/Shall/Am I going to translate this text?

6. Yll/am going to help you when Yll/am going to/get there.

7. She'll/is going to be a famous singer when she7/ grow/is going to grow/grows up.

8. They'll get/are getting there in time if the road is not/won't be/is not going to be slippery.

9. He looks very tired. I don't think he'II/is going to manage to finish the work. 10.She is/going to come if you'll/are going to/like.

Ex. 2. Some of the sentences below contain errors. Correct them:

1. It's not clear what he will about to do.

2. If you won't mind, we'll go there.

3. Will I read you the whole story?

4. We are to be there before six.

5. We are going to the concert. - Oh, I'm going with you.

6. She is going to make some sandwiches if you wait.

7. Are you to take part in the conference?

8. Let's go out, will we?

9. They are coming on Sunday, won't they?

10. They shan't go anywhere if you have not finished the work.

Ex. 3. Put each word in brackets into an appropriate verb form. Explain your choice:

1. The new theatre season (start) in October.

2. He does not know if she (come) on Saturday.

3. The train _____ at about midday if it (be) not late.

4. He certainly (pass) the exam tomorrow.

5. She has no idea when they (finish) the work.The competition (be) to take place in September.

6. No one (be surprised) if she (fail) the exams.

6. (finish) the translation next week.

   (like) him.

   They wondered if she

6. He (accept) the job provided the company

10. The top managers

(be ) discuss the company plans tomorrow.

Ex. 4. Translate the following:

1. Ти будеш здивована, коли почуєш, що я завтра їду. 2. Мене чекає серйозна праця у середу, ти повинен будеш допомогти. Я зможу не тебе розраховувати? 3. Мені потрібно буде з вами переговорити. Зайти до вас завтра? - Ні, завтра я не зможу з вами зустрітися. 4. Я їду післязавтра і не зможу прийти до вас на вечерю у суботу. 5. Я повинен буду довідатися, коли відходить поїзд. 6. Я зайду до вас завтра, якщо ви будете вільні. 7. Ти не скажеш йому всю правду! - Візьму й скажу! 8. Джейн їде в суботу? -Вона збирається їхати, але все ще може змінитися. 9. Ви йдете чи ні? Поїзд відходить через десять хвилин. Він піде без вас, якщо ви будете так довго збиратися. 10. Не будь таким самовпевненим. Ти не отримаєш цієї роботи. - Ні, отримаю. 11. Боюся, що гірше вже не буде. - Ні, не буде. 12. Мені здається, він не прийде. - Ні, обов'язково прийде. 13. Як на мене, дощу не буде. - Так, не буде. 14. Вона ніколи не погодиться на ваш шлюб. 15. Ваші папери будуть розглянуті і вам повідомлять рішення комісії. 16. Повір мені, ми ще про нього почуємо. — Що ж, подивимося. 17. Лікарю, скажіть, усе буде гаразд? - Я зроблю все, що зможу. Ми всі зробимо. 18. Зараз же прибери у себе у кімнаті, чуєш? Інакше тобі попаде. 19. Боюсь, він не захоче з тобою говорити. 20. Я повернуся через пару годин. І коли я повернуся, ми продовжимо нашу розмову. 21. Пройде чимало часу, перш ніж ти зможеш це зрозуміти. 22. Життя змусить його пригадати ці слова. 23. Чи буде він відчувати себе молодим у 60 років? 24. З його наполегливістю він свого досягне. 25. Ми зустрічаємося завтра, як домовилися.

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES:1) You are a fortune-teller. Predict the future of your groupmates, tell them what they will become in 5 years.

2) Work as a weather forecaster, telling what kind of weather there will be tomorrow around the country.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 1-2, p.43 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 11. Future Continuous

The Future Continuous Tense is used to denote:

• actions in progress at a stated future time. e.g. We will be sailing off the south coast next week.

• actions which will be a routine in the future. E.g. I’ll be working at the office on Sunday as usual.

Ex. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. Will/Shall you call on me at six? I'll watch/be watching the England Cup Final.

2. You don't have to look for her. She'll call/be calling here all day long anyway.

3. The band is going to perform/ will perform /will be performing here next week.

4. She is going to watch/will watch/ will bewatching TV while he is going to make/will make / will be making sandwiches.

5. She is going to watch/will watch/ will be watching TV at six if he is going to make/ will make / will be making/Is making sandwiches at the same time.

6. Will you/ Will you be/Are you going sopping? Could you get me some juice?

7. When will you have / will you be having /are you having breakfast tomorrow?

8. What will you do/ will you be doing/ are you going to do at six tomorrow?

9. He will visit/ will be visiting/ are going to visit the capital all the time this coming month.

10. Will you go/ Will you be going /Are you going out tonight?

Ex. 2. Some of the sentences below contain errors. Correct them:

1. She'll be hearing the news at ten.

2. Will you be seeing her one of these days?

3. While she'll be reading, he'll be realizing what has happened.

4. This time tomorrow she'll be remembering her success.

5. She'll be finishing her translation when they'll just be starting theirs.

6. He'll be seeing them off at this time tomorrow.

7. When it happens, he'll start understanding everything much better.

8. This film will be being on for a while at this cinema.

9. All right, fire off. Г11 be thinking about you.

10. At this time next week he'll be wanting it has not happened.

Ex. 3. Put each word in brackets into an appropriate verb form. Explain your choice:

1. He'll (begin) a new stage of his project at this time tomorrow.

2. They'll be (clean) the flat if you (come) at twelve.

3. She (stay) in bed until late on Sunday.

4. The construction (finish) at about this time next year.

5. Don't call at his office, he (leave) by that time.

6. Don't worry about your car, nobody (notice) it.

7. At this time tomorrow they (prefer) something.

8. As soon as they (realize) it, they (start) doing something.

9. They (travel) across Europe this summer.

10. We (meet) one of these days, don't you think so?

Ex.4. Translate the following:

1. Він і далі буде так поводитися, якщо ви не покладете цьому край. 2. Він буде поводитися іншим чином, якщо ви покладете цьому край. 3. Готель буде приймати гостей протягом усього сезону. 4. Готель прийме перших гостей на початку сезону. 5. Від такої кількості солодощів у тебе будуть боліти зуби. 6. Після лікування ваш зуб певний час болітиме. 7. Поки не знайдуть винуватого, він звинувачуватиме всіх підряд. 8. Якщо не знайдуть винуватого, він звинуватить тебе. 9. Його присутність тільки додасть вам проблем. 10. Поки він тут, його присутність додаватиме вам неприємно­стей. 11. Під час навчання ми будемо нарощувати наші знання. 12. За час навчання наші знання значно розширяться. 13. На наступній лекції я відповідатиму на ваші запитання. 14. На наступній лекції я відповім на всі ваші запитання. 15. Під час виста­ви він не виходитиме на сцену. 16. За час вистави він вийде на сцену двічі. 17. Вони розійшлися в думках і, здається, сперечатимуться весь день. 18. Вони посваряться, якщо розійдуться в думках. 19. Дай йому спокій, він готуватиме свою доповідь. 20. Дай йому спокій і він швидко приготує свою доповідь. 21. Протягом усього семестру ми зосереджуватимемо увагу на граматиці. 22. У цьому семестрі ми зосередимо увагу на граматиці. 23. На наступних зборах ми обговорюватимемо це питання. 24. На наступних зборах ми обговоримо це питання. 25. Що б не трапилося, я буду завжди сподіватися на краще.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 17-18, p.53 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 12. Future Perfect

The Future Perfect Tense is used to denote:

• actions which will have finished before a certain time in the future. e.g. She will have completed her studies by July.

• Note: by or not… until/till are used with Future Perfect. Until/till are normally used with F.P. only in negative sentences. e.g. He will have repaired the car by next Monday. Jane won't have learnt how to speak French until August.

Ex. 1. Underline the correct verb form in the sentences below. Explain your choice:

1. The weather will change /will have changed/ is going to change by Monday.

2. She will watch/ will be watching/ will have watched TV when he will come/ will have come/ comes.

3. According to the available information, the reform will be finished/ will have been finished/ is going to finish next year.

4. There's no need to worry, nobody will notice/ will have noticed/ is going to notice it.

5. The plane will arrive/ will have arrived/ is going to arrive by then.

6. She may say it, but it won't do/ won't have done/ isn 't going to do any good.

7. Next September he will work/will have worked/will have been working at university for ten years.

8. Peter will soon translate/ will soon have translated/ will soon have been translating his tenth book.

9. Could she call him as soon as she will have/ will have had/ has the results?

10. Everything will be/ will have been/ is going to be all right provided she will get/will have got/ has got/ got the required information.

Ex. 2. Some of the sentences below contain errors. Correct them:

1. As soon as they have done it, they'll get the books.

2. There's no use to call him at seven, he'll already leave.

3. The translation has not been finished yet, but it'll have been finished in a minute.

4. She does not feel like going out so she'll have stayed at home.

5. He could borrow her car as she won't have been needing it.

6. If she won't have heard the news, she won't do anything.

7. We'll manage to do it provided you'll have been remembering it all the time.

8. She'll already do everything by the time you'll be ready to help.

9. Everybody is sure she'll have won the first prize this year.

10. By the end of the year he'll have been owning the company for three years.

Ex. 3. Translate the following:

1. Сподіваюся, до того часу як я повернуся, будинок буде вже добудовано. 2. На кінець цього року він завершить навчання і почне працювати. З. Я закінчу пакувати речі до того моменту, коли потрібно буде від'їжджати. 4. Йому ще немає й тридцяти, а він уже почав сивіти. До того часу, як йому виповниться п'ятдесят років, він буде повністю сивим. 5. Будування цього мосту буде закінчене до літа 2005 року. 6. Фермери обіця­ють, що врожай буде зібрано під кінець вересня. 7. На кінець цього місяця він закінчить курси водіїв. 8. Він отримав величезний спадок, але до сорока років все розтратить. 9. До того часу, як він вийде на пенсію, його стаж у компанії буде 45 років. 10. На кінець року він продасть біля 100 будинків. 11. Я вже підготовлю всю документацію до часу підписання контракту. 12. До кінця місяця всі роботи будуть завершені, і ви зможете в'їхати в нову хату. 13. Ти закінчиш переклад статті до завтра? - Я закінчу її до вечора. 14. Він не закінчить звіт до вихідних. Дай йому ще кілька днів. 15. До початку Олім­пійських ігор стадіон буде повністю готовий. 16. Я ще не вивчив усі неправильні дієсло­ва, але вивчу їх до кінця семестру. 17. Він такий товариський. До кінця місяця він подру­житься з усіма хлопцями у школі. 18. До того часу, коли ми перетнемо екватор, ми залишимо позаду 5000 кілометрів. 19. Мені буде потрібний словник за кілька годин. До того часу ти вже закінчиш свій переклад? 20. Я не можу працювати перекладачем після третього курсу. До того часу я ще не буду знати мову достатньо добре. 21. Коли поліція почне їх розшукувати, вони вже перетнуть кордон з Мексикою. 22. До суботи я вже закінчу всі справи у Бостоні і повернуся у неділю вранці. 23. До того часу, коли її син піде до коледжу, їй вже виповниться п'ятдесят. 24. До того часу, коли він наважиться їй освідчитися, вона вже вийде заміж за іншого. 25. Я не повернуся додому раніше Ново­го року, тому Різдво будуть святкувати без мене.

COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES: Make up a list of events that may happen to you in the future (get married, have children, get a degree, get promoted at work, buy a car, etc. – 10 items maximum) Using this list, make up sentences, each of which will use two items from the list. You may use an item more than once.

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercise 35, p.69 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 13. Future Perfect Continuous

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to denote:

• an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will be going on at that moment. e.g. We will have been working at this problem for a month when you visit us a second time.

Ex.1: Open the brackets and put the verbs into correct form:

Margaret: Do you think everything will be finished when I get back from the store?

Jerry: Don't worry. By the time you get back, I (pick) up the living room and (finish) washing the dishes. Everything will be perfect when your parents arrive.

Margaret: I hope so. They (arrive) around 6 o'clock.

Jerry: Everything (be) spotless by the time they get here.

Nick: I just have two more courses before I graduate from university. By this time next year, I (graduate) , and I will already be looking for a job.

Stacey: Does that scare you? Are you worried about the future?

Nick: Not really. I (go) to a career counselor and get some advice on how to find a good job.

Stacey: That's a good idea.

Nick: I am also going to do an internship so that when I leave school, I (complete, not only) over 13 business courses, but I (work, also) in the real world.

Stan: Did you hear that Christine (take) a vacation in South America this winter?

Fred: I can't believe how often she goes abroad. Where exactly does she want to go?

Stan: She (visit) Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.

Fred: At this rate, she (visit) every country in the world by the time she's 50.

Judy: How long have you been in Miami?

Elaine: I have only been here for a couple of weeks.

Judy: How long do you plan on staying?

Elaine: I love Miami, so I (stay) here for an extended period of time. When I go back home, I (be) here for more than three months.

Judy: Wow, that's quite a vacation! You (see, definitely) just about everything there is to see in Miami by then.

Jane: I can't believe how late we are! By the time we get to the dinner, everyone (finish, already) eating.

Jack: It's your own fault. You took way too long in the bathroom.

Jane: I couldn't get my hair to look right.

Jack: Who cares? By the time we get there, everyone (left) . Nobody (see, even) your hair.

Ex.2: Open the brackets and put the verbs into correct form using Future Perfect or Future Perfect Continuous:

1. By the time we get to Chicago this evening, we (drive) more than four hundred miles. We are going to be exhausted.

2. When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she (study) German for over two years. She should be able to communicate fairly well while she is in Austria.

3. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit) the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States.

4. By the time you finish studying the verb tense tutorial, you (master) all twelve tenses including their passive forms.

5. Drive faster! If you don't hurry up, she (have) the baby by the time we get to the hospital.

6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) for nine months and I (be) in England for exactly one year.

7. Margie just called and said she would be here at 8 o'clock. By the time she gets here, we (wait) for her for two hours.

8. Frank just changed jobs again. If he keeps this up, he (change) jobs at least four or five times by the end of the year.

9. Come over to my house around 9 o'clock. By then, I (complete) my history essay and we can go see a movie.

10. In June, my grandmother and grandfather (be) married for fifty years.

Ex.3. Translate the following:

1. Я не розповім їй правду, аж поки ми не повернемося додому. Інакше вона буде лаяти його всю дорогу. 2. Я не зможу скласти вам компанію, мені доведеться залишитися вдома. 3. На кінець року він отримає роботу і зможе сам заробляти собі на життя. 4. Ти просто повинен будеш усе розповісти мені, коли повернешся. - До того часу, коли я повернуся, ти вже будеш все знати без мене. 5. Я не знаю, якою буде його реакція, коли він почує цю новину. 6. Якщо він вирішить купити таке дороге авто, то буде довго виплачувати її вартість. 7. Я буду чекати, поки він не звільниться. Я обов'язково з ним поговорю, навіть якщо він цього й не бажає. 8. Він пробуде у лікарні ще довго, і я не знаю, коли він звідти вийде. 9. Щойно я звільнюся, я вам зателефоную. До того часу я вже повернуся додому і буду чекати вашого дзвінка. 10. Як довго ти будеш писати звіт? - Якщо нічого не заважатиме, закінчу його до сьомої. 11. Як часто ти її будеш бачити? — Ми житимо по сусідству, я бачитиму її досить часто. 12. Я переговорю з ним, якщо він тільки захоче мене почути. 13. Ти ж не затримаєшся там надовго, чи не так? - Так, не затримаюсь. Я поїду, щойно закінчу справи. 14. Він не сказав, коли повернеться. Мабуть, буде пра­цювати допізна. 15. Увесь цей час йому буде потрібна твоя підтримка.

TOPIC 14. The Sequence of Tenses

The main sphere where the sequence of tenses is applied is object clauses.

• The sequence of tenses is not observed if the object clause expresses a general truth

e.g. The pupils knew that water consists of oxygen and hydrogen

• In political language a present tense is often ised in the obj.clause

e.g.The speaker said that the peoples want peace.

• The sequence of tenses is often not observed if something is represented as habitual, customary, or characteristic.

e.g. He asked the guard what time the train ususally starts.

• The sequence of tenses does not concern attributive relative clauses and adverbial clauses of cause, result, comparison, and concession (if the verb stands in the Indicative Mood):

e.g. He didn’t go to the cinema last night because he will have an exam tomorrow. (Adv.clause of cause)

e.g. She worked so much yesterday that she is feeling quite weak today. (Adv.clause of result)

e.g. Last year he worked more than he does this year. (Adv.clause of comp.)

e.g. He insisted on going to the library yesterday, though he will not want the book today.

Ex. 1. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets:

1. Orchids grow in the jungle and _____ (like) damp conditions.

2. He used to work in the city and _____ (live) in the suburb.

3. That shop opens at eight o'clock and _____ (shut) at six.

4. The police _____ (close) that road next Sunday for a charity bazaar so we _____ (ride) along this road.

5. Sometimes my friend and I go out on Saturday mornings. We _____ (go) to a stream where we _____ (catch) small fish. My friend _____ (take) the fish home and _____ (put) them in his aquarium. I _____ (have) not got an aquarium because there _____ (be) not enough room in my flat but my friend _____ (have) a very big aquarium. There _____ (be) many fish in it.

6. Please take this parcel with you when you _____ (go) to the Post Office. Father _____ (want) it posted.

7. I'll help them if they _____ (ask) me.

8. John would help if you _____ (ask) him.

9. I'll come if he _____ (agree) to come too.

10. She would go if Mary _____ (agree) to go too.

11. We came to the UK in 1974 and _____ (live) here ever since.

12. You can go out as soon as you _____ (finish) washing the dishes.

13. We are going to Hong Kong tomorrow and Mary _____ (come) with us.

14. I'll play with you after you _____ (play) with him.

15. What is she doing now? She _____ (read) a book.

16. What are they making? They _____ (try) to make a stool.

17. Switch off the fan when you _____ (go) out, please.

18. Tell him not to wait if the train _____ (be) late tonight.

19. Ask him if he _____ (want) anything to eat now.

20. Where have you put the book which I _____ (lend) you yesterday?

Ex.2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense. In some cases there are alternative answers:

1. Last week my friends and I decided to build a hut. We _____ (take) a cleaver and _____ (go) to cut some bamboo. We _____ (work) for two or three hours and when the hut _____ (finish) we _____ (feel) very pleased.

2. He said he could not come until he _____ (borrow) a bicycle. He told us that he _____ (break) his own bicycle a few days earlier.

3. If you want one you _____ (have) to pay for it.

4. When I woke up at eight o'clock last Saturday, I _____ (have) a bath as quickly as possible. I _____ (dress) and then I _____ (go) to have my breakfast. After this I _____ (get) my haversack which _____ (fill) with all sorts of things which I _____ already _____ (put) in it.

5. During the night I heard an unusual sound. I _____ (get) out of bed and _____ (hear) my brother call. He said that he _____ (wake) up because he _____ (hear) the sound of rain coming through a leak in the roof.

6. Yesterday, while I was cycling along Market Street, I _____ (see) an accident. It _____ (happen) opposite the house where my friend _____ (live).

7. My relatives were very glad to see me for it _____ (be) nearly a year since I _____ (visit) them. They soon _____ (prepare) some food for me and _____ (ask) me about my family.

8. Usually it is not raining when I _____ (go) to school in the morning. I _____ (walk) to a bus stop and then _____ (catch) a bus which _____ (take) me to the bus station. There I _____ (meet) my friend who _____ (live) in another village. We _____ (get) on another bus which _____ (go) past our school.

9. Last Sunday _____ (be) one of the most enjoyable days in my life. My friends and I _____ (plan) to go for a picnic and _____ (decide) to start early in the morning. On Saturday evening I _____ (go) to sleep earlier than usual so that I _____ (can) get up early on Sunday.

10. When my uncle comes to see me, he often _____ (take) me out hunting with him. I _____ not _____ (carry) a gun because I _____ (be) not old enough. Sometimes we _____ (manage) to shoot a wild boar and that _____ (be) always very exciting.

Ex.3. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets:

1. They noticed they (fly) for three hours already.

2. Tom said that it (take) him an hour to get to the station.

3. She asked them if they (play) tennis in the afternoon.

4. Mary asked her brother if he (can) tell her the way to the shop.

5. Peter and John told me they (go) to the Kremlin the day before yesterday.

6. Mother said she (have) a bad headache. Don't bother her.

7. Dorothy asked Margaret if she (be) going to buy a new dress in the nearest future.

8. They told us they (visit) the Tretyakovskaya gallery next Sunday.

9. Jack said that he already (write) the letter.

10. They asked if the work (finish) by tomorrow.

Ex.4. Put in the right tense or form of the verb in brackets:

1. (to come)

1. He promised _____next Monday because he could not _____ on Saturday.

2. My uncle _____ to see us yesterday. He usually _____ every week.

3. I can see Nick _____ along the road.

4. They _____n't _____ to see us since last March.

2. (to eat)

1. ____ you _____ all that pizza last night?

2. Janet wants something _____.

3. Look at those greedy boys _____ those plums as fast as they can go.

4. She _____ her dinner when I called at her house so I had to wait for her to finish.

5. When you _____ your breakfast, there is something I want you to do for me.

3. (to send)

1. After I _____ the parcel to Ken, I discovered that I had left something out.

2. What are you going _____ to Peter as a present?

3. _____ you please _____ the spare parts as soon as you can. I would like to use them tomorrow if possible.

4. Yesterday my friend _____ home from school because he did not feel well.

5. He is often transferred from one place to another. He expects _____ to Midlands next month.

4. (to finish)

1. She said that we couldn't go out until we _____ our work.

2. We can go out when we _____ our homework.

3. _____ you _____ sweeping out the room last night, Mary?

ADDITIONAL TRAINING EXERCISES: Do Exercises 1, p.207 from the exercise book by V.Kaushanskaya.

TOPIC 15. Indirect Speech